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臺式鉆床的改造和設計
目前，我國中、小型企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率都需要有一個新的提高．但是加工手段卻遠遠不能滿足需要．許多中小型企業(yè)都結(jié)合自己的實際對設備的技術(shù)狀態(tài)進行改進，通過強化自身．以求自我發(fā)展.普通鉆床為單軸機床，但安裝上多軸箱就會成為多軸的鉆床，改造成多軸鉆床后，能大大地縮短加工時間，提高生產(chǎn)效率。
多軸加工應用：據(jù)統(tǒng)計，一般在車間中普通機床的平均切削時間很少超過全部工作時間的15%。其余時間是看圖、裝卸工件、調(diào)換刀具、操作機床、測量 以及清除鐵屑等等。使用數(shù)控機床雖然能提高85%，但購置費用大。某些情況下，即使生產(chǎn)率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通機床低。故必須更多地縮短加工時間。不同的加工方法有不同的特點，就鉆削加工而言，多軸加工是一種通過少量投資來提高生產(chǎn)率的有效措施。
多軸加工優(yōu)勢：雖然不可調(diào)式多軸頭在自動線中早有應用，但只局限于大批量生產(chǎn)。即使采用可調(diào)式多軸頭擴大了使用范圍，仍然遠不能滿足批量小、孔型復雜的要求。尤其隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展，大型復雜的多軸加工更是引人注目。例如原子能發(fā)電站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000個ψ20孔，若以搖臂鉆床加工，單單鉆孔與锪沉頭孔就要842.5小時，另外還要劃線工時151.1小時。但若以數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床加工，鉆锪孔只要171.6小時，劃線也簡單，只要1.9小時。因此，利用數(shù)控控制的二個坐標軸，使刀具正確地對準加工位置，結(jié)合多軸加工不但可以擴大加工范圍，而且在提高精度的基礎上還能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原來不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油機30種箱形與桿形零件的2000多個鉆孔操作中，有40%可以在自動更換主軸箱機床中用二軸、三軸或四軸多軸頭加工，平均可減少20%的加工時間。1975年法國巴黎機床展覽會也反映了多軸加工的使用愈來愈多這一趨勢。
多軸加工的設備：多軸加工是在一次進給中同時加工許多孔或同時在許多相同或不同工件上各加工一個孔。這不僅縮短切削時間，提高精度，減少裝夾或定位時間，并且在數(shù)控機床中不必計算坐標，減少字塊數(shù)而簡化編程。它可以采用以下一些設備進行加工：立鉆或搖臂鉆上裝多軸頭、多軸鉆床、多軸組合機床心及自動更換主軸箱機床。甚至可以通過二個能自動調(diào)節(jié)軸距的主軸或多軸箱，結(jié)
合數(shù)控工作臺縱橫二個方向的運動，加工各種圓形或橢圓形孔組的一個或幾個工序?，F(xiàn)在就這方面的現(xiàn)狀作一簡介。
多軸頭：從傳動方式來說主要有齒輪傳動與萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié)傳動二種。這是大家所熟悉的。前者效率較高，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，后者易于調(diào)整軸距。從結(jié)構(gòu)來說有不可調(diào)式與可調(diào)式二種。前者軸距 不能改變，多采用齒輪傳動，僅適用于大批量生產(chǎn)。為了擴大其贊許適應性，發(fā)展了可調(diào)式多軸頭，在一定范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)整軸距。它主要裝在有萬向.二種。（1）萬向軸式也有二種:具有對準裝置的主軸。主軸裝在可調(diào)支架中，而可調(diào)支架能在殼體的T形槽中移動，并能在對準的位置以螺栓固定。（2）具有公差的圓柱形主軸套。主軸套固定在與式件孔型相同的模板中。前一種適用于批量小且孔組是規(guī)則分布的工件（如孔組分布在不同直徑的圓周上）。后一種適用于批量較大式中小批量的輪番生產(chǎn)中，剛性較好，孔距精度亦高，但不同孔型需要不同的模板。
多軸頭可以裝在立鉆式搖臂鉆床上，按鉆床本身所具有的各種功能進行工作。這種多軸加工方法，由于鉆孔效率、加工范圍及精度的關(guān)系，使用范圍有限。
多軸箱：也象多軸頭那樣作為標準部件生產(chǎn)。美國Secto公司標準齒輪箱、多軸箱等設計的不可調(diào)式多軸箱。有32種規(guī)格，加工面積從300Ｘ300毫米到600Ｘ1050毫米，工作軸達60根，動力達22.5千瓦。Romai工廠生產(chǎn)的可調(diào)多軸箱調(diào)整方便，只要先把齒輪調(diào)整到接近孔型的位置，然后把與它聯(lián)接的可調(diào)軸移動到正確的位置。因此，這種結(jié)構(gòu)只要改變模板，就能在一定范圍內(nèi)容易地改變孔型，并且可以達到比普通多軸箱更小的孔距。
根據(jù)成組加工原理使用多軸箱或多軸頭的組合機床很適用于大中批量生產(chǎn)。為了在加工中獲得良好的效果，必需考慮以下數(shù)點：（1）工件裝夾簡單，有足夠的冷卻液沖走鐵屑。（2）夾具剛性好，加工時不形變，分度定位正確。（3）使用二組刀具的可能性，以便一組使用，另一組刃磨與調(diào)整，從而縮短換刀停機時間。（4）使用優(yōu)質(zhì)刀具，監(jiān)視刀具是否變鈍，鉆頭要機磨。（5）尺寸超差時能立即發(fā)現(xiàn)。
多軸鉆床：這是一種能滿足多軸加工要求的鉆床。諸如導向、功率、進給、轉(zhuǎn)速與加工范圍等。巴黎展覽會中展出的多軸鉆床多具液壓進給。其整個工作循壞如快進、工進與清除鐵屑等都是自動進行。值得注意的是，多數(shù)具有單獨的變速機構(gòu)，這樣可以適應某一組孔中不同孔徑的加工需要。1.2.4 自動更換主軸箱機床
