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長(zhǎng)春理工大學(xué)光電信息學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
機(jī)器人
文章出處：《機(jī)械制造專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)》 主編：章躍 節(jié)選自第21課機(jī)器人
工業(yè)機(jī)器人是在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中用以提高生產(chǎn)效率的工具，它能做常規(guī)乏味的裝配線工作，或能做那些對(duì)于工人來(lái)說(shuō)是危險(xiǎn)的工作，例如：第一代工業(yè)機(jī)器人是用來(lái)在核電站中更換核燃料棒，如果人去做這項(xiàng)工作，將會(huì)遭受有害射線的輻射。工業(yè)機(jī)器人亦能工作在裝配線上將小元件裝配到一起，如將電子元件安放在電路印刷板，這樣，工人就能從這項(xiàng)乏味的常規(guī)工作中解放出來(lái)。機(jī)器人也能按程序要求用來(lái)拆除炸彈，輔助殘疾人，在社會(huì)的很多應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合下履行職能。
機(jī)器人可以認(rèn)為是將手臂末端的工具、傳感器和手爪移動(dòng)到程序指定位置的一種機(jī)器。當(dāng)機(jī)器人到達(dá)位置后，它將執(zhí)行某種任務(wù)。這些任務(wù)可以是焊接、密封、機(jī)器裝料、拆裝以及裝配工作。除了編程以及系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)停之外，一般來(lái)說(shuō)這些工作可以在無(wú)人干預(yù)下完成。
如下敘述的是機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)基本術(shù)語(yǔ)：
1.機(jī)器人是一個(gè)可編程、多功能的機(jī)械手，通過(guò)給要完成的不同任務(wù)編制各種動(dòng)作，它可以運(yùn)動(dòng)零件、材料、工具以及特殊裝置。這個(gè)基本定義引導(dǎo)出后續(xù)段落的其他定義，從而描繪出一個(gè)完整的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)。
2.預(yù)編程位置點(diǎn)是機(jī)器人為完成工作而必須跟蹤的軌跡。在某些位置點(diǎn)上機(jī)器人將停下來(lái)做某些操作，如裝配零件、噴涂油漆或者焊接。這些預(yù)編程點(diǎn)貯存在機(jī)器人的貯存器中，并為后續(xù)的連續(xù)操作所調(diào)用，而且這些預(yù)編程點(diǎn)像其他程序數(shù)據(jù)一樣，可在日后隨工作需要而變化。因且，正是這種可編程的特征，一個(gè)工業(yè)機(jī)器人很像一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，數(shù)據(jù)可以在這里儲(chǔ)存、后續(xù)調(diào)用與編輯。
3.機(jī)械手是機(jī)器人的手臂，它使機(jī)器人能彎屈、延伸和旋轉(zhuǎn)，提供這些運(yùn)動(dòng)的是機(jī)械手的軸，亦是所謂的機(jī)械手的自由度。一個(gè)機(jī)械人能有3-16軸，自由度一詞總是與機(jī)器人軸數(shù)相關(guān)。
4.工具和手爪不是機(jī)器人自身組成部分，但它們是安裝在機(jī)器人手臂末端的附件。這些連在機(jī)器人手臂末端的附件可使機(jī)器人抬起工件、點(diǎn)焊、刷漆、電焊弧、鉆孔、打毛刺以及根據(jù)機(jī)器人的要求去做各種各樣的工作。
5.機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)還可以控制機(jī)器人的工作單元，工作單元是機(jī)器人執(zhí)行任務(wù)所處的整體環(huán)境，該單元包括控制器、機(jī)械手、工作平臺(tái)、安全保護(hù)裝置或者傳輸裝置。所有這些為保證機(jī)器人完成自己任務(wù)而必需的裝置都包括在這一工作單元中。另外，來(lái)自外設(shè)的信號(hào)與機(jī)器人何時(shí)裝配工作、取工件或放工件到傳輸裝置上。
機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)有三個(gè)基本不見(jiàn)：機(jī)械手、控制器和動(dòng)力源。
A．機(jī)械手
機(jī)械手做機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)中粗重工作，它包括兩個(gè)部分：機(jī)構(gòu)和附件,機(jī)械手也有聯(lián)接附件基座，如下圖所示一機(jī)器人基座與附件之間的聯(lián)接情況。
機(jī)械手基座通常固定在工作區(qū)域的地基上，有時(shí)基座也可以移動(dòng)，在這種情況下基座安裝在導(dǎo)軌或者軌道上，允許機(jī)械手從一個(gè)位置移動(dòng)到另外一個(gè)位置。
