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大連水產(chǎn)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯
Axis CNC machine tools
5-axis CNC machine is a high science and technology content, specially used for machining precision of the machine, the complex curved machine system of a country's aviation, aerospace, military and scientific research, sophisticated equipment, medical equipment, high precision, an important industry and so on. Now, it is generally believed that, 5 axis CNC machine system is to solve impeller, leaf, Marine propeller, heavy turbine generator rotor, rotor, big diesel engine crankshaft etc. The only means of processing.
The equipment manufacturing industry is one of the cornerstones of industrial, it is a new technology, new product development and modern industrial production to provide important means of strategic industries, is indispensable. Even the industrialized nations, and also is highly valued. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's national economy and the need of national defense, high-grade numerically-controlled machine tool proposed urgent needs. The machine is a symbol of national level of manufacturing. And represents the highest level of machine manufacturing is 5-axis CNC machine system, in a sense, reflect a nation's industrial development situation. Long-term since, the us-led western industrialized countries, has five axis CNC machine system is an important strategic materials, the export license system. During the cold war, especially in China, the former Soviet socialist camp as the embargo. Friends may know the hobby military's famous "Toshiba events" : at the end of last century, Japanese Toshiba company sell former Soviet several 5-axis CNC milling machine, the linkage to Soviet used in the manufacture of submarine, a few class propeller, make us spy ships hasn't submarine underwater sound, so the Toshiba company violates the strategic materials to punish embargo policy, Toshiba company.
5 axis machine types are:
Cradle, vertical and horizontal, NC workbench + NC dividing head, NC workbench + 90 ° B axis, NC workbench + 45 ° B axis, NC workbench + A shaft °, two axis NC spindle etc.
5 axis machining center are efficient, linkage, workpiece precision can be finished in one of five surface processing. If the configuration of 5-axis CNC system, also can grade of complex curved surface for precision machining, can be more appropriate as automobile parts, aircraft components modern mold processing. (this is introduced vertical five axis machining center) vertical five axis machining center this kind of machining center axis in two ways, one is workbench rotor. Set the table in bed, surrounded by turning the X axis can be defined as A shaft axis, A general work scope + 30 degrees - - 120 degrees. In the middle of the table with a rotary tables in the position, turn around the Z axis, defined as a C, C axle shaft is 360 degree turn. Such A shaft through A combination of shaft with C, fixed on the underside of the workpiece, besides the five surface can be processed by the vertical axis. A shaft and the minimum degree C axis value for 0.001 °, and the workpiece can be subdivided into arbitrary Angle, processing, the QingXieMian tilt. A shaft and C shaft with three straight spools linkage of realizing the XYZ, can produce complex curved surface, of course it needs high-grade CNC system, and software support servo system. The advantages of this way of spindle is simpler, spindle rigidity structure is very good, the manufacturing cost is low. But generally workbench cannot design is too big, bearing is smaller, especially when A shaft rotary greater than or equal to 90 degrees, workpiece machining of workbench will bring A lot of the bearing capacity of the moment. Another kind is to rely on vertical axis rotation head. Spindle is A front turret, to surround the Z axis 360 degrees C, rotary shaft, there can be surrounded with the X axis rotation axis, generally can reach A 90 degree above, the realization of ± above the same function. This way is very flexible, workbench axis machining of design can also is very large, large airliner fuselage, launched in this kind of machine can be processed on machining center. This kind of design and big advantage: we use spherical surface milling machining tools, when perpendicular to the surface machining center, because of the milling cutter spherical linear vertex zero, cut out of the top surface of workpiece quality will be very bad, using the spindle's gyration design, make a turn relatively workpiece axis, cutting and milling avoid vertex spherical linear must ensure that can improve the surface quality. This structure is mould processing precision curved surface, which is popular rotary worktable hard machining center. In order to achieve the high grade, turning to rotate the configuration is gratings' feedback, dividing precision in a few seconds, of course this kind of spindle structure is complex, the manufacturing cost is high.
