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 附錄 1 英文原文 Hyundai Motor on the steering control of the request is lightweight, safe, reliable, and should have sufficient life. In order to meet these requirements, the design of the steering gear should have a reasonable transmission ratio characteristics, the correct gap eating together, a higher transmission efficiency, sufficient rigidity and strength. If the steering gear in the design is reasonable, then the product is good and bad parts of the key issues of manufacturing and assembly. How to control the quality of the product? The key problem is that a reasonable detection methods, the key to strictly control the passing rate of time, such products will be able to guarantee the quality of parts and components. First of all, the quality of shifting ASSY, should control the assembly and to ensure that turning the steering shaft torque and rotational axis and the transmission gap between components. Followed by testing the performance of steering gear, steering gear must also be adopted by all types of test-bed to verify the established angle transmission ratio, transmission efficiency, rotational torque, rigid. In addition to examination other than the above-mentioned steering performance, but also in the pilot stage of its life nuclear reliability and life expectancy that is static torsion test: a thin red hammer, hit test, fatigue life test. To determine whether the quality of the product in hand national standards. Noise from the steering angle repair cream, which is also a test method to detect and can learn from the J class machinery manufacturing industry in China''in the past only means to recognize the importance of detection, and the lack of''lack of testing and testing of the poor law awareness. So have some of the parts is a qualified products l materials, and assembly of products from the pilot test proved to be defective, or: The test can verify the quality of products and design for the steering gear (1) the accuracy of parts of the foot only, finish second, two-phase - the location of the elite "Measuring the content of L ① steering shaft loaded journal bearings Department feet 'inch accuracy and smoothness, anti-worm or worm-inch accuracy, smoothness and surface hardness and magnetic → for testing; ② steering vertical axis arm journal dimensional accuracy and smoothness, the worm wheel roller bearing of the journal center hole distance, wheel bearing and the journal''hole angle from the Chinese side, the block size, finish and degree of asymmetry; ③ circulating ball tooth-type radial fan, big-law length, journal hardness, the magnetic; ④ browser to Min Xuan cochlear aperture wheel size precision, smoothness, tooth surface roughness, intermediate thick teeth, tooth, tooth degree of asymmetry; ⑤ ball rolling circle diameter, smooth, cylindrical roller Road''degree of accuracy and bias, raceway adjacent pitch error, cumulative error section of grass lines and sub-rack section from Rolling Road Center, rack section Road center line and the roll of injustice: line degrees; ? carburizing layer thickness, hardness; magnetic flaw detection; ⑦ shift steering shaft shell aperture, roughness, different degree of