正如前面所提到的那樣，附件從機(jī)器人基座上延伸出來(lái)，附件就是
機(jī)器人的手臂，它可以是直線型，也可以是軸節(jié)型手臂，軸節(jié)型手臂也是大家所知的關(guān)節(jié)型手臂。
機(jī)械臂使機(jī)械手產(chǎn)生各軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)。這些軸連在一個(gè)安裝基座上，然后再練到托架上，托架確保機(jī)械手停留在某一位置。
在手臂的末端上，連接著手腕，手腕由輔助軸和手腕凸緣組成，手腕是讓機(jī)器人用戶(hù)在手腕凸緣上安裝不同工具來(lái)做不同種工作。
機(jī)器手的軸使機(jī)械手在某一區(qū)域內(nèi)執(zhí)行任務(wù)，我們將這個(gè)區(qū)域?yàn)闄C(jī)器人的工作單元，該區(qū)域的大小與機(jī)械手的尺寸相對(duì)應(yīng)，一個(gè)典型裝配機(jī)器人的工作單元。隨著機(jī)器人機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的增加，工作單元的范圍也必須相應(yīng)增加。
機(jī)械手的運(yùn)動(dòng)由執(zhí)行元件或驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)來(lái)控制。執(zhí)行元件或驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)允許各軸在工作單元內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可用電氣液壓和氣壓動(dòng)力，驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)所產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)力經(jīng)機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)械能，驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)與機(jī)械傳動(dòng)鏈相匹配。由鏈、齒輪和滾珠絲杠組成的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)鏈驅(qū)動(dòng)著機(jī)器人的各軸。
B.控制器
機(jī)器人控制器是工作單元的核心。控制器儲(chǔ)存著預(yù)編程序供后續(xù)條用、控制外設(shè)，及與廠內(nèi)計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行通訊以滿足產(chǎn)品經(jīng)常更新的需要。
控制器用于控制機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)和在工作單元內(nèi)控制機(jī)器人外設(shè)。用戶(hù)可通過(guò)手持的示教盒將機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)的程序編入控制器。這些信息儲(chǔ)存在控制器的存儲(chǔ)器中以備后續(xù)調(diào)用，控制器存儲(chǔ)了機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的所有編程數(shù)據(jù)，它能存儲(chǔ)幾個(gè)不同的程序，并且所有這些程序均能編輯。
控制器要求能夠在工作單元內(nèi)與外設(shè)進(jìn)行通信。例如控制器有一個(gè)輸入端，它能標(biāo)識(shí)某個(gè)機(jī)加工操作何時(shí)完成。當(dāng)該加工循環(huán)完成后，輸入端接通，告訴控制器定位機(jī)械手以便能抓取以加工工件，隨后機(jī)械手抓取一未加工工件，將其放置在機(jī)床上。接著，控制器給機(jī)床開(kāi)始加工的信號(hào)。
控制器可以由根據(jù)時(shí)間順序而步進(jìn)的機(jī)械式輪轂組成，這種類(lèi)型的控制器可用在非常簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)中。用于大多數(shù)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)中的控制器代表現(xiàn)代電子學(xué)的水平，是更復(fù)雜的裝置，即它們是由微處理器操縱的。這些微處理器可以是8位，16位或32位處理器。它們可以使得控制器在操作工程中顯得非常柔性。
控制器能通過(guò)通信線發(fā)送電信號(hào)，使它能與機(jī)器手各軸交流信息，在機(jī)器人的機(jī)械手和控制器之間的雙向交流信息可以保持系統(tǒng)操作和位置經(jīng)常更新，控制器亦能控制安裝在機(jī)器人手腕上的任何工具。
控制器也有與廠內(nèi)各計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行通信的任務(wù)，這種通信聯(lián)系使機(jī)器人成為計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)組成部分。
