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附 錄A
The Design of Pull Arm Garbage Truck
1The introduction of Pull Arm Garbage Truck
Pull arm garbage truck is equipped with two types of chassis that has a trunk load and unloading functions to pull arm device-specific vehicles. It can be achieved with car trunk the combination and separation, while the bulk of the trunk to achieve self-unloading cargo operations. The model has been widely used in foreign countries, often in the domestic industry as a sanitation refuse collection vehicles. 5 t pull arm garbage truck is one of the commonly used models, compared to 8 t Arm pull over large tonnage trucks, the pull-arm device structure is relatively simple and easy to domestic Manufacturers; And large tonnage often imported pull arm device. Domestic Manufacturers producing 5 t pull the car pulling the boom arm structure of the device, although about the same, but the important structural parameters of the selection and design of different structural arrangement, it will directly affect the car performance.
2 Pull the boom structure and principle of the device
2.1 The structural characteristics of pull-arm device
5 t pull arm garbage truck pulling device consists of pulling the boom arm and pull arm cylinder, the United Moving frame, trunk insurance hook and cylinder, and the frame. La Boom device structural arrangement shown in figure 2, pull telescopic arm is not used right-angle bend structure. the end of the cylinder and pull the piston rod side arm hinged on the hinge pivot B; Another linkage frame front end and hinged at the hinge pivot C, the formation of a rotary arm pull heart. Cylinder head cylinder arm pull side hinged front frame on the hinge pivot A; linkage frame hinged rear axle frame rear hinge pivot D, the formation of linkage rotary frame heart. Insurance linkage trunk rack hook set the hook cylinder and insurance cylinder.
2.2 The working principle of the device arm pull
Pulling garbage truck arm by pulling the device to complete the function of two different dynamic, for boxes and dumping. When the pull device for boom box action, the first cylinder insurance hook action open the trunk insurance hook, trunk lift insurance. Pull lift arm cylinder piston rod elongation from the pull arm, pull arm to pivot around the hinge C clockwise rotation, the hook arm to pull back move. If the frame is equipped with a trunk, the trunk was pushed home ground. When put on the frame, so that the first hook retractor trunk rings, and contraction of the piston rod, pull arm to hinge pivot counter-clockwise rotation axis C, will put on the flat trunk, the insurance cylinder hook action, pull carriages insurance hook fixed to the frame to the trunk.
When the pull-arm device dumping action, and action for different box, trunk insurance hook dump in the whole process to ensure that tension in the arm and trunk are not isolated, that is pull arm、the linkage through the trunk rack and trunk link between the insurance as one of the hook, by the deputy rear frame hinge pivot clockwise rotation axis D, lifting carriages lifted until the refuse rubbish. Trunk reset, as long as the retraction of cylinder piston rod pull arm, the pulling arm body still hinge pivot point D is the shaft counterclockwise rotation, until the trunk reset.
3 La Boom Selection and design of device structure parameters
3.1 Device to pull the boom pivot hinge arrangement and geometry of the main structure
Determined by the following three areas:
a. Arm by pulling a dump truck performance, it is 5 t pull the best selection of cars from the arm unloading chassis, the chassis can be selected according to the length of pull arm device to determine frame the total length. To ensure the car to pull arm for changing trunk and dumping action by the force of the chassis reasonable and complete the dumping arm pull action pivot hinge rotation axis D of the location should be arranged in behind the rear spring plate from the chassis rear bearing axis, the spacing is about 0 ~ 100 mm.
b. According to the first hinge pivot D arm pull for me the beginning of the selected pivot hinge rotation axis C. In the design and production of the actual process of pulling the car arm in arm had appeared during the pull action although the initial state, pull arm lift carriages, failed to pull arm pivot around the hinge C rotation, but with the linkage frame with the rotation around the hinge pivot point D, which can not get trunk open the beginning of fall; when lifting a certain height, the action of gravity in the trunk, the hinge will pivot C a sudden fall, so pull arm, the linkage frame and carriages suddenly drop, resulting in relatively large; in hit, resulting in extremely unsafe for me a smooth action. To resolve this problem, determine the hinge point C of the axis position is especially important. First the one hand, the horizontal axis of pivot C can not above the level layout of pivot D. In addition, by the hinge can pivot C stress analysis know, the hinge pivot axis of C must be below the level of tension hinge pivot arm cylinder head horizontal axis, while the hook arm pull-start action must be arranged in the vertical axis of the hinge pivot between C and the hinge pivot left foot.