heart; ⑧ shift towards vertical axis aperture arm flying finish, different degree of heart; ⑨ chaos and steering shaft steering arm hole down the center distance, steering shaft-hole axes and steering arm hole down the center line of the non-verticality (2) parts of cleanliness. Detection of the site is turning - browser shell surface and the surface parts. Detection method is to use cleaning fluid to clean parts, and then the cleaning fluid with impurities, and vacuum membrane leaching; further 120 weeks of petrol industrial solvents the membrane will be washed with impurities. To be volatile after the membrane cleaning fluid, together with the impurities from weighing, with the magnet cellophane packets are sorted in the iron impurities, said the weight of a scrap-iron. The iron filings and then 40 times on the microscope with a disability in most dogs measured particle size (length X width). ? (3) assembly of the leakage. Does not allow any leakage of the phenomenon of steering. Because of internal lubricants in the steering gear is used to turn parts lubricated friction pair, and if as a result of damage caused by leaking seals, lubrication will be affected, resulting in increased friction and wear parts and reduce the life span of steering gear; transmission efficiency at the same time will lower. The use of conventional vibration and temperature +40 ° C under the conditions of inspection, the shell and shell cap shaft oil seal joints as well as whether the spill, and water to observe whether there are leakages. (4) after a good tune steering assembly should check the technical requirements flexible and comfortable when turning the steering wheel, there is no axial gap I turn the steering wheel of the total value of the number required to turn around a few cars in line with the original request. Steering gear shift, also known as machine, machine direction, which is steering the most important parts. Its role is to: increase the spread to turn steering wheel and transmission mechanism to change the direction of power transfer. Hydraulic Steering Hydraulic steering vehicles are widely used in marine hydraulic steering and rudder. Drivers can be used through its ability to manipulate smaller shift power to achieve greater control and performance of safe, reliable, flexible manipulation, light. The manipulation of steering is hydraulic, that is in the steering column and steering wheel there is no mechanical connection between the steering gear is between the fuel tank and steering hydraulic pipes or hoses link. When turning the steering wheel, steering wheel rotation in accordance with the relative proportion of transport fuel, the fuel tank directly into the corresponding control side, while the other side of the oil back to tank. BZZ steering is a switch-type full-hydraulic steering valve with the following characteristics: the elimination of mechanical linkage device, the host can reduce costs, provide a reliable, lightweight structures, manipulation of a flexible lightweight, safe, reliable, and can be very small continuous torque stepless control of rotation, provided to the control loop, as well as a wide range of host size choice, able to shift and a variety of pumps and