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外文文獻(xiàn)原文：
Simple Manipulator And The Control Of It
Along with the social production progress and people life rhythm is accelerating, people on production efficiency also continuously put forward new requirements. Because of microelectronics technology and calculation software and hardware technology rapid development and modern control theory, the perfection of the fast development, the robot technology pneumatic manipulator system because its media sources do not pollute the environment, simple and cheap components, convenient maintenance and system safety and reliability characteristic, has penetrated into every sector of the industrial field, in the industrial development plays an important role. This article tells of the pneumatic control robots, furious manipulator XY axis screw group, the turntable institutions, rotating mechanical parts base. Main effect is complete mechanical components handling work, to be placed in different kinds of line or logistics pipeline, make parts handling, transport of goods more quick and convenient.
Matters of the manipulator axial linkage simple structure and action process
Manipulator structure, as shown in figure 1 below have accused of manipulator (1), XY axis screw group (2), the turntable institutions (3), rotating base (4), etc.
Figure 1 Manipulator Structure
Its motion control mode is: (1) can rotate by servomotor Angle for 360 ° breath control manipulator (photoelectric sensor sure start 0 point); (2) by stepping motor drive screw component make along the X, Y manipulators move (have X, Y axis limit switches); (3) can rotates 360 ° can drive the turntable institutions manipulators and bushings free rotation (its electric drag in part by the dc motivation, photoelectric encoder, close to switch etc); (4) rotating base main support above 3 parts; (5) gas control manipulator by pressure control (Zhang close when pressed on, put inflatable robot manipulators loosen) when gas.
Its working process for: when the goods arrived, manipulator system begins to move; Stepping motor control, while the other start downward motion along the horizontal axis of the step-motor controller began to move exercise; Servo motor driver arrived just grab goods manipulators rotating the orientation of the place, then inflatable, manipulator clamped goods.
Vertical axis stepper motor drive up, the other horizontal axis stepper motor driver started to move forward; rotary DC motor rotation so that the whole robot motion, go to the cargo receiving area; longitudinal axis stepper motor driven down again, arrived at the designated location, Bleed valve, mechanical hand release the goods; system back to the place ready for the next action.
II.Device control
To achieve precise control purposes, according to market conditions, selection of a variety of key
components as follows:
1. Stepper motor and drive
Mechanical hand vertical axis (Y axis) and horizontal (X axis) is chosen Motor Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing Stone 42BYG250C type of two-phase hybrid stepping motor, step angle of 0.9 ° / 1.8 °, current is 1.5A. M1 is the horizontal axis motor driven manipulator stretch, shrink; M2 is the vertical axis motor driven manipulator rise and fall. The choice of stepper motor drive is SH-20403 type, the drive uses 10 ~ 40V DC power supply, H-phase bridge bipolar constant current drive, the maximum output current of 3A of the 8 optional, maximum fine of 64 segments of 7 sub-mode optional optical isolation, standard single-pulse interface, with offline capabilities to maintain semi-sealed enclosure can be adapted to environmental conditions even worse, provide semi-current energy-saving mode automatically. Drive the internal switching power supply design to ensure that the drive can be adapted to a wide voltage range, the user can according to their circumstances to choose between the 10 ~ 40VDC. Generally the higher rated power supply voltage can improve high-speed torque motor, but the drive will increase the loss and temperature rise. The maximum output drive current is 3A / phase (peak), six drive-panel DIP switch on the first three can be combined 5,6,7 8 out of state, corresponding to the 8 kinds of output current from 0.9A to 3A to meet the different motors. The drive can provide full step, half step improvement, subdivision 4, 8 segments, 16 segments, 32 segments and 64 segments of 7 operating modes. The use of six of the drive panel DIP switches 1,2and3 can be combined from three different states.