為了中小批量生產(chǎn)合理化的需要，最近幾年發(fā)展了自動更換主軸箱組合機床。
(1) 自動更換主軸機床
自動更換主軸機床頂部是回轉(zhuǎn)式主軸箱庫，掛有多個不可調(diào)主軸箱。縱橫配線盤予先編好工作程序，使相應的主軸箱進入加工工位，定位緊并與動力聯(lián)接，然后裝有工件的工作臺轉(zhuǎn)動到主軸箱下面，向上移動進行加工。當變更加工對象時，只要調(diào)換懸掛的主軸箱，就能適應不同孔型與不同工序的需要。
(2)?多軸轉(zhuǎn)塔機床
轉(zhuǎn)塔上裝置多個不可調(diào)或萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié)主軸箱，轉(zhuǎn)塔能自動轉(zhuǎn)位，并對夾緊在回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的工件作進給運動。通過工作臺回轉(zhuǎn)，可以加工工件的多個面。因為轉(zhuǎn)塔不宜過大，故它的工位數(shù)一般不超過4—6個。且主軸箱也不宜過大。當加工對象的工序較多、尺寸較大時，就不如自動更換主軸箱機床合適，但它的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。
(3)?自動更換主軸箱組合機床
它由自動線或組合機床中的標準部件組成。不可調(diào)多軸箱與動力箱按置在水平底座上，主軸箱庫轉(zhuǎn)動時整個裝置緊固在進給系統(tǒng)的溜板上。主軸箱庫轉(zhuǎn)動與進給動作都按標準子程序工作。換主軸箱時間為幾秒鐘。工件夾緊于液壓分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺，以便加工工件的各個面。好果回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺配以卸料裝置，就能合流水生產(chǎn)自動化。在可變生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中采用這種裝置，并配以相應的控制器可以獲得完整的加工系統(tǒng)。
(4) 數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床
大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多達15000個，它與支撐板聯(lián)接在一起加工?？讖綖?0毫米，孔深180毫米。采用具有內(nèi)冷卻管道的麻花鉆，5－7巴壓力的冷卻液可直接進入切削區(qū)，有利于排屑。鉆尖磨成90°供自動 定心。它比普通麻花鉆耐用，且進給量大。為了縮短加工時間，以8軸數(shù)控落地加工。
多軸加工趨勢：多軸加工生產(chǎn)效率高，投資少，生產(chǎn)準備周期短，產(chǎn)品改型時設備損失少。而且隨著我國數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展，多軸加工的范圍一定會愈來愈廣，加工效率也會不斷提高。
生產(chǎn)任務：在一批鑄鐵連接件上有同一個面上有多個孔加工。在普通立式鉆床上進行孔加工，通常是一個孔一個孔的鉆削，生產(chǎn)效率低，用非標設備，即組合機床加工，生產(chǎn)效率高，但設備投資大。
但把一批普通立式普通單軸鉆床改造為立式多軸鉆床，改造后的多軸鉆床，可以同時完成多個孔的鉆、擴、鉸、等工序。
General transformation of multi-axis drilling
machine drilling machin
At present, China's small and medium enterprises in product quality and production efficiency are the need for a new increase. But the processing means is far from sufficient. Many small and medium enterprises with their actual technical state of equipment improvements, through strengthening its own. In order to self-development.Common drilling for single-axis machine tools, but the installation will become a multi-axis multi-axle box of the drill, transformation into a multi-axis drilling, we could greatly shorten the processing time, improve production efficiency. ?????????????
Application of multi-axis machining ：According to statistics, in general machine tools in the workshop in general, the average cutting time rarely exceeds 15% of total working hours. The remaining time is plug-in, loading and unloading the workpiece, exchange tools, operation tools, measurements, and clear the iron filings and so forth. Although the use of CNC machine tools can improve 85%, but the purchase of costly. In some cases, even if the high productivity, but the processing of the same components, the cost is not necessarily lower than the average machine. Therefore must be more to shorten the processing time. Different processing methods have different characteristics, the drilling process, the multi-axis machining is a small investment to increase productivity through effective measures.