Foreign 5-axis CNC machine tool is for polyhedron and surface parts processing and appear. With the development of new compound machine, CNC lathe, and soon the basis to produce the milling milling center. 5-axis CNC machine machining efficiency equivalent to two three axis machine, sometimes even completely save some large automatic production line, and greatly reduce the investment of space and working in different production unit of time and transportation between costs. The demand of the market in China 5-axis CNC machine tools, CIMT99 exhibition, homebred 5-axis CNC machine tools for the first time on the market. Since the jiangsu more edges numerically-controlled machine tool Co., LTD. Display the first five axis, since the linkage of Beijing institute of electrical machine tool plant, guilin, Beijing first machine Co., LTD, jinan 2 machine group limited company, enterprise and develop 5-axis CNC machine tools.
Currently, homebred 5-axis CNC machine tools in species have vertical and horizontal, gantry and floor of machining center, adapt to different size of parts processing, plus five-axis milling and boring and milling machine joint milling center and the development, basic covers the domestic market demand. Precision machine tools, Beijing institute of high precision machining center, NingJiang machinery group Co., LTD. Of NJ25HMC40 horizontal machining center and the university of science &technology Co., LTD machine TH61160 horizontal boring and milling machining center has higher precision, and the developed countries can be comparable to the product. In product market sale, jiangsu more edges, jinan 2 machine, Beijing institute of electrical machine tools, guilin NingJiang, Beijing, a machine etc. Product has obtained the domestic market.
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五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床
五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床是一種科技含量高、精密度高專門用于加工復(fù)雜曲的機(jī)床，這種機(jī)床系統(tǒng)對(duì)一個(gè)國家的航空、航天、軍事、科研、精密器械、高精醫(yī)療設(shè)備等等行業(yè)，有著舉足輕重的影響力。 現(xiàn)在，大家普遍認(rèn)為，五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床系統(tǒng)是解決葉輪、葉片、船用螺旋槳、重型發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子、汽輪機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子、大型柴油機(jī)曲軸等等加工的唯一手段。
裝備制造業(yè)是一國工業(yè)之基石，它為新技術(shù)、新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)和現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供重要的手段，是不可或缺的戰(zhàn)略性產(chǎn)業(yè)。即使是發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)化國家，也無不高度重視。近年來，隨著我國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展和國防建設(shè)的需要，對(duì)高檔的數(shù)控機(jī)床提出了急迫的大量需求。機(jī)床是一個(gè)國家制造業(yè)水平的象征。而代表機(jī)床制造業(yè)最高境界的是五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床系統(tǒng)，從某種意義上說，反映了一個(gè)國家的工業(yè)發(fā)展水平狀況。長期以來，以美國為首的西方工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家，一直把五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床系統(tǒng)作為重要的戰(zhàn)略物資，實(shí)行出口許可證制度。特別是冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，對(duì)中國、前蘇聯(lián)等社會(huì)主義陣營實(shí)行封鎖禁運(yùn)。愛好軍事的朋友可能知道著名的“東芝事件”：上世紀(jì)末，日本東芝公司賣給前蘇聯(lián)幾臺(tái)五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)的數(shù)控銑床，結(jié)果讓前蘇聯(lián)用于制造潛艇的推進(jìn)螺旋槳，上了幾個(gè)檔次，使美國間諜船的聲納監(jiān)聽不到潛艇的聲音了，所以美國以東芝公司違反了戰(zhàn)略物資禁運(yùn)政策，要懲處東芝公司。
五軸機(jī)床的種類有：
搖籃式、立式、臥式、NC工作臺(tái)+NC分度頭、NC工作臺(tái)+90°B軸、NC工作臺(tái)+45°B軸、NC工作臺(tái)+ A軸°、二軸NC 主軸等。