2. Servo motors and drives
Manipulator with Panasonic servo motor rotational movement A series of small inertia MSMA5AZA1G, the rated 50W, 100/200V share, rotary incremental encoder specifications (number of pulses 2500p / r, resolution of 10000p / r, Lead 11 lines) ; a seal, no brakes, shaft with keyway connections. The motor uses Panasonic's unique algorithms, the rate increased by 2 times the frequency response, to 500Hz; positioning over the past adjust the scheduled time by Panasonic servo motor products for the V Series of 1 / 4. With the resonance suppression, control, closed loop control, can make up for lack of mechanical rigidity, in order to achieve high positioning accuracy can also be an external grating to form closed loop control to further improve accuracy. With a conventional automatic gain adjustment and real-time automatic gain
Interest adjustment in the automatic gain adjustment methods, which also has RS-485, RS-232C communication port, the host controller can control up to 16 axes. Servo motor drives are a series MSDA5A3A1A, applicable to small inertia motor.
3. DC machine
360 ° swing of the turntable can be a brushless DC motor driven organization, the system is chosen when the profit company in Beijing and the 57BL1010H1 brushless DC motor, its speed range, low-speed torque, smooth running, low noise, high efficiency. Brushless DC motor drive using the Beijing and when Lee's BL-0408 produced by the drive, which uses 24 ~ 48V DC power supply, a start-stop and steering control, over current, overvoltage and locked rotor protection, and there is failure alarm output external analog speed control, braking down so fast.
4. Rotary encoder
Can swing 360 ° in the body on the turntable, fitted with OMRON E6A2 produced incremental rotary encoder, the encoder signals to the PLC, to achieve precise positioning of rotary bodies.
5. PLC Selection
According to the system design requirements, the choice of OMRON CPM2A produced minicomputer. CPM2A in a compact unit integrated with a variety of properties, including the synchronization pulse control, interrupt input, pulse output, analog set and clock functions. CPM2A the CPU unit is a stand-alone unit, capable of handling a wide range of application of mechanical control, it is built in the device control unit for the ideal product. Ensure the integrity of communications and personal computers, other OMRON PC and OMRON Programmable Terminal communication. The communication capability allows the robot to Axis simple easy integration into industrial control systems.
III. Software programming
1. Software flow chart
PLC programming flow chart is based. Only the design flow, it may be smooth and easy to prepare and write a statement form the ladder, and ultimately complete the process design. So write a flow chart of program design is critical to the task first thing to do. Axis Manipulator based on simple control requirements, drawing flow chart shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Software flow chart
2. Program part
Because space is limited, here only paper listed the first two program segment for readers see.
Figure 3 Program part
IV. Conclusion
Axis simple robot state by the various movements and PLC control, the robot can not only meet the manual, semi-automatic mode of operation required for such a large number of buttons, switches, position detection point requirements, but also through the interface components and Computer Organization PLC industrial LAN, network communication and network control. Axis simple robot can be easily embedded into industrial production pipeline.