The advantages of multi-axis machining ：Although it is not the first in automatic multi-axis adjustable long line applications, but only limited to high-volume production. Even with the adjustable multi-axis head expanded the scope of use is still far from being able to meet the volume is small, hole complex requirements. In particular, as industrial development, large and complex multi-axis machining is even more compelling. For example, large-scale nuclear power plants in the water-wall tube plate condenser has 15000 ψ20 holes, if radial drilling machine processing, and simply drilling holes and countersink countersunk head is necessary to 842.5 hours, while also crossed hours 151.1 hours. However, if the 8-axis CNC machining floor drilling, drilling countersink holes as long as 171.6 hours, crossed is also simple, as long as 1.9 hours. Therefore, the use of numerical control of two axis, so that proper alignment tool processing location, combined with multi-axis machining can not only expand the range of processing, but also on the basis of improving the accuracy can greatly enhance the work efficiency, easy to quickly create original processing parts. Some analysis of large high-speed diesel engine with 30 kinds of box-shaped rod-shaped parts of the more than 2,000 drilling operations, 40% could be the automatic replacement of machines using two-axis spindle box, three-axis or four-axis multi-axis machining head, the average can be reduced 20% of the processing time. Machine Tool Exhibition in Paris in 1975 also reflected the multi-axis machining using more and more the trend.
Multi-axis machining equipment ：Multi-axis machining is the same time in a feed processing a number of holes or simultaneously in many of the same or different processing of a workpiece on each hole. This will not only shorten the cutting time and improve accuracy, reduce fixturing or positioning time, and in the CNC machine tool is not necessary to calculate the coordinates, reducing the number of character blocks and simplified programming. It can be processed using the following equipment: radial drilling vertical drilling, or upload multi-axis head, multi-axis drilling machine, multi-axis modular machine tool spindle box heart and automatic replacement of machines. May even be able to automatically adjust wheelbase by two or more of the spindle axle box, junction
All CNC vertical and horizontal table two directions of movement, processing a variety of round or oval-shaped hole group of one or several steps. Now the status quo in this regard to make a profile.