存儲(chǔ)器?；谖⑻幚砥鞯南到y(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)要與固態(tài)的存儲(chǔ)裝置相連,這些存儲(chǔ)裝置可以是磁泡，隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器、軟盤(pán)、磁帶等。每種記憶存儲(chǔ)裝置均能貯存、編輯信息以備后續(xù)調(diào)用和編輯。
C.動(dòng)力源
動(dòng)力源是給機(jī)器人和機(jī)器手提供動(dòng)力的單元。傳給機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力源有兩種，一種是用于控制器的交流電，另一種是用于驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)械手各軸的動(dòng)力源，例如，如果機(jī)器人的機(jī)械手是由液壓和氣壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的，控制信號(hào)便傳送到這些裝置中，驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)器人運(yùn)動(dòng)。
對(duì)于每一個(gè)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)，動(dòng)力是用來(lái)操縱機(jī)械手的。這些動(dòng)力可來(lái)源于液壓動(dòng)力源、氣壓動(dòng)力源或電源，這些能源是機(jī)器人工作單元整體的一部分。
不同功能的機(jī)器人也相繼出現(xiàn)并且活躍在不同的領(lǐng)域，從天上到地下，從工業(yè)拓廣到 農(nóng)業(yè)、林、牧、漁，甚至進(jìn)入尋常百姓家。機(jī)器人的種類(lèi)之多，應(yīng)用之廣，影響之深，是我們始料未及的。從機(jī)器人的用途來(lái)分，可以分為兩大類(lèi)：
軍用機(jī)器人：
? ◆ 地面軍用機(jī)器人
地面機(jī)器人主要是指智能或遙控的輪式和履帶式車(chē)輛.地面軍用機(jī)器人又可分為自主車(chē)輛和半自主車(chē)輛。自主車(chē)輛依靠自身的智能自主導(dǎo)航,躲避障礙物,獨(dú)立完成各種戰(zhàn)斗任務(wù);半自主車(chē)輛可在人的監(jiān)視下自主行使,在遇到困難時(shí)操作人員可以進(jìn)行遙控干預(yù)。
◆無(wú)人機(jī)
被稱(chēng)為空中機(jī)器人的無(wú)人機(jī)是軍用機(jī)器人中發(fā)展最快的家族，從1913年第一臺(tái)自動(dòng)駕駛儀問(wèn)世以來(lái)，無(wú)人機(jī)的基本類(lèi)型已達(dá)到300多種，目前在世界市場(chǎng)上銷(xiāo)售的無(wú)人機(jī)有40多種。美國(guó)幾乎參加了世界上所有重要的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。由于它的科學(xué)技術(shù)先進(jìn)，國(guó)力較強(qiáng)，因而80多年來(lái)，世界無(wú)人機(jī)的發(fā)展基本上是以美國(guó)為主線向前推進(jìn)的。美國(guó)是研究無(wú)人機(jī)最早的國(guó)家之一，今天無(wú)論從技術(shù)水平還是無(wú)人機(jī)的種類(lèi)和數(shù)量來(lái)看，美國(guó)均居世界首位。
綜觀無(wú)人機(jī)發(fā)展的歷史，可以說(shuō)現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是無(wú)人機(jī)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力，高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展是它不斷進(jìn)步的基礎(chǔ)。
? ◆水下機(jī)器人
水下機(jī)器人分為有人機(jī)器人和無(wú)人機(jī)器人兩大類(lèi)：
有人潛水器機(jī)動(dòng)靈活，便于處理復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題，擔(dān)任的生命可能會(huì)有危險(xiǎn)，而且價(jià)格昂貴。
無(wú)人潛水器就是人們所說(shuō)的水下機(jī)器人，“科夫”就是其中的一種。它適于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、大范圍的考察任務(wù)，近20年來(lái)，水下機(jī)器人有了很大的發(fā)展，它們既可軍用又可民用。隨著人對(duì)海洋進(jìn)一步地開(kāi)發(fā)，21世紀(jì)它們必將會(huì)有更廣泛的應(yīng)用。按照無(wú)人潛水器與水面支持設(shè)備（母船或平臺(tái)）間聯(lián)系方式的不同，水下機(jī)器人可以分為兩大類(lèi)：一種是有纜水下機(jī)器人，習(xí)慣上把它稱(chēng)做遙控潛水器，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)ROV；另一種是無(wú)纜水下機(jī)器人，潛水器習(xí)慣上把它稱(chēng)做自治潛水器，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)AUV。有纜機(jī)器人都是遙控式的，按其運(yùn)動(dòng)方式分為拖曳式、（海底）移動(dòng)式和浮游（自航）式三種。無(wú)纜水下機(jī)器人只能是自治式的，目前還只有觀測(cè)型浮游式一種運(yùn)動(dòng)方式，但它的前景是光明的。