中文譯文：
簡易機(jī)械手及控制
隨著社會生產(chǎn)不斷進(jìn)步和人們生活節(jié)奏不斷加快,人們對生產(chǎn)效率也不斷提出新要求。由于微電子技術(shù)和計算軟、硬件技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展和現(xiàn)代控制理論的不斷完善,使機(jī)械手技術(shù)快速發(fā)展,其中氣動機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)由于其介質(zhì)來源簡便以及不污染環(huán)境、組件價格低廉、維修方便和系統(tǒng)安全可靠等特點,已滲透到工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的各個部門,在工業(yè)發(fā)展中占有重要地位。本文講述的氣動機(jī)械手有氣控機(jī)械手、XY軸絲杠組、轉(zhuǎn)盤機(jī)構(gòu)、旋轉(zhuǎn)基座等機(jī)械部分組成。主要作用是完成機(jī)械部件的搬運(yùn)工作,能放置在各種不同的生產(chǎn)線或物流流水線中,使零件搬運(yùn)、貨物運(yùn)輸更快捷、便利。
一.四軸聯(lián)動簡易機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)及動作過程
機(jī)械手結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖1所示,有氣控機(jī)械手(1)、XY軸絲杠組(2)、轉(zhuǎn)盤機(jī)構(gòu)(3)、旋轉(zhuǎn)基座(4)等組成。
圖1
其運(yùn)動控制方式為：(1)由伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動可旋轉(zhuǎn)角度為360°的氣控機(jī)械手(有光電傳感器確定起始0點);(2)由步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動絲杠組件使機(jī)械手沿X、Y軸移動(有x、y軸限位開關(guān));(3)可回旋360°的轉(zhuǎn)盤機(jī)構(gòu)能帶動機(jī)械手及絲杠組自由旋轉(zhuǎn)(其電氣拖動部分由直流電動機(jī)、光電編碼器、接近開關(guān)等組成);(4)旋轉(zhuǎn)基座主要支撐以上3部分;(5)氣控機(jī)械手的張合由氣壓控制(充氣時機(jī)械手抓緊,放氣時機(jī)械手松開)。
其工作過程為：當(dāng)貨物到達(dá)時,機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)開始動作;步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制開始向下運(yùn)動,同時另一路步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制橫軸開始向前運(yùn)動;伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動機(jī)械手旋轉(zhuǎn)到達(dá)正好抓取貨物的方位處,然后充氣,機(jī)械手夾住貨物。
步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動縱軸上升,另一個步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動橫軸開始向前走;轉(zhuǎn)盤直流電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動使機(jī)械手整體運(yùn)動,轉(zhuǎn)到貨物接收處;步進(jìn)電機(jī)再次驅(qū)動縱軸下降,到達(dá)指定位置后,氣閥放氣,機(jī)械手松開貨物;系統(tǒng)回位準(zhǔn)備下一次動作。
二.控制器件選型
為達(dá)到精確控制的目的,根據(jù)市場情況,對各種關(guān)鍵器件選型如下：
1.步進(jìn)電機(jī)及其驅(qū)動器
機(jī)械手縱軸(Y軸)和橫軸(X軸)選用的是北京四通電機(jī)技術(shù)有限公司的42BYG250C型兩相混合式步進(jìn)電機(jī),步距角為0.9°/1.8°,電流1.5A。M1是橫軸電機(jī),帶動機(jī)械手機(jī)構(gòu)伸、縮;M2是縱軸電機(jī),帶動機(jī)械手機(jī)構(gòu)上升、下降。所選用的步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動器是SH-20403型,該驅(qū)動器采用10～40V直流供電,H橋雙極性恒相電流驅(qū)動,最大3A的8種輸出電流可選,最大64細(xì)分的7種細(xì)分模式可選,輸入信號光電隔離,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單脈沖接口,有脫機(jī)保持功能,半密閉式機(jī)殼可適應(yīng)更惡劣的工況環(huán)境,提供節(jié)能的自動半電流方式。驅(qū)動器內(nèi)部的開關(guān)電源設(shè)計,保證了驅(qū)動器可適應(yīng)較寬的電壓范圍,用戶可根據(jù)各自情況在10～40VDC之間選擇。一般來說較高的額定電源電壓有利于提高電機(jī)的高速力矩,但卻會加大驅(qū)動器的損耗和溫升。本驅(qū)動器最大輸出電流值為3A/相(峰值),通過驅(qū)動器面板上六位撥碼開關(guān)的第5、6、7，三位可組合出8種狀態(tài),對應(yīng)8種輸出電流,從0.9A到3A以配合不同的電機(jī)使用。本驅(qū)動器可提供整步、改善半步、4細(xì)分、8細(xì)分、16細(xì)分、32細(xì)分和64細(xì)分7種運(yùn)行模式,利用驅(qū)動器面板上六位撥碼開關(guān)的第1、2、3，三位可組合出不同的狀態(tài)。