Multi-Axis Head ：Transmission is from the main drive gear drive with two kinds of universal joint couplings. This is our familiar. Former is more efficient, simple structure, which is easy to adjust wheelbase. From the structure is concerned there is not adjustable and the adjustable two kinds. The former can not change the wheelbase, multi-use gear drive, only applies to high-volume production. Adaptability in order to expand its approval to develop a multi-axis adjustable head, in a certain range adjustable wheelbase. It is mainly mounted in a universal. Two. (1) there are two kinds of universal axis: alignment device with a spindle. Spindle mounted on adjustable bracket in an adjustable bracket can be T-shaped slot in the shell move, and the position in alignment with bolted. (2) with a tolerance of cylindrical spindle units. Set of fixed spindle hole with pieces of the same type template. The former applies to small batch and the rules of distribution of pore groups are artifacts (such as the hole groups in different diameter circle). The latter applies to a larger batch-type production of small quantities of turns, rigid better pitch accuracy is also high, but a different hole requires a different template.
Multi-axis head can be mounted on vertical drilling-type radial drilling machine, press the drill itself with the various functions work. This multi-axis processing methods, due to drilling efficiency, range and accuracy of processing of the relationship between the use of limited scope.
Multi-axle box ：As also the first multi-axis as the production as a standard component. U.S. Secto's standard gear boxes, multi-axle box, etc. are not designed adjustable multi-axle box. 32 kinds of specifications, process size from 300X300 mm to 600X1050 mm, the working-axis up to 60, and power up to 22.5 kilowatts. Romai factory adjustable multi-axle box easy to adjust, as long as the gear should first be adjusted to the location near the pass and then connected with its adjustable-axis move to the correct location. Therefore, this structure changes as long as the template, will be able to pass a certain extent change the content of shoes, and can reach more than ordinary axle box smaller pitch.
According to principles of the use of group processing the first multi-axle, or a combination of multi-axis machine tool is applicable to large and medium volume production. In order to process to get good results, need to consider the following points: (1) workpiece clamping simple, there is enough coolant away iron filings. (2) The fixture rigidity, processing, without deformation, dividing the right position. (3) the possibility of using the two group knives for a group to use, another set of grinding and adjustment, thereby reducing tool change downtime. (4) The use of quality tools to monitor whether the blunt tool, drill grinding to machine. (5) Dimensions can be detected immediately when the ultra-poor.
Multi-axis drilling machine ：This is a multi-axis machining to meet the requirements of the drill. Such as orientation, power, feed, speed and processing range. Displayed at the Paris Exhibition of multi-axis drilling machine with hydraulic multi-feed. Throughout its work, such as fast-forward through the bad, workers enter and clear the iron filings are all automatically. It is noteworthy that the majority of agencies with separate variable speed, so that one group can adapt to the different pore size hole processing needs. 1.2.4 automatic replacement machine tool spindle box
In order to rationalize the needs of small and medium volume production in recent years the development of the automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle box.
(1) The automatic replacement spindle machine
Automatic replacement of rotary spindle machine tool spindle box at the top is a library, there are several non-adjustable hanging spindle box. Vertical and horizontal patch panel to the first series of good working procedures, so that the corresponding spindle box into the processing station, location and with the power connection tight, and then turn to the table with the workpiece spindle box below, upward mobility for processing. When the change processing object, as long as the exchange suspension spindle box, you can pass with different processes for different needs.
(2) The multi-axis machine tool turret
Turret to install more non-adjustable or universal coupling spindle box, turret can automatically switch to digital, and clamp the workpiece in the rotary table to feed motion. Through the rotary table can be a number of workpiece surface. Because the turret not be too big, so it is generally not exceed the median of workers 4-6. And the spindle box is also not too large. When the machining process more objects, size larger, it should automatically replace the machine tool spindle box fit, but its simple structure.