? ◆空間機(jī)器人
空間機(jī)器人是一種低價(jià)位的輕型遙控機(jī)器人，可在行星的大氣環(huán)境中導(dǎo)航及飛行。為此，它必須克服許多困難，例如它要能在一個(gè)不斷變化的三維環(huán)境中運(yùn)動(dòng)并自主導(dǎo)航；幾乎不能夠停留；必須能實(shí)時(shí)確定它在空間的位置及狀態(tài)；要能對(duì)它的垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行控制；要為它的星際飛行預(yù)測(cè)及規(guī)劃路徑。
? 民用機(jī)器人：
? ◆工業(yè)機(jī)器人
工業(yè)機(jī)器人是指在工業(yè)中應(yīng)用的一種能進(jìn)行自動(dòng)控制的、可重復(fù)編程的、多功能的、多自由度的、多用途的操作機(jī)，能搬運(yùn)材料、工件或操持工具，用以完成各種作業(yè)。且這種操作機(jī)可以固定在一個(gè)地方，也可以在往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的小車(chē)上。
◆服務(wù)機(jī)器人
服務(wù)機(jī)器人是機(jī)器人家族中的一個(gè)年輕成員，到目前為止尚沒(méi)有一個(gè)嚴(yán)格的定義，不同國(guó)家對(duì)服務(wù)機(jī)器人的認(rèn)識(shí)也有一定差異。服務(wù)機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用范圍很廣，主要從事維護(hù)、保養(yǎng)、修理、運(yùn)輸、清洗、保安、救援、監(jiān)護(hù)等工作。德國(guó)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與自動(dòng)化研究所所長(zhǎng)施拉夫特博士給服務(wù)機(jī)器人下了這樣一個(gè)定義：服務(wù)機(jī)器人是一種可自由編程的移動(dòng)裝置，它至少應(yīng)有三個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)軸，可以部分地或全自動(dòng)地完成服務(wù)工作。這里的服務(wù)工作指的不是為工業(yè)生產(chǎn)物品而從事的服務(wù)活動(dòng)，而是指為人和單位完成的服務(wù)工作。
? ◆娛樂(lè)機(jī)器人
娛樂(lè)機(jī)器人以供人觀賞、娛樂(lè)為目的，具有機(jī)器人的外部特征，可以像人，像某種動(dòng)物，像童話或科幻小說(shuō)中的人物等。同時(shí)具有機(jī)器人的功能，可以行走或完成動(dòng)作，可以有語(yǔ)言能力，會(huì)唱歌，有一定的感知能力。
? ◆類(lèi)人機(jī)器人
從其他類(lèi)別的機(jī)器人可以看出，大多數(shù)的機(jī)器人并不像人，有的甚至沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)人的模樣，這一點(diǎn)使很多機(jī)器人愛(ài)好者大失所望。也許你會(huì)問(wèn)，為什么科學(xué)家不研制類(lèi)人機(jī)器人？這樣的機(jī)器人會(huì)更容易讓人接受。其實(shí)，研制出外觀和功能與人一樣的機(jī)器人是科學(xué)家們夢(mèng)寐以求的愿望，也是他們不懈追求的目標(biāo)。然而，研制出性能優(yōu)異的類(lèi)人機(jī)器人，其最大的難關(guān)就是雙足直立行走。因?yàn)?機(jī)器人與人的學(xué)習(xí)方式不一樣。一個(gè)嬰兒要先學(xué)走，再學(xué)跑；而機(jī)器人則要先學(xué)跑，再學(xué)走。也就是說(shuō)機(jī)器人學(xué)跑更容易些。
? ◆農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)器人
由于機(jī)械化、自動(dòng)化程度比較落后，“面朝黃土背朝天，一年四季不得閑”成了我國(guó)農(nóng)民的象征。但近年農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)器人的問(wèn)世，有望改變傳統(tǒng)的勞動(dòng)方式。在農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)器人的方面，目前日本居于世界各國(guó)之首。
國(guó)際機(jī)器人領(lǐng)域發(fā)展近幾年有如下幾個(gè)趨勢(shì)：
1．工業(yè)機(jī)器人性能不斷提高（高速度、高精度、高可靠性、便于操作和維修），而單機(jī)價(jià)格不斷下降，平均單機(jī)價(jià)格從91年的10．3萬(wàn)美元降至97年的6．5萬(wàn)美元。