2.伺服電機(jī)及其驅(qū)動器
機(jī)械手的旋轉(zhuǎn)動作采用松下伺服電機(jī)A系列小慣量MSMA5AZA1G,其額定輸出50W、100/200V共用,旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器規(guī)格為增量式(脈沖數(shù)2500p/r、分辨率10000p/r、引出線11線);有油封,無制動器,軸采用鍵槽連接。該電機(jī)采用松下公司獨特算法,使速度頻率響應(yīng)提高2倍,達(dá)到500Hz;定位超調(diào)整定時間縮短為以往松下伺服電機(jī)產(chǎn)品V系列的1/4。具有共振抑制功能、控制功能、全閉環(huán)控制功能,可彌補(bǔ)機(jī)械的剛性不足,從而實現(xiàn)高速定位,也可通過外接高精度的光柵尺,構(gòu)成全閉環(huán)控制,進(jìn)一步提高系統(tǒng)精度。具有常規(guī)自動增益調(diào)整和實時自動增
益調(diào)整兩種自動增益調(diào)整方式,還配有RS-485、RS-232C通信口,使上位控制器可同時控制多達(dá)16個軸。伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動器為A系列MSDA5A3A1A,適用于小慣量電動機(jī)。
3.直流電機(jī)
可回旋360°的轉(zhuǎn)盤機(jī)構(gòu)有直流無刷電機(jī)帶動,系統(tǒng)選用的是北京和時利公司生產(chǎn)的57BL1010H1無刷直流電機(jī),其調(diào)速范圍寬、低速力矩大、運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)、低噪音、效率高。無刷直流電機(jī)驅(qū)動器使用北京和時利公司生產(chǎn)的BL-0408驅(qū)動器,其采用24～48V直流供電,有起停及轉(zhuǎn)向控制、過流、過壓及堵轉(zhuǎn)保護(hù),且有故障報警輸出、外部模擬量調(diào)速、制動快速停機(jī)等特點。
4.旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器
在可回旋360°的轉(zhuǎn)盤機(jī)構(gòu)上,安裝有OMRON公司生產(chǎn)的E6A2增量型旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器,編碼器將信號傳給PLC,實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)盤機(jī)構(gòu)的精確定位。
5. PLC的選型
根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計要求,選用OMRON公司生產(chǎn)的CPM2A小型機(jī)。CPM2A在一個小巧的單元內(nèi)綜合有各種性能,包括同步脈沖控制、中斷輸入、脈沖輸出、模擬量設(shè)定和時鐘功能等。CPM2A的CPU單元又是一個獨立單元,能處理廣泛的機(jī)械控制應(yīng)用問題,所以它是在設(shè)備內(nèi)用作內(nèi)裝控制單元的理想產(chǎn)品。完整的通信功能保證了與個人計算機(jī)、其它OMRON PC和OMRON可編程終端的通信。這些通信能力使四軸聯(lián)動簡易機(jī)械手能方便的融合到工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)中。
三.軟件編程
1.軟件流程圖
流程圖是PLC程序設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)。只有設(shè)計出流程圖,才可能順利而便捷地編寫出梯形圖并寫出語句表,最終完成程序的設(shè)計。所以寫出流程圖非常關(guān)鍵也是程序設(shè)計首先要做的任務(wù)。依據(jù)四軸聯(lián)動簡易機(jī)械手的控制要求,繪制流程圖如圖2所示。
圖2.軟件流程圖
2.程序部分
由于論文篇幅有限,這里只列出了開始兩段程序,供讀者參閱,見圖3。
圖3 程序列表
四.結(jié)束語
四軸聯(lián)動簡易機(jī)械手的各個動作和狀態(tài)都由PLC控制,不僅能滿足機(jī)械手的手動、半自動、自動等操作方式所需的大量按扭、開關(guān)、位置檢測點的要求,更可通過接口元器件與計算機(jī)組成PLC工業(yè)局域網(wǎng),實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信與網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制。使四軸聯(lián)動簡易機(jī)械手能方便地嵌入到工業(yè)生產(chǎn)流水線中。