c. Important geometrical parameters arm pull a pull arm foot radius of gyration for pull the oil boom turning radius of the cylinder piston rod end of radius of gyration of the angle between the two radius. From the above points analysis we know that, The smaller of radius. The greater the force needed to pull the smaller cylinder arm. Meet the requirements under the premise of arms-for-me pull-foot turning radius, the smaller the better, La boom cylinder rod side radius of gyration R. The bigger the better as far as possible, so that can pull compact boom, operating small space.
3.2 The selection of pull arm cylinder and cylinder installation angle y. The range of
Determined by the following two aspects:
a. By mapping method or analytical method to determine the location of the above the hinge pivot and Pull arm geometry and other components, may initially determine the pull-stroke arm cylinder and installation distance.
b. Pull arm cylinder mounting angle of La Boom is the important structural parameters of devices. By the former knowledge, pull the boom box or device for carrying out the process of dumping action, pull the oil boom cylinders have to be overcome trunk (full load) resistance torque generated by gravity, and the lifting crane action start unloading boxes when the moment of resistance is the greatest moment of resistance to overcome, and in Boom began pulling action of the hinge pivot device static friction and inertia moment of resistance Maximum torque. So pull arm cylinder mounting angle y. From the previous analysis we know, when angle larger, the pull arm cylinder smaller maximum thrust required, select the pull arm cylinder bore can be smaller.
By pulling in the boom cylinder is installed between the frame and trunk floor, oil cylinder installation layout space is limited, so the pull arm cylinder mounting angle range is also very limited. Design principles to children as much as possible to install a large angle, choose the right drawing arm oil pulling arm cylinder bore to meet performance requirements for the use of vehicles, without increasing the cost and fuel tank weight, and easy layout. Analysis and comparison of some domestic manufacturers to produce 5 t pull arm ,the actual design and production of cars and trucks pulling arm experience, 5 t pull arm around the installation space vehicles between 250 ~ 300 mm, the general tension arm cylinder mounting angle should be Taken between 3°~5°.
