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附 錄1
數(shù)控技術(shù)
1 當(dāng)前世界NC機(jī)床的研究現(xiàn)狀
世界各國對(duì)數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各種新技術(shù)的研究與發(fā)展進(jìn)程，是與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)緊密相連的。機(jī)床工業(yè)有世界經(jīng)濟(jì)相互促進(jìn)和發(fā)展，進(jìn)入21世界知識(shí)機(jī)警時(shí)代，人們的知識(shí)所起的作用更加突出，而機(jī)床工業(yè)作為機(jī)器制造業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)，其重點(diǎn)地位與戰(zhàn)略意義也更加明顯。在1991—1994年間，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，昂貴的FMS，CIMS降溫，1995—2000年間，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)在低速增長，根據(jù)當(dāng)前世界市場各方面用戶為提高生產(chǎn)率對(duì)NC機(jī)床的要求以及世界四大國際機(jī)床展（歐洲的EMO、美國的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中國的CIMT）上展品的分析，當(dāng)前世界NC機(jī)床的技術(shù)研究主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：
（1） 更加重視新技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新
在世界范圍內(nèi)，對(duì)新工藝、新材料、新結(jié)構(gòu)、新單元、新元件的研究開發(fā)工作正在大力開展，如新的刀具材料、新的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)、高速電主軸、高速直線電機(jī)等的開發(fā)研究。以加工工藝的改進(jìn)創(chuàng)新為基礎(chǔ)，為加工超硬、難切削材料及特殊復(fù)合材料及復(fù)雜零件、不規(guī)則曲面等在不斷研究開發(fā)新機(jī)種。
（2）提高機(jī)床加工的精度和研究
為了提高加工中心的加工精度，不斷提高機(jī)床的剛度、減少振動(dòng)，消除熱變形，降低噪聲，提高NC機(jī)床的定位精度、重復(fù)精度、工作可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、精度保持性，世界很多國家都在進(jìn)行機(jī)床熱誤差、機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)及負(fù)載變形誤差的軟件補(bǔ)償技術(shù)研究，并采取精度補(bǔ)償、軟件補(bǔ)償?shù)却胧┘右愿纳?，有的已?jīng)可以使此類誤差消除60%。并在不斷開發(fā)精細(xì)加工，納米加工。
（3）提高機(jī)床加工生產(chǎn)率的研究
世界NC機(jī)床、加工中心及相應(yīng)的高速點(diǎn)主軸、直線電機(jī)、測(cè)量系統(tǒng)、NC系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)，均以提高生產(chǎn)率為前提。
2 加工中心的分類
（1）按工藝用途分類有：
鏜銑加工中心，分為立式樘銑加工中心、臥式樘銑加工中心和龍門樘銑加工中心。其加工工藝以樘銑為主，用于箱體，殼體以及各種復(fù)雜零件特殊曲線和曲面輪廓的多工序加工，適合多品種小批量生產(chǎn)。
復(fù)合加工中心，主要指五面復(fù)合加工，主軸頭可自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)，進(jìn)行立，臥加工，在主軸自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)后，在水平和垂直方向?qū)崿F(xiàn)知道變換。
（2）按特殊功能分類有：
單工作臺(tái)、雙工作臺(tái)加工中心；
單軸、雙軸、三軸及可換主軸箱的加工中心；
立式轉(zhuǎn)塔加工中心和臥式轉(zhuǎn)塔加工中心；
刀庫加主軸換刀加工中心；
刀庫接寫手加主軸換刀加工中心；
刀庫加機(jī)械手加雙主軸轉(zhuǎn)塔加工中心。
3 當(dāng)今數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)：
目前，世界先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)不斷興起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，柔性制造系統(tǒng)的迅速發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)集成系統(tǒng)的不斷成熟，對(duì)數(shù)控加工技術(shù)提出了更高的要求。當(dāng)今數(shù)控機(jī)床正在朝著以下幾個(gè)方向發(fā)展。
（1）高速度、高精度化速度和精度是數(shù)控機(jī)床的兩個(gè)重要指標(biāo)，它直接關(guān)系到加工效率和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。目前，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用位數(shù)、頻率更高的處理器，以提高系統(tǒng)的基本運(yùn)算速度。同時(shí)，采用超大規(guī)模的集成電路和多微處理器結(jié)構(gòu)，以提高系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)處理能力，即提高插補(bǔ)運(yùn)算的速度和精度。并采用直線電動(dòng)機(jī)直接驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)床工作臺(tái)的直線伺服進(jìn)給方式，其高速度和動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)特性相當(dāng)優(yōu)越。采用前饋控制技術(shù)，使追蹤滯后誤差大大減小，從而改善拐角切削的加工精度。
（2）可靠性最大化數(shù)控機(jī)床的可靠性一直是用戶最關(guān)心的主要指標(biāo)。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)將采用更高集成度的電路芯片，利用大規(guī)?；虺笠?guī)模的專用及混合式集成電路，以減少元器件的數(shù)量，來提高可靠性。通過硬件功能軟件化，以適應(yīng)各種控制功能的要求，同時(shí)采用硬件結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)床本體的模塊化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生產(chǎn)批量，又便于組織生產(chǎn)和質(zhì)量把關(guān)。還通過自動(dòng)運(yùn)行啟動(dòng)診斷、在線診斷、離線診斷等多種診斷程序，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)硬件、軟件和各種外部設(shè)備進(jìn)行故障診斷和報(bào)警。利用報(bào)警提示，及時(shí)排除故障；利用容錯(cuò)技術(shù)，對(duì)重要部件采用“冗余”設(shè)計(jì)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)故障自恢復(fù)；利用各種測(cè)試、監(jiān)控技術(shù)，當(dāng)生產(chǎn)超程、刀損、干擾、斷電等各種意外時(shí)，自動(dòng)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的保護(hù)。
附 錄2
NC Technology
1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our times
Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:
（1）Pay more attention to new technology and innovation
Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and develop new lathe variety constantly.
（2）Improve the precision and research of machine tooling
In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed.
（3）Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity
World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.
2、Classification of the machining center
（1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.
Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up . Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece . Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, the price is high.
Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the workingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle ) of axle process the spiral part at workingbench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures , can carry on the processing of most work pieces .
Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.
Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest , save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency , reduce the process cost.
(2) Classify by craft use
Is it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.
Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.
(3) Classify by special function
Single workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center;
Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of case;
Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer ;
One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.
3、Development trend of the current numerical control lathe
At present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.
（1）The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation. Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe workingbench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically. Adopt feedforward control technology , make it lag behind error reduce greatly , thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.
（2）The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time . The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts , to improve dependability . Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module , standardization , universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn of the hardware at the same time , make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on.. Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing , diagnosing , diagnosing off-line online etc. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware , software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system. Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part " redundantly ", in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself; Utilize various kinds of test , control technology , exceed Cheng , one one hundred sheets of damages , interfering , cutting out ,etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.
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