hydraulic supply system. Steering by the structure can be divided into many types. History, there have been many forms of steering, there is currently more commonly used rack and pinion, worm means crank pins, recycling the ball - rack fan gear type, recycling the ball crank pins means, such as worm-type wheel. The second, fourth, respectively, is the first, the third form of the deformation, and the worm wheel is even more rare type. If the form in accordance with assistance, but also can be divided into mechanical (no help), and power-style (with help) two types of power steering which can be divided into pressure and motivation, hydraulic-power, electric power-type, electro-hydraulic power types of blocks. 1) It is a rack and pinion of steering one of the most common. The basic structure is a pair of mutually meshing rack and pinion. Pinion steering drive shaft rotates, rack linear motion would be done. In some cases, directly driven by the rack cross-bar, you can make of steering wheel shift. So, this is one of the most simple steering. Its advantage is simple structure, low-cost, steering sensitivity, small size, can be directly cross-link. In widely used vehicle. It is a worm for the active parts, crank pin for the steering gear follower. Worm has a trapezoidal thread, referring to a finger-shaped pin with tapered bearings in the crank bearings, the crank shaft and the shift into one arm. Shifted through steering wheel rotating worm, helical worm embedded in the cone-shaped slot means the marketing side of the rotation, the side rocker shaft to do around the shifted arc movement, thereby stimulating and steering crank arm swing down and then turning to make shift transmission wheel deflection. This steering is usually used to turn power on a larger truck. Circulating ball-type: This device is turned by the gear mechanism from the steering wheel to slow down the rotation of power, so that the rotation of steering wheel movement into rotary movement of the turbine worm, ball screw and nut holding the ball engagement, which Ball screw linear motion into rotary movement, with the fan-shaped nut meshing gears, linear motion into rotary movement again to shake the rod arm, link arm moving again so that even the bar and cross bar to do a straight-line movement to change the wheels direction. This is a classical institutions, most modern cars no longer have to use, but the way was the latest by the application of power steering device. It is equivalent to the principle use of nuts and bolts in the rotation process of relative movement, and in between the thread and thread the ball into the folder to reduce the resistance, all the ball, both connected in a closed loop of the spiral curve rolling ball club is named after the cycle. Hydraulic rack and pinion steering gear is relative to the case of rack and pinion steering gear machinery, mainly to increase the steering pump, steering oiler, steering pipeline, steering valve, steering components, such as fuel tanks, with a view to improve the pilot hand, the purpose of increasing power steering of the steering device. After 10 years of internal development, has become a mature R & D and manufacturing technology manufacturers have