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附 錄A
Truck Main Reduction Gear
The imported technology in steyr 1970s at international level of the early 80s. For the imported technology, steyr heavy CARDS industry of China was up the vacancy of Chinese heavy vehicles, steyr technology group began to absorb, fusion, localization, independent research and development and innovation, etc. In 1986, sinotruk technology development center, successively established after three drawings, organizational culture the digestion and absorption and understood. These drawings of cultural production plan and guarantee the requirements of vehicle, batch steyr technology to quickly radiation of 10 provinces in light of the relevant scientific research units, and will play in domestic advanced steyr heavy-duty vehicle product platform. Since the 1970s, however, since in almost all other automotive supplier technology,'s GKN fundamentally changed its way, in order to adapt to the current conditions, they in the 1980s and 1990s production purpose is to provide complete installation, including the wheel brake, and all of the design and integration, specific design, as well as the car market.
?For off-road operation, the duty cycles may be entirely different in both torsional and beam loading-denpending on the application. For example, some types of vehicle spend a considerable proportion of their running time at high torque in low gear. In most circumstances, the terrain may be such that the tyres tend to slip more readily than on tarmac; in others, however, for example in fairly firm sandy screes, it may allow tyres to bite into it, and thus lead to torsional fatigue loading significantly greater than on smooth roads. Vertical and lateral loading, too, may be much more severe, though this dose depend to a major extent on speeds. Shock loading can also affect braking and acceleration torques though, again, such effects are speed-dependent.
Heavy and general reducer industry products categories include all kinds of gear reducer, planetary gear reducer, the worm and alizarin also includes a special device, such as the growth of devices, including meat device, and flexible transmission device of various composite transmission device etc. Product service involved in metallurgy, non-ferrous, coal, building materials, ship, water conservancy, electric power, engineering machinery and petrochemical industries. Heavy and general reducer industry manufacturers also coexist in various forms, such as foreign enterprises, sino-foreign joint ventures, state-owned enterprises, share-holding enterprise and individual enterprise, has large scale to hundreds of millions of yuan, annual small to millions of dollars. Good living conditions, and the product quality control system, perfect the enterprise has more than 100, and the whole industry 2005 sales of approximately 200 million yuan, the sales of foreign-funded enterprises accounted for about one fourth.??
Domestic reducer of key enterprises industry products, specifications and parameters are covered in recent years, the product quality has reached international advanced level, industrial countries similar products can undertake for national economic sectors provides complete responsibility of transmission device, part of our products are exported to Europe and southeast Asia. The speed reducer is used to reduce the speed increases from transmission torque, and rotating torque changes direction, the differential transmission to half axle. The main reducer is mainly based on structure form, reducer gear types and different forms. The main gear reducer of spiral bevel gears and hypoid gear, cylindrical gears and worm and worm wheel etc .
Pair of level host reduction gear is compared with single stage , the gap may be 7 ~12 transmission ratio , i0 each other at the same time in swear to be away from a field 12. But the dimension , mass are without exception bigger , cost is higher. It applies to middle, heavy type freight train , go-anywhere vehicle and motor bus mainly go ahead.
Dyadic overall pair of level host reduction gear has the various structure scheme: First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is a column gear wheel; First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is epicyclic gear; First order is epicyclic gear , the second stage is a cone gear wheel; First order is a column gear wheel , the second stage is a cone gear wheel.
Horizontal , askew, face and droop over to the three kinds to first order for the cone gear wheel , the second stage are that pair of column gear wheel level betokens reduction gear, but has direction arrangement scheme.
Direction level arrangement can use the assembly drooping over to outline dimension diminution , reducing the automobile quality heart altitude thereby, makes the direction dimension increase by but , that the use on long distance between shafts automobile but appropriate diminution transmission shaft length, is harmful for short distance between shafts automobile's to put arrangement together but, may make a transmission shaft short , leads to a universal transmission shaft intersection angle enlarge. Droop over to arranging a messenger to drive the bridge direction dimension diminution, may diminish a universal transmission shaft intersection angle, since but host reduction gear shell fixes superjacent in bridge shell , make not only droop over enhance to outline dimension, and have reduced bridge shell stiffness , have been harmful for gear wheel to work. This arrangement but easy to be versed in style driving a bridge arrangement. Arranging bridge shell stiffness and improving to the transmission shaft is slanting to arrangement advantageous.
When assigning a transmission ratio in pair of level host reduction gear having the cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, the column gear wheel is 1.4 ~ like the ratio auxiliary and boring subsidiary gear wheel transmission ratio 2.0, and the cone gear wheel is 1.7 ~ like subsidiary transmission ratio 3.3, such axial loading may diminish a cone when the gear wheel is engaged and effect loading on the driven cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, may make the active cone gear wheel tooth number appropriate increasing by at the same time , make whose supporting axis neck dimension appropriate enlarge, To improve whose supporting stiffness, improve falling-in stationarity and the job reliability.