五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工中心有高效率、高精度的特點(diǎn)，工件一次裝夾就可完成五面體的加工。如配置上五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)的高檔數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，還可以對(duì)復(fù)雜的空間曲面進(jìn)行高精度加工，更能夠適宜象汽車零部件、飛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)件等現(xiàn)代模具的加工。（本期介紹立式五軸加工中心）立式五軸加工中心這類加工中心的回轉(zhuǎn)軸有兩種方式，一種是工作臺(tái)回轉(zhuǎn)軸。設(shè)置在床身上的工作臺(tái)可以環(huán)繞X軸回轉(zhuǎn)，定義為A軸，A軸一般工作范圍+30度至-120度。工作臺(tái)的中間還設(shè)有一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)，在圖示的位置上環(huán)繞Z軸回轉(zhuǎn)，定義為C軸，C軸都是360度回轉(zhuǎn)。這樣通過A軸與C軸的組合，固定在工作臺(tái)上的工件除了底面之外，其余的五個(gè)面都可以由立式主軸進(jìn)行加工。A軸和C軸最小分度值一般為0.001度，這樣又可以把工件細(xì)分成任意角度，加工出傾斜面、傾斜孔等。A軸和C軸如與XYZ三直線軸實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)動(dòng)，就可加工出復(fù)雜的空間曲面，當(dāng)然這需要高檔的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服系統(tǒng)以及軟件的支持。這種設(shè)置方式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，主軸剛性非常好，制造成本比較低。但一般工作臺(tái)不能設(shè)計(jì)太大，承重也較小，特別是當(dāng)A軸回轉(zhuǎn)大于等于90度時(shí)，工件切削時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)工作臺(tái)帶來很大的承載力 矩。 另一種是依靠立式主軸頭的回轉(zhuǎn)。主軸前端是一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)頭，能自行環(huán)繞Z軸360度，成為C軸，回轉(zhuǎn)頭上還有帶可環(huán)繞X軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的A軸，一般可達(dá)±90度以上，實(shí)現(xiàn)上述同樣的功能。這種設(shè)置方式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是主軸加工非常靈活，工作臺(tái)也可以設(shè)計(jì)的非常大，客機(jī)龐大的機(jī)身、巨大的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)殼都可以在這類加工中心上加工。這種設(shè)計(jì)還有一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)：我們?cè)谑褂们蛎驺姷都庸で鏁r(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)毒咧行木€垂直于加工面時(shí)，由于球面銑刀的頂點(diǎn)線速度為零，頂點(diǎn)切出的工件表面質(zhì)量會(huì)很差，采用主軸回轉(zhuǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)，令主軸相對(duì)工件轉(zhuǎn)過一個(gè)角度，使球面銑刀避開頂點(diǎn)切削，保證有一定的線速度，可提高表面加工質(zhì)量。這種結(jié)構(gòu)非常受模具高精度曲面加工的歡迎，這是工作臺(tái)回轉(zhuǎn)式加工中心難以做到的。為了達(dá)到回轉(zhuǎn)的高精度，高檔的回轉(zhuǎn)軸還配置了圓光柵尺反饋，分度精度都在幾秒以內(nèi)，當(dāng)然這類主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，制造成本也較高。
國外五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床是為適應(yīng)多面體和曲面零件加工而出現(xiàn)的。隨著機(jī)床復(fù)合化技術(shù)的新發(fā)展,在數(shù)控車床的基礎(chǔ)上,又很快生產(chǎn)出了能進(jìn)行銑削加工的車銑中心。五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工效率相當(dāng)于兩臺(tái)三軸機(jī)床,有時(shí)甚至可以完全省去某些大型自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線的投資,大大節(jié)約了占地空間和工作在不同制造單元之間的周轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)輸時(shí)間及費(fèi)用。市場的需求推動(dòng)了我國五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展, CIMT99 展覽會(huì)上,國產(chǎn)五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床第一次登上機(jī)床市場的舞臺(tái)。自江蘇多棱數(shù)控機(jī)床股份有限公司展出第一臺(tái)五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)龍門加工中心以來,北京機(jī)電研究院、北京第一機(jī)床廠、桂林機(jī)床股份有限公司、濟(jì)南二機(jī)床集團(tuán)有限公司等企業(yè)也相繼開發(fā)出五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床。
當(dāng)前,國產(chǎn)五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床在品種上已經(jīng)擁有立式、臥式、龍門式和落地式的加工中心,適應(yīng)不同大小尺寸的雜零件加工,加上五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)銑床和大型鏜銑床以及車銑中心等的開發(fā),基本涵蓋了國內(nèi)市場的需求。精度上,北京機(jī)床研究所的高精度加工中心、寧江機(jī)械集團(tuán)股份有限公司的NJ25HMC40 臥式加工中心和交大昆機(jī)科技股份有限公司的TH61160 臥式鏜銑加工中心都具有較高的精度,可與發(fā)達(dá)國家的產(chǎn)品相媲美。在產(chǎn)品市場銷售上,江蘇多棱、濟(jì)南二機(jī)床、北京機(jī)電研究院、寧江機(jī)床、桂林機(jī)床、北京一機(jī)床等企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品已獲得國內(nèi)市場的認(rèn)同。
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