Yubei Koyo Steering Gear Co., Ltd. and other enterprises. [1] With the rapid development of automobile industry, as well as for comfort, safety and continuous improvement in performance, steering systems are also changing with the advance of technology. For the time being, electric power steering system is turning the forefront of the industry research projects, in accordance with its distribution of the form of string can be divided into power, gear Power, power rack, power bar, the form of electro-hydraulic power. Ago in some sci-fi movies of the unmanned aircraft can occur, such as unmanned aerial vehicle is now a reality, steering systems are moving in the direction of the development of more advanced, such as research and development from Japan JTEKT advanced by the steer-by-wire systems. 2 中文翻譯 現(xiàn)代汽車對轉向器的要求是操縱輕便，安全、可靠，并應具有足夠的使用壽命。為了滿足上述要求，在轉向器設計上應具有合理的傳動比特性，正確的嚙合間隙，較高的傳動效率，足夠的剛性和強度。如果轉向器在設計上是合理的，那么決定產(chǎn)品好壞的關鍵問題就是零部件的制造和裝配。如何控制產(chǎn)品的質量?關鍵問題在于合理的檢測方法，嚴格控制關鍵項次的合格率，這樣就能保證產(chǎn)品零部件的質量。首先轉向器總成的質量，應在裝配時控制并保證轉向軸的轉向力矩和轉動軸與被傳動部件之間的問隙。其次檢測轉向器的性能，還必須通過各類轉向器試驗臺來驗證力的角傳動比、傳動效率、轉動力矩、剛性。除考核上述轉向器性能指標以外，還應在，試驗臺上校核它的可靠性和壽命即靜扭試驗：薄錘沖、擊試驗、疲勞壽命試驗?？梢源_定產(chǎn)品的質量是否符合國家標準。從轉向囂修理的角度來講，這些檢測和試驗方法也是可以借鑒的，我國班機械制造行業(yè)中，過去僅僅認識到檢測手段的重要性，而缺乏對試驗和試驗方法的認識。所以造成一些產(chǎn)品的零件是合格品，而裝配出來的產(chǎn)品通過檢驗或者試驗證明是次品：通過試驗可以驗證產(chǎn)品的好壞，并可以為轉向器的設計 (1)零件的尺才精度、光潔度、相位置精度檢測內容：①轉向器軸裝軸承處的軸頸尺寸精度和光潔度，蝸桿或蝸桿的反寸精度、光潔度和表面硬度與磁為探傷；②轉向器垂臂軸軸頸尺寸精度和光潔度，蝸桿滾輪式的滾輪軸承孔到軸頸中心的距離，滾輪軸承孔與軸頸中必夾角，開擋尺寸，光潔度和不對稱度；③循環(huán)球式的扇齒徑向跳動，大端公法線長度，軸頸硬度，磁力探傷；④轉閩器蝸軒滾輪的孔徑尺寸精度，光潔度，齒面光潔度，中間齒齒厚，齒形，齒形不對稱度；⑤循環(huán)球式滾道直徑、光潔度，滾道圓柱準確度及偏差、滾道相鄰節(jié)距誤差、節(jié)草累積誤差子齒條節(jié)線與滾道中心距，齒條節(jié)線與滾道中心的不平：行度；滲碳層厚度、硬度；磁力探傷；⑦轉向器殼轉向軸孔徑，光潔度、不同心度；⑧轉向軸轉向垂臂孔徑飛光潔度、不同心度；⑨轉向軸亂與轉向垂臂孔中心距，轉向軸孔與轉向垂臂軸孔中心線的不垂直度 (2)零件的清潔度。檢測部位是轉向器殼內表面及零件表面。檢測方法是將零件用清洗液清洗，然后將帶有雜質的清洗液，用濾膜進行真空抽濾；再用120號工業(yè)溶劑汽油將帶有雜質的濾膜洗凈。待清洗液揮發(fā)后將濾膜連同雜質起稱重，用包有玻璃紙的磁鐵分揀雜質中的鐵屑，稱得鐵屑重量。了然后將鐵屑放在40倍以士的顯微鏡上測出最犬顆粒尺寸(長X寬)。 (3)總成的滲漏。轉向器不允許有滲漏現(xiàn)象。因為在轉向器內部的潤滑油是用來潤滑轉向部件摩擦副的，如果由于密封件損壞造成滲漏，就會影響潤滑，從而導致摩擦零件加劇磨損，降低轉向器的壽命；同時傳動效率也會降低。利用常規(guī)震動和+40°C加溫條件下檢查，殼體和殼蓋接合面處以及轉軸油封處是否漏油，同時浸水，觀察有否滲水現(xiàn)象。 (4)轉向器調好后應檢查總成的技術要求時方向盤轉動靈活自如，沒有軸向間隙I方向盤的總轉數(shù)符合規(guī)定值，向左右的轉數(shù)也符合原車要求。 轉向器又名轉向機、方向機，它是轉向系中最重要的部件。它的作用是：增大轉向盤傳到轉向傳動機構的力和改變力的傳遞方向。 全液壓轉向器 全液壓轉向器廣泛應用于車輛轉向和船舶液壓舵。駕駛人員通過它可以用較小的操縱力實現(xiàn)較大的轉向力控制，并且在性能上安全、可靠、操縱上靈活、輕便。 轉向器的操縱是全液壓式，也就是說在轉向柱和轉向輪之間沒有機械連接，在轉向器與轉向油缸之間是液壓管或軟管鏈接。 當轉動方向盤，轉向器根據(jù)方向盤轉動比例輸送相對的油量，該油量直接流到操縱缸相應一側，同時另一側的油量回到油箱。 BZZ轉向器是一種轉閥式全液壓轉向器，具有以下特點：消除機械式聯(lián)動裝置，可以降低主機成本，提供可靠輕便的結構，操縱靈活輕便，安全可靠，可以很小的力矩進行連續(xù)無級控制轉動，提供給控制回路以及主機尺寸廣泛的選擇面，能和多種轉向油泵及液壓供應系統(tǒng)連接。 轉向器按結構形式可分為多種類型。歷史上曾出現(xiàn)過許多種形式的轉向器，目前較常用的有齒輪齒條式、蝸桿曲柄指銷式、循環(huán)球-齒條齒扇式、循環(huán)球曲柄指銷式、蝸桿滾輪式等。其中第二、第四種分別是第一、第三種的變形形式，而蝸桿滾輪式則更少見。如果按照助力形式，又可以分為機械式（無助力），和動力式（有助力）兩種，其中動力轉向器又可以分為氣壓動力式、液壓動力式、電動助力式、電液助力式等種類。 1）齒輪齒條式　　它是一種最常見的轉向器。其基本結構是一對相互嚙合的小齒輪和齒條。轉向軸帶動小齒輪旋轉時，齒條便做直線運動。有時，靠齒條來直接帶動橫拉桿，就可使轉向輪轉向。所以，這是一種最簡單的轉向器。它的優(yōu)點是結構簡單，成本低廉，轉向靈敏，體積小，可以直接帶動橫拉桿。在汽車上得到廣泛應用。 它是以蝸桿為主動件，曲柄銷為從動件的轉向器。蝸桿具有梯形螺紋，手指狀的錐形指銷用軸承支承在曲柄上，曲柄與轉向搖臂軸制成一體。轉向時，通過轉向盤轉動蝸桿、嵌于蝸桿螺旋槽中的錐形指銷一邊自轉，一邊繞轉向搖臂軸做圓弧運動，從而帶動曲柄和轉向垂臂擺動，再通過轉向傳動機構使轉向輪偏轉。這種轉向器通常用于轉向力較大的載貨汽車上。 循環(huán)球式：這種轉向裝置是由齒輪機構將來自轉向盤的旋轉力進行減速，使轉向盤的旋轉運動變?yōu)闇u輪蝸桿的旋轉運動，滾珠螺桿和螺母夾著鋼球嚙合，因而滾珠螺桿的旋轉運動變?yōu)橹本€運動，螺母再與扇形齒輪嚙合，直線運動再次變?yōu)樾D運動，使連桿臂搖動，連桿臂再使連動拉桿和橫拉桿做直線運動，改變車輪的方向。 