附 錄B
拉臂式垃圾車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)
1拉臂車(chē)概述
拉臂式垃圾車(chē)是在二類(lèi)汽車(chē)底盤(pán)上裝有使車(chē)箱具有裝載和卸載功能的拉臂架裝置的專(zhuān)用汽車(chē)。它可實(shí)現(xiàn)車(chē)箱與汽車(chē)的結(jié)合和分離，同時(shí)對(duì)車(chē)箱的散裝貨物實(shí)現(xiàn)自卸作業(yè)。目前該車(chē)型已在國(guó)外得到廣泛使用，在國(guó)內(nèi)也常作為環(huán)衛(wèi)行業(yè)的垃圾收集運(yùn)輸車(chē)。5 t拉臂式垃圾車(chē)是常用車(chē)型之一，相比8 t以上的大噸位拉臂車(chē)，其拉臂架裝置結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單，便于國(guó)內(nèi)廠家生產(chǎn)；而大噸位拉臂車(chē)常采用進(jìn)口拉臂架裝置。國(guó)內(nèi)各生產(chǎn)廠家生產(chǎn)的5 t拉臂車(chē)的拉臂架裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)雖大致相同，但重要的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的選用和結(jié)構(gòu)布置設(shè)計(jì)的不同，會(huì)直接影響拉臂車(chē)的工作性能。
2拉臂裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理
2．1拉臂架裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
5 t拉臂式垃圾車(chē)?yán)奂苎b置主要由拉臂和拉臂油缸、聯(lián)動(dòng)架、車(chē)箱保險(xiǎn)鉤和保險(xiǎn)鉤油缸、以及副車(chē)架組成。拉臂采用的是不可伸縮的直角折彎式結(jié)構(gòu)，其一端與拉臂油缸的活塞桿端鉸接于鉸支點(diǎn)B,另一端與聯(lián)動(dòng)架前端軸心鉸接于鉸支點(diǎn)C，形成了拉臂的回轉(zhuǎn)軸心。拉臂油缸的缸頭端鉸接在副車(chē)架前端鉸支點(diǎn)A上；聯(lián)動(dòng)架后端軸心鉸接在副車(chē)架后部的鉸支點(diǎn)D，形成聯(lián)動(dòng)架的回轉(zhuǎn)軸心。聯(lián)動(dòng)架上設(shè)置了車(chē)箱保險(xiǎn)鉤和保險(xiǎn)鉤油缸。
2．2拉臂架裝置的工作原理
拉臂式垃圾車(chē)通過(guò)拉臂架裝置完成兩種不同的功能動(dòng)作：換箱和傾卸。當(dāng)拉臂架裝置進(jìn)行換箱動(dòng)作時(shí)，首先保險(xiǎn)鉤油缸動(dòng)作，開(kāi)啟車(chē)箱保險(xiǎn)鉤，車(chē)箱解除了保險(xiǎn)。拉臂油缸活塞桿伸長(zhǎng)舉起拉臂，使拉臂繞鉸支點(diǎn)c順時(shí)針回轉(zhuǎn)，拉臂鉤就往后移動(dòng)。如果副車(chē)架上裝有車(chē)箱，則車(chē)箱被推置地上。當(dāng)?shù)厣宪?chē)箱要提上車(chē)架時(shí)，使拉鉤先鉤住車(chē)箱吊環(huán)，然后收縮活塞桿，使拉臂以鉸支點(diǎn)c為軸心逆時(shí)針回轉(zhuǎn)，將車(chē)箱提上放平后，保險(xiǎn)鉤油缸動(dòng)作，拉起車(chē)箱保險(xiǎn)鉤，使車(chē)箱固定在副車(chē)架上。當(dāng)拉臂架裝置進(jìn)行傾卸動(dòng)作時(shí)，與換箱動(dòng)作不同，車(chē)箱保險(xiǎn)鉤在整個(gè)傾卸過(guò)程中要處在保證拉臂與車(chē)箱不分離，即拉臂、聯(lián)動(dòng)架及車(chē)箱通過(guò)車(chē)箱保險(xiǎn)鉤相互聯(lián)結(jié)為一體，以副車(chē)架后部鉸支點(diǎn)D為軸心順時(shí)針回轉(zhuǎn)，舉升車(chē)箱直到卸去垃圾。車(chē)箱復(fù)位時(shí)，只要拉臂油缸活塞桿回縮，整個(gè)拉臂機(jī)構(gòu)仍以鉸支點(diǎn)D為轉(zhuǎn)軸點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針回轉(zhuǎn)，直至車(chē)箱復(fù)位。
3拉臂架裝置結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)選用與設(shè)計(jì)
3．1拉臂架裝置各鉸支點(diǎn)的布置及主要結(jié)構(gòu)幾何尺寸
按以下三方面確定：
a．因拉臂車(chē)具有傾卸工作性能，故5 t拉臂車(chē)最好選用自卸底盤(pán)，可根據(jù)所選定的底盤(pán)長(zhǎng)度，確定拉臂架裝置副車(chē)架的總長(zhǎng)度。為了保證拉臂車(chē)進(jìn)行換箱和傾卸動(dòng)作時(shí)底盤(pán)受力合理，拉臂完成傾卸動(dòng)作的回轉(zhuǎn)鉸支點(diǎn)D的軸線位置應(yīng)布置在距底盤(pán)后輪彈簧鋼板后支座軸線的后部，間距約為0～100mm。.