(3) Automatic replacement of modular machine tool spindle box
It consists of automatic line or a combination of standard machine parts. Non-adjustable multi-axle box and power box by home base in the horizontal, the spindle rotates, the entire case library fastening device to the system in the slip into the board. Library Headstock rotation and feed movement is based on standard routines of work. Headstock time for a few seconds. Clamping the hydraulic sub-degree rotary table so that each workpiece surface. Good fruit rotary table accompanied by discharging device, we can co-flow production automation. In the variable production system using this device, accompanied by the corresponding controller can obtain a complete processing system.
(4) 8-axis CNC drill floor
Large condenser water wall tube plate holes as many as 15,000, which linked together with the support plate processing. Diameter of 20 mm, hole depth 180 mm. Used inside the cooling pipe has a twist drill ,5-7 bar pressure, coolant directly into the cutting area is conducive to chip removal. And ground into a 90 ° drill point for the self-centering. Durable than regular twist drill, and a large quantity of feed. To shorten the processing time to 8-axis CNC machining floor.
trends in multi-axis machining ：Multi-axis machining high production efficiency, low investment and production preparation cycle is short, product modification, when a small loss of equipment. And as China's CNC technology, the scope of multi-axis machining will become the broad, processing efficiency will be improved.
production tasks ：A group of cast-iron joints have the same surface processing with multiple holes. In the general processing of vertical holes on the drill, usually a hole a hole drilling, production efficiency is low, use non-standard equipment, that is, combination of machining, production efficiency is high, but the large investment in equipment.
However, the number of common vertical drilling machine to transform ordinary single-axis vertical multi-axis drilling machine after transformation, multi-axis drilling machine can simultaneously perform multiple hole drilling, expansion, hinges, and other processes.
17
畢業(yè)設計（論文）任務書
機械制造設計及其自動化專業(yè)
1101班
學生:于躍
畢業(yè)設計（論文）題目：小型鉆床設計
畢業(yè)設計（論文）內(nèi)容：對老式鉆床進行改進，實現(xiàn)自動化生產(chǎn)。
畢業(yè)設計（論文）專題部分： 第一章 引言，第二章 總體方案設計，第三章 進給系統(tǒng)設計，第四章傳動系統(tǒng)設計，第五章 控制系統(tǒng)設計
起止時間：2014年12月~2015年6月
指導教師： 2015 年6月 日
沈陽化工大學科亞學院畢業(yè)設計（論文）材料存檔說明
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五份材料打印要求如下：
1. 指導教師評閱意見表：學生將個人信息及題目填寫好后，傳給指導教師（電子版），指導教師根據(jù)學生論文書寫情況，錄入評閱意見后打印一份，簽字后返給學生。
2. 評閱教師評閱意見表：學生將個人信息及題目填寫好后，傳給評閱教師（電子版），指導教師根據(jù)學生論文書寫情況，錄入評閱意見后打印一份，簽字后返給學生（評閱教師詳見“沈陽化工大學科亞學院論文評閱和答辯安排”）。
3. 答辯記錄：學生填寫專業(yè)班級、學號、姓名后打印1份。
4. 成績考核評價表：學生填寫論文名稱、專業(yè)、班級、姓名后打印1份。
5. 答辯成績評定：學生填寫專業(yè)、姓名、題目、專題部分后打印一式2份。
材料1-5學生裝訂在本人論文后
材料5的另一份按要求打印后，單獨存于檔案袋中。
其他可以選擇添加的內(nèi)容有：
位于目錄之后的內(nèi)容：（9）符號、變量、縮略詞等本論文專用術(shù)語的注釋表；位于參考文獻后按序排列的內(nèi)容：（10）附錄；（11）索引（中、英文）；（12）作者在學期間學術(shù)成果。
上圖為畢業(yè)設計（論文）裝訂好的圖示。
三、 文獻綜述：指導教師如不要求撰寫文獻綜述，可不附此項內(nèi)容。
上圖為文獻綜述裝訂好的圖示。
四、 存檔光盤：光盤封面用記號筆書寫如圖示中內(nèi)容。
光盤中需要刻錄內(nèi)容含：
（1）畢業(yè)設計（論文）電子版。
（2）文獻綜述電子版（視指導教師要求）。
（3）如果涉及制圖，請一并將圖電子版刻于光盤，如圖為手繪，請拍照后刻于光盤。