?For modern axles, choice of gear lubricant can be critical. In cars operating at high speeds on motorways, axle oil temperature can ultimately rise even higher than 130℃,so venting of the casing is important. In principle, the oil in the base of the casting is swept around over the crownwheel and then forwards through the two bearings that carry the pinion. Consequently, both the shapes and dimensions of the clearances between the crownwheel and casing can be critical, and adequate drainage has to be provided for the oil to flow, through channels cored in the pinion bearing housings, back to the base of the casing.
? Within the gear carrier unit, taper roller bearings are employed almost universally for carrying the input pinion. They have a large load capacity within a small envelope, and can be preloaded for accurate and stable positioning of the gears. For pinion flange seals where resistance to high temperatures at relatively high speeds is essential, polyarcylate may be specified, but the abrasive conditions Viton is generally preferred.
That the cone gear wheel tooth goes over width face to face can not enhance gear wheel intensity and life-span , is able to lead to tooth ditch unexpected turn of events small end because of cone gear wheel gear teeth on the contrary narrow the cutting knife the top of the head face width arousing is too narrow and the point of a knife round angle is too small. Like this , not only, have diminished the tooth radical circle radius , have enlarged strain all together, life time having reduced a cutter. Besides , when assembling, have location deviation or wait for cause since fabrication , heat treatment are deformable, loading concentrates minor in gear teeth end when making a gear wheel work , is able to arouse gear teeth holding untimely damage and weary loss for a short time. That besides, the tooth goes over width face to face also is able to arouse assembling space diminution. The flank of a tooth is too narrow but , the gear teeth outside abrasion resistance meeting reduces.
For the running-in improving the new gear wheel, prevent the person from dying in working to Model T wear appear on initial stage , bruising , gluing together or barking, cone gear wheel bonderizing being 0.005 ~ 0.020 mm in heat treatment and finish machining aftercrop, thickness handles or the copper facing , the tin plating handle. The ball carrying out strain on the flank of a tooth gushing is sold at reduced prices , may improve 25%'s gear wheel life-span. To the high speed gear wheel sliding, may be in progress a sulfur oozing handling to improve abrasion resistance. Rub a factor but notable sulfur queen lessening oozes, even if lubricating condition is relatively poor , also, can prevent the flank of a tooth bruise from facing , barks to die and glue together.
附 錄B
重型車主減速器