b．根據(jù)鉸支點(diǎn)D先初選定拉臂換箱回轉(zhuǎn)鉸支點(diǎn)c的軸線位置。在設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)5 t拉臂車(chē)的實(shí)際過(guò)程中，曾出現(xiàn)拉臂在進(jìn)行換箱動(dòng)作初始狀態(tài)時(shí)拉臂雖舉升車(chē)箱，但拉臂未能繞鉸支點(diǎn)C轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，卻隨聯(lián)動(dòng)架一起繞鉸支點(diǎn)D轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，從而無(wú)法讓車(chē)箱開(kāi)始下滑；當(dāng)舉升一定高度后，在車(chē)箱重力作用下，鉸支點(diǎn)C會(huì)突然落下，使拉臂、聯(lián)動(dòng)架及車(chē)箱突然下落，產(chǎn)生較大；中擊，造成換箱動(dòng)作極不安全平穩(wěn)。要解決此問(wèn)題，確定鉸支點(diǎn)C的軸線位置尤其重要。首先一方面鉸支點(diǎn)C水平軸線不能高于鉸支點(diǎn)D水平軸線布置。另外，由鉸支點(diǎn)C受力分析可知，鉸支點(diǎn)C的水平軸線必須低于拉臂油缸缸頭鉸支點(diǎn)A的水平軸線，同時(shí)起始動(dòng)作時(shí)拉臂鉤垂直軸線必須布置在鉸支點(diǎn)C和鉸支點(diǎn)A之間。
c．拉臂重要結(jié)構(gòu)幾何參數(shù)有拉臂換箱回轉(zhuǎn)半徑、拉臂油缸活塞桿端回轉(zhuǎn)半徑、兩回轉(zhuǎn)半徑之間的夾角。由前述分析可知，越小，越大，則拉臂油缸所需的作用力越小。故在滿足使用要求的前提下，拉臂換箱回轉(zhuǎn)半徑越小越好，拉臂油缸活塞桿回轉(zhuǎn)半徑盡可能越大越好，這樣可使拉臂結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，作業(yè)空間小。
3．2拉臂油缸的選用和油缸安裝角的取值范圍
按以下二方面確定：
a．通過(guò)作圖法或解析法計(jì)算確定以上各鉸支點(diǎn)的位置和拉臂等構(gòu)件的幾何尺寸后，可初步確定拉臂油缸的最大行程和安裝距。計(jì)算出油缸作用力和的值，作為油缸的負(fù)載依據(jù)來(lái)確定油缸缸徑。
b．拉臂油缸安裝角是拉臂架裝置重要的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)。由前述知，拉臂架裝置在進(jìn)行換箱或傾卸動(dòng)作的過(guò)程中，拉臂油缸均要克服車(chē)箱(滿載)的重力產(chǎn)生的阻力矩，而且吊裝吊卸車(chē)箱起始動(dòng)作時(shí)的阻力矩是要克服的最大阻力矩，而且在開(kāi)始動(dòng)作時(shí)拉臂架裝置的各鉸支點(diǎn)的靜摩擦阻力矩和慣性阻力矩最大。故拉臂油缸安裝角需滿足。由前分析所知，當(dāng)越大時(shí)，拉臂油缸所需的最大推力就越小，選擇的拉臂油缸缸徑就可越小。
因拉臂油缸的安裝位置位于副車(chē)架和車(chē)箱底板之間，油缸安裝布置空間有限，故拉臂油缸的安裝角取值范圍也極為有限。設(shè)計(jì)原則是要盡可能使安裝角兒大，選擇合理的拉臂油缸缸徑來(lái)滿足拉臂車(chē)的使用性能要求，不增加油缸的成本和重量，同時(shí)便于布置。分析比較國(guó)內(nèi)一些廠家生產(chǎn)的5 t拉臂車(chē)及實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)拉臂車(chē)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，5 t拉臂車(chē)安裝空間約在250～300mm之間，一般拉臂油缸安裝角應(yīng)在3°～5°之間取值。
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