2．機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)向模塊化、可重構(gòu)化發(fā)展。例如關(guān)節(jié)模塊中的伺服電機(jī)、減速機(jī)、檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)三位一體化；由關(guān)節(jié)模塊、連桿模塊用重組方式構(gòu)造機(jī)器人整機(jī)；國(guó)外已有模塊化裝配機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品問(wèn)市
3．工業(yè)機(jī)器人控制系統(tǒng)向基于PC機(jī)的開(kāi)放型控制器方向發(fā)展，便于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化；器件集成度提高，控制柜日見(jiàn)小巧，且采用模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)；大大提高了系統(tǒng)的可靠性、易操作性和可維修性。
4．機(jī)器人中的傳感器作用日益重要，除采用傳統(tǒng)的位置、速度、加速度等傳感器外，裝配、焊接機(jī)器人還應(yīng)用了視覺(jué)、力覺(jué)等傳感器，而遙控機(jī)器人則采用視覺(jué)、聲覺(jué)、力覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)等多傳感器的融合技術(shù)來(lái)進(jìn)行環(huán)境建模及決策控制；多傳感器融合配置技術(shù)在產(chǎn)品化系統(tǒng)中已有成熟應(yīng)用。
5．虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)在機(jī)器人中的作用已從仿真、預(yù)演發(fā)展到用于過(guò)程控制，如使遙控機(jī)器人操作者產(chǎn)生置身于遠(yuǎn)端作業(yè)環(huán)境中的感覺(jué)來(lái)操縱機(jī)器人。
6．當(dāng)代遙控機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展特點(diǎn)不是追求全自治系統(tǒng)，而是致力于操作者與機(jī)器人的人機(jī)交互控制，即遙控加局部自主系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成完整的監(jiān)控遙控操作系統(tǒng)，使智能機(jī)器人走出實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)入實(shí)用化階段。美國(guó)發(fā)射到火星上的“索杰納”機(jī)器人就是這種系統(tǒng)成功應(yīng)用的最著名實(shí)例。
7．機(jī)器人化機(jī)械開(kāi)始興起。從94年美國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)出“虛擬軸機(jī)床”以來(lái)，這種新型裝置已成為國(guó)際研究的熱點(diǎn)之一，紛紛探索開(kāi)拓其實(shí)際應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域。
外人原文文獻(xiàn)：
Robots
The industrial robot is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity . It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs , or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs , or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example , one of the first industrial robots was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants . A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation . The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line , putting together small components , such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board . Thus , the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task . Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs , to serve the handicapped , and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society .