我國引進(jìn)的斯太爾技術(shù)在當(dāng)時處于國際20世紀(jì)70年代末80年代初的水平。斯太爾技術(shù)的引進(jìn)，為當(dāng)時的中國重卡行業(yè)彌補(bǔ)了空缺，隨后原中國重型汽車集團(tuán)開始對斯太爾技術(shù)進(jìn)行吸收、融合、國產(chǎn)化、自主研發(fā)和創(chuàng)新等各個階段。1986年中國重汽技術(shù)發(fā)展中心成立后，先后組織了3次圖紙、明細(xì)表的消化吸收和中文化工作。這些圖紙的中文化保證了按計(jì)劃組織生產(chǎn)和批量出車的要求，使斯太爾技術(shù)很快輻射到全國10多個省市的載重車生產(chǎn)廠和相關(guān)科研單位，并將斯太爾打造成國內(nèi)先進(jìn)的重型車產(chǎn)品平臺。然而自二十世紀(jì)七十年代以來，在幾乎所有其他汽車行業(yè)供應(yīng)商的技術(shù)里， GKN從根本上改變了它的辦法，以適應(yīng)當(dāng)前的條件，他們在二十世紀(jì)八十年代和九十年代的生產(chǎn)目的是提供完整的輪軸安裝，其中包括，剎車、所有的設(shè)計(jì)和整合、具體的汽車設(shè)計(jì)，以及為專業(yè)市場特別設(shè)計(jì)的。
斯太爾重型汽車主減速器，由于它的主傳動比比較大，故選用雙級主減速器，雙級減速器具有降低轉(zhuǎn)速,增大扭矩的特點(diǎn),在保證離地間隙相同時可得到很大的傳動比，并且還擁有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，噪聲小，使用壽命長等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。雙級主減速器與單級相比，在保證離地間隙相同時可得到大的傳動比，但是尺寸、質(zhì)量均較大，成本較高。
重型及通用減速器行業(yè)涉及的產(chǎn)品類別包括了各類齒輪減速器、行星齒輪茜素其及蝸桿減速器，也包括了各種專用傳動裝置，如增速裝置、條素裝置、以及包括柔性傳動裝置在內(nèi)的各類復(fù)合傳動裝置等。產(chǎn)品服務(wù)領(lǐng)域涉及冶金、有色、煤炭、建材、船舶、水利、電力、工程機(jī)械及石化等行業(yè)。重型及通用減速器行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)廠家也以多種形式并存，如外資企業(yè)、中外合資企業(yè)、國有企業(yè)、股份制企業(yè)和個體企業(yè)，規(guī)模有大到年產(chǎn)值數(shù)億元以上，小到數(shù)百萬元不等。具有良好生活條件、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量控制體系健全的企業(yè)有100余個，2005年全行業(yè)銷售額約為200億元，這其中外資企業(yè)的銷售額約占四分之一左右。
??? ?國內(nèi)減速器行業(yè)重點(diǎn)骨干企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品品種、規(guī)格及參數(shù)覆蓋范圍近幾年都在不斷擴(kuò)展，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量已達(dá)到國外先進(jìn)工業(yè)國家同類產(chǎn)品水平，完全可承擔(dān)起為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各行業(yè)提供傳動裝置配套的重任，部分產(chǎn)品還出口至歐美及東南亞地區(qū)。主減速器的作用是用來降低傳動軸傳來的轉(zhuǎn)速而增大旋轉(zhuǎn)扭矩，并將扭矩改變傳動方向，經(jīng)差速器傳給半軸。主減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式主要是根據(jù)齒輪類型、減速器形式不同而不同。主減速器的齒輪主要有螺旋錐齒輪、雙曲面齒輪、圓柱齒輪和蝸輪蝸桿等形式。
雙級主減速器與單級相比，在保證離地間隙相同時可得到大的傳動比，i0一般為7～12。但是尺寸、質(zhì)量均較大，成本較高。它主要應(yīng)用于中、重型貨車、越野車和大客車上。
整體式雙級主減速器有多種結(jié)構(gòu)方案：第一級為錐齒輪，第二級為圓柱齒輪；第一級為錐齒輪，第二級為行星齒輪；第一級為行星齒輪，第二級為錐齒輪；第一級為圓柱齒輪，第二級為錐齒輪。
對于第一級為錐齒輪、第二級為圓柱齒輪的雙級主減速器，可有縱向水平、斜向和垂向三種布置方案。
縱向水平布置可以使總成的垂向輪廓尺寸減小，從而降低汽車的質(zhì)心高度，但使縱向尺寸增加，用在長軸距汽車上可適當(dāng)減小傳動軸長度，但不利于短軸距汽車的總布置，會使傳動軸過短，導(dǎo)致萬向傳動軸夾角加大。垂向布置使驅(qū)動橋縱向尺寸減小，可減小萬向傳動軸夾角，但由于主減速器殼固定在橋殼的上方，不僅使垂向輪廓尺寸增大，而且降低了橋殼剛度，不利于齒輪工作。這種布置可便于貫通式驅(qū)動橋的布置。斜向布置對傳動軸布置和提高橋殼剛度有利。
在具有錐齒輪和圓柱齒輪的雙級主減速器中分配傳動比時，圓柱齒輪副和錐齒輪副傳動比的比值一般為1.4～2.0，而且錐齒輪副傳動比一般為1.7～3.3，這樣可減小錐齒輪嚙合時的軸向載荷和作用在從動錐齒輪及圓柱齒輪上的載荷，同時可使主動錐齒輪的齒數(shù)適當(dāng)增多，使其支承軸頸的尺寸適當(dāng)加大，以改善其支承剛度，提高嚙合平穩(wěn)性和工作可靠性。
現(xiàn)代車橋中，齒輪潤滑油的選擇是至關(guān)重要的。汽車運(yùn)行在高速公路上，車橋油溫可以最終上升，甚至高于130℃ ，所以車橋外殼通風(fēng)是很重要的。通過兩個軸承攜帶的小齒輪來達(dá)到改善的目的。因此，形狀和尺寸之間的間隙，套管等可能都是至關(guān)重要的，足夠的排水必須提供的潤滑油的流向，通過渠道流入小齒輪軸承座，再回到套管。
在齒輪軸承中，圓錐滾子軸承普遍應(yīng)用在齒輪。他們有大量的承載能力，通過穩(wěn)定的、準(zhǔn)確定位。法蘭密封的齒輪對于抗高溫和相對較高的速度是至關(guān)重要的。
錐齒輪齒面過寬并不能增大齒輪的強(qiáng)度和壽命，反而會導(dǎo)致因錐齒輪輪齒小端齒溝變窄引起的切削刀頭頂面寬過窄及刀尖圓角過小。這樣，不但減小了齒根圓半徑，加大了應(yīng)力集中，還降低了刀具的使用壽命。此外，在安裝時有位置偏差或由于制造、熱處理變形等原因，使齒輪工作時載荷集中于輪齒小端，會引起輪齒小端過早損壞和疲勞損傷。另外，齒面過寬也會引起裝配空間的減小。但是齒面過窄，輪齒表面的耐磨性會降低。
為改善新齒輪的磨合，防止其在運(yùn)行初期出現(xiàn)早期的磨損、擦傷、膠合或咬死，錐齒輪在熱處理及精加工后，作厚度為0.005～0.020mm的磷化處理或鍍銅、鍍錫處理。對齒面進(jìn)行應(yīng)力噴丸處理，可提高25％的齒輪壽命。對于滑動速度高的齒輪，可進(jìn)行滲硫處理以提高耐磨性。滲硫后摩擦因數(shù)可顯著降低，即使?jié)櫥瑮l件較差，也能防止齒面擦傷、咬死和膠合。
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