這是一種古典的機構，現(xiàn)代轎車已大多不再使用，但又被最新方式的助力轉向裝置所應用。它的原理相當于利用了螺母與螺栓在旋轉過程中產(chǎn)生的相對移動，而在螺紋與螺紋之間夾入了鋼球以減小阻力，所有鋼球在一個首尾相連的封閉的螺旋曲線內循環(huán)滾動，循環(huán)球式故而得名。 齒輪齒條液壓助力轉向器，是相對于齒輪齒條機械轉向器而言的，主要是增加了轉向油泵、轉向油壺、轉向油管、轉向閥、轉向油缸等部件，以期達到改善駕駛員手感，增加轉向助力的目的的轉向裝置。國內經(jīng)過10多年來的發(fā)展，已經(jīng)形成成熟的研發(fā)和制造技術的廠家有豫北光洋轉向器有限公司等企業(yè)。[1] 隨著汽車工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展以及人們對于舒適、安全性能要求的不斷提高，轉向系統(tǒng)也隨著科技的發(fā)展日新月異。就目前而言，電動助力轉向系統(tǒng)是轉向行業(yè)前沿研究項目，按照其布局形式，可以分為管柱助力、齒輪助力、齒條助力、拉桿助力、電液助力等形式。以前在一些科幻電影中才能出現(xiàn)的無人飛機、無人駕駛汽車等現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)實，轉向系統(tǒng)也在朝著更加先進的方向發(fā)展，比如由日本JTEKT研究開發(fā)出來的先進線控轉向系統(tǒng) 山 西 農(nóng) 業(yè) 大 學 本科生畢業(yè)論文（設計）選題審批表 畢業(yè)論文（設計）題目 汽車機械轉向系統(tǒng)設計 指 導 教 師 賀俊林 職 稱 教授 學生具備條件 修完本專業(yè)的所有必修課程及相應的選修課程，有一定的專業(yè)知識背景 選題完成形式 提交開題報告 內 容 簡 要： 我設計的是汽車機械轉向系統(tǒng)。 機械轉向系以駕駛員的體力作為轉向能源，其中所有傳力件都是機械的，機械轉向系由轉向操縱機構，轉向器和轉向傳動機構三大部分組成。 進行參數(shù)選擇，設計，著重分析前驅動橋和轉向器的工作原理，工作條件，及零件的設計和校核。 系主任簽字： 年 月 日 院長簽字： 年 月 日 2 山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學 本科生畢業(yè)論文 開題報告 題 目 汽車機械轉向系統(tǒng)設計 學院名稱 山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學 專業(yè)名稱 機械設計制造及其自動化 年 級 2005級 學生姓名 孫晉卿 學 號 01號 指導教師 賀俊林 職 稱 教授 2009 年 3 月 25 號 選題的依據(jù)及意義（包括課題的理論價值和實踐價值；國內外的研究概況等）： 在汽車行駛中，轉向運動是最基本的運動。我們通過方向盤來操縱和控制汽車的行駛方向，從而實現(xiàn)自己的形式意圖。在現(xiàn)代汽車上，轉向系統(tǒng)是必不可少的最基本的系統(tǒng)之一，它也是決定汽車主動安全性的關鍵總成，特別是在車輛高速化，駕駛人員非職業(yè)化，車流密集的今天，針對更多不同的駕駛人群，汽車的操縱性設計顯得尤為重要。 本課題研究內容 汽車在行駛過程中需要不斷改變方向，轉向系就是通過一系列機械傳動使得前輪發(fā)生偏轉，從而實現(xiàn)汽車轉向，達到改變行駛方向的目的。 本課題研究方案 機械轉向系由轉向操縱機構，轉向器和轉向傳動機構三大部分組成。 研究的創(chuàng)新之處 在轉向操縱機構中加入了萬向節(jié)。 研究過程(含完成期限) 一，查閱資料階段（3月中旬-4月上旬） 二，畢業(yè)論文寫作階段（4月上旬-5月下旬） 三，畢業(yè)論文整理階段（6月上旬-6月中旬） 四，論文完成，修改和完善階段（6月中旬-答辯） 指導教師意見 指導教師簽名： 年 月 日 教研室意見 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 院系意見 主管領導簽名： 年 月 日 11 14 畢業(yè)設計說明書中文摘要 汽車機械轉向系統(tǒng)設計 摘要：汽車工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展和市場競爭的需求極大地促進了汽車電子技術的應用和發(fā)展，而汽車電子技術本身的創(chuàng)新和進步也為汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展提供了技術保證，并為汽車向電子化、智能化、網(wǎng)絡化和多媒體方向發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了條件。汽車電子技術的發(fā)展正在改變著汽車的傳統(tǒng)結構和擴展著汽車的功能。在設計中分析了現(xiàn)在常見的轉向器結構形式，根據(jù)設計需要采用循環(huán)球式轉向器。但是整個系只是簡單的機械連接，僅僅從理論上實現(xiàn)了汽車的轉向。 關鍵詞 方向盤 轉向系 轉向器 畢業(yè)設計說明書外文摘要 The automotive Design for mechanical steering system Abstract： With the rapid development of automobile industry ,the demand for market competition has greatly facilitated ,the application of automotive electronic technology and development of automotive electronic. Technology 、 innovation and progress are as well as the development of the automobile industry provides technical guarantee for the car to the electronic, intelligent and network and multimedia technologies to create the conditions for development. The development of automotive electronic technology is changing the traditional structure of the car and expanding the functions of the car. In the design analysis of the structure is now a common form of steering gear, according to the design require the use of circulating ball steering gear. But simply the entire Department of mechanical connection, only in theory the achievement of a car steering。 Keywords Steering wheel Steering System Steering Gear