The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-arm tool , sensor , and gripper to a preprogrammed location . When the robot arrives at this location , it will perform some sort of task . This task could be welding , sealing , machine loading , machine unloading , or a host of assembly jobs . Generally , this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being , except for programming and for turning the system on and off .
The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following :
1. A robot is a reprogrammable , multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts , materials , tools , or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task . This basic definition leads to other definitions , presented in the following paragraphs , that give a complete picture of a robotic system .
2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work . At some of these locations , the robot will stop and perform some operation , such as assembly of parts , spray painting , or welding . These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuous operation . Furthermore , these preprogrammed locations , as well as other program data , can be changed later as the work requirements change . Thus , with regard to this programming feature , an industrial robot is very much like a computer , where data can be stored and later recalled and edited .
3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot . It allows the robot to bend , reach , and twist . This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes , also called the degrees of freedom of the robot . A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes . The term degrees of freedom of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot .
4. The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself ; rather , they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm . These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts , spot-weld , paint , arc-weld , drill , deburr , and do a variety of tasks , depending on what is required of the robot .
5. The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot . the work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task . Included within this cell may be the controller , the robot manipulator , a work table , safety features , or a conveyor . All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell . In addition , signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts , pick up parts , or unload parts to a conveyor .
The robotic system has three basic components : the manipulator , the controller , and the power source .
A . Manipulator
The manipulator , which does the physical work of the robotic system , consists of two sections : the mechanical section and the attached appendage . The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached . Fig.1 illustrates the connection of the base and the appendage of a robot .
The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area . Sometimes , though , the base may be movable . In this case , the base is attached to either a rail or a track , allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to another .
As mentioned previously , the appendage extends from the base of the robot . The appendage is the arm of the robot . It can be either a straight , movable arm or a jointed arm . the jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm .
The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion . These axes are attached to a fixed base , which , in turn , is secured to a mounting . This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location。
At the end of the arm , a wrist is connected . The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange . The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs .
The manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area . This area is called the work cell of the robot , and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator . Fig.2 illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly robot . As the robot’s physical size increases , the size of the work cell must also increase .
The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators , or drive systems . The actuators , or drive system , allows the various axes to move within the work cell . The drive system can use electric , hydraulic , or pneumatic power . The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems .The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages .These linkages, in turn , drive the different axes of the robot . The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains , gears ,and ball screws.
B. Controller
The controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, control peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production
The controllers is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendent. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data of the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.
The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.
The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. That is, they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.
The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.
The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers . The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system.
As the basic definition stated , the robot is a reprogrammable , multifunctional manipulator . Therefore , the controller must contain some type of memory storage . The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices . These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles , random-access memory , floppy disks , or magnetic tape . Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing .
C. Power supply
The power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator . Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system . One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller . The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator . For example , if the robot manipulator id controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic manipulator drives , control signals are sent to these devices , causing motion of the robot .
For each robotic system , power is required to operate the manipulator . This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source , a pneumatic power source , or an electric power source , These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell .
The different function's robot also one after another appears, and enlivened in the different domain, from the space to the underground, developed from the industry broadly to the agriculture, the forest, the herd, the fishing, even entered the common family. Robot's many type, broad application, affects the depth, is we are unexpected. Divides from robot's use, may divide into two broad headings:
Military robot:
?◆ ground military robot
The ground robot is mainly refers to the intelligence or the remote control wheeled and the track-laying vehicle. The ground military robot may divide into the independent vehicles and half independent vehicles. The independent vehicles depend upon the own intelligent autonomous navigation, the avoidance obstacle, the independence complete each kind of combat mission; Half independent vehicles may exercise independently under person's surveillance, when encounters the difficulty the operators may carry on the remote control intervention.
◆ unmanned aerial vehicle
Is called the airborne robot's unmanned aerial vehicle is in the military robot develops the quickest family, the first autopilot has been published since 1913, unmanned aerial vehicle's fundamental type has achieved 300 many kinds, at present the unmanned aerial vehicle which sells in the world market has 40 many kinds. The US participated in nearly the world all important wars. Is advanced as a result of its science and technology, the national strength is strong, thus 80 for many years, the world unmanned aerial vehicle's development basically has been prompts forward by the line. The US studies one of unmanned aerial vehicle earliest countries, regardless of today looking from technical level or unmanned aerial vehicle's type and quantity, the US occupies the world leader. the comprehensive survey unmanned aerial vehicle develops the history, may say that the modern warfare is the power which the unmanned aerial vehicle develops, the high technology and new technology development is the foundation which it progresses unceasingly.?
◆ underwater robot
The underwater robot divides into some person of robots and nobody robot two broad headings:
Some person of submersibles mobile nimble, is advantageous for the processing complex question, holds the post the life will possibly have the danger, moreover the price will be expensive. The unmanned submersible is the underwater robot which the people said that “Shinao” is one kind. It is suitable for the long time, the wide range inspection duty, in the recent 20 years, the underwater robot had the very big development, they both may military and be possible civil. Further develops along with the human to the sea, in the 21st century they will certainly to have a more widespread application. According to the unmanned submersible and the water surface support equipment (depot ship or platform) contact method's difference, the underwater robot may divide into two broad headings: One kind has the cable underwater robot, in the custom is called as it controls remotely the submersibles, is called ROV; Another kind does not have the cable underwater robot, in the submersibles custom is called as it the autonomous submersibles, is called AUV. Has the cable robot is the remote control type, divides into towed, (seabed) according to its mode of motion the mobile and the float (from navigation) the formula three kinds. Does not have the cable underwater robot only to be able to be autonomous -like, at present also only then the observation float type one mode of motion, but its prospect is bright.
◆ spatial robot
The spatial robot is one kind of low end light teleoperator, may in the planet atmospheric environment the guidance and the flight. Therefore, it must overcome many difficulties, for example it must be able, in changes unceasingly in three dimensional environment movement and autonomous navigation; Cannot pause nearly; Must be able real-time to determine it in the spatial position and the condition; Must be able to carry on the control primarily to the American its vertical movement; Must forecast and plan the way for its star border flight.?
Civil robot:
?◆ industry robot
The industry robot is refers to the industry the application one kind can carry on the automatic control, to be possible to duplicate programs, multi-purpose, the multi-degrees-of-freedom, the multipurpose operation machine, can transport the material, the work piece or manages the tool, with completes each kind of work. And this kind of operation machine may fix in a place, may also on the reciprocal motion car.
◆ service robot
The service robot is in a robot family's young member, so far still did not have a strict definition, the different country to serves robot's understanding also to have certain difference. Serves robot's application scope to be very broad, is mainly engaged in work and so on maintenance, maintenance, repair, transportation, clean, security, rescue, guardianship. The German production technology and Institute of Automation manager executed Dr. Lafute for to serve the robot to give this kind of definition: Serves the robot is the shifter which one kind may program freely, it should have three motive axles at least, may partially or the completely automatic completes the services. Here services refer to are not the servicing activities which is engaged in for the industrial production goods, but refers to the services which the manner and the unit comp