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What Is Robot?
A robot is basically a highly automated machine that is created to duplicate one or more physical of a person. It is a product of comprehensive techniques utilizing automatic control , electronics ,mechanics, computer science and other applied sciences. Robot are designed and manufactured to help us do our work faster, better, and easier, with little intervention from human operators. Ever in terms of mechanical structure , most are made with a number of parts mimicking human anatomy or that of some animals or insects, but they do not necessarily resemble man. There are two basic types of robots now widely used types of robots now widely used in industry and service. They are the manipulator and the mobile robot.
The manipulator, is fixed but with a movable arm, commonly known as the robotic arm. It is usually mouted on a base in a location close to where it will perform its tasks .The most frequent application of manipulators in manufacturingis welding, painting, material handling ,assembling, spraying, adhesive binding grinding, packaging, riveting, etc. Jobs like these are repetitive, simple and reprogrammable and are thus particularly suitable for robotic arms, which can perform the jobs with high efficiency and accuracy over a long period of time.
A mobile robot, is capable of moving around when it performs its tasks. It is usually mounted on a small vehicle-like structure with wheels or legs to enjoy greater mobility in difficult terrain. Some mobile robots are excellent for replacing humans in hazardous environments, for example, a robot can be sent into the reactor of a nuclear plant to remove expired fuel rods. or into a polluted mine to clean up toxants, or into a burning building to rescue victims.
The typical structure of industrial robots consists of four major components: the manipulator arm, the end effector, the actuator and the controller.
The manipulator arm is the major working component of a robot .It often has a shoulder joint, an elbow and a wrist.
The end effector or attached to the end of the robotic arm. It
Is the device intended for performing the designated operations as a human hand. One of the most popular types of end effector is a gripper ,a pinch-type clamp that simulates a thumb and a finger.The tactile ensors are installed on their skin. They can sense the shape, texture, hardness and orientation of the object they hold.
The actuator is the power source for moving the robotic arm, controlling the joints and operating the end effector. Three basic types of power source are used: electric, hydraulic and pneumatic.
The controller sends signals to the power source to move the robotic arm to a specific position and to actuate the end effector. Most controllers were electronic circuits in a form of NC servo control or CNC.
Intelligent Robots
We understood from a broad sense, the so-called intelligent robot, which gives the most profound impression is a unique self-control "of living." In fact, this controlled "living on" the main organ is not a real person, as delicate and complex.
Intelligent Robot with all kinds of internal information and external sensor information sensors, such as vision, hearing, touch, smell. In addition to a receptor, it also effects, as in the role of the environment means. This is rheumatism, or the entire motor, which brought arms and legs, long noses, such as moving tentacles.
Intelligent robot is called intelligent robot, it is because it has developed a "brain." In the role of the brain is a central computer, this computer operating its people with a direct link. The most important thing is, this can be carried out by computer for purposes of action. Because of this, we can truly say that this robot is a robot, despite their appearance may be different.
Intelligent robots can understand human language, the language of human dialogue with the operator in its own "consciousness" in the formation of a separate enable it to the "survival" of the external environment - the actual situation of the detailed model. Analysis of the case it can adjust its own action by the operator to achieve all the requests made by the hope that can be prepared by the actions, and insufficient information in the circumstances and the environment under the conditions of a rapidly changing completion of these actions. Of course, it should be the same and our human thinking, it is impossible to do. However, there are still attempting to set up a computer can understand a certain kind of "micro-world." For example Weinuogele at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial Intelligence Laboratory production of robots. This machine trying to completely learn to play building blocks: the order of building blocks, mobile structure and geometric patterns, to the extent of a child. The robot can walk alone and picked up certain items, can "see" things to see and analyze things, to obey instructions and use human language to answer questions. What is more important is that it is "understandable" capability. To this end, it has been in an artificial intelligence academic conference that, less than 10 years, we have computer intelligence increased by 10 times as Weinuogele pointed out, the computer has obvious artificial intelligence component.
However, despite the artificial intelligence robot made remarkable achievements in the control theory, experts believe that it could have the intelligence did not reach the limit. Computer problem is not only the computing speed is not sufficient and feel less sensor types, but also in other areas, such as a lack of rational procedures for the preparation of the robot design. You just think, now even the most ordinary people in resolving the question of the thinking process have not deciphered, human intelligence will be how it - this process of understanding the progress is very slow, how can we let the computer control of the "thinking" speed quickly ? Therefore, there is no awareness of this issue has become its own human robot obstacle on the road to development. Create "life" is not fixed in the environment intelligent robot this topic, in recent years so that people in biological systems, animal and human brain in the process of self-awareness and understanding of a profound study. Results will appear grade adaptive system that this doctrine is effectively developing. As organizations intelligent robot behavior consistent with the purpose of the theoretical foundation of the brain is how we control our body? From a purely mechanical standpoint rough estimate, our body also has more than 200 degrees of freedom. When we write in, walking, running, swimming, playing the piano when these complex movements, what is the brain of each one muscle orders? How the brain can in the shortest possible time dealing with so much information? Our brain is not involved in these activities. The brain - the center of our information processors "disdain" to control this. It is not our body monitoring the various sports sites, movements in the detailed design is much lower than the level of the cerebral cortex, as well. Much like using a high-level language programming, as long as that "an interval from 1 to 20 for a group of figures", the robot will be this group of their own detailed instruction in the operating system. The most obvious is that, "access to a hot object to the retractable handle," The most obvious of these instructions even in the brain also do not realize that the time has been issued.
To a large number of tasks in the allocation between the cortex, this is more than a system to control organ for each element of the strict requirements necessary action on the distribution of cost-effective, economical and effective. In resolving major issues, such decentralization will be the brain is too complicated, not only Naolu, and even the whole body to accommodate all over. The completion of this or that number of complex movements, we usually be decomposed into a series of petty actions generally (such as, sit down, step right, step left foot). Teach children a variety of actions can be summed up in the children's "memory" in the formation and consolidation of the corresponding little tricks. The same token, the process is perceived such an organisation together. Sentimental image - that is auditory, visual or tactile pulse sequence or combination of a fixed (horse), or a sequence and combination of both.
The problem is that control robot simulation animal movement and the ability to adapt. The establishment of robot control hierarchy - is the first robot in the various levels of hierarchy between the subsystems and a perceived function, information processing and control functions of the distribution function. Third generation of robots with large-scale processing capacity, in which case information processing and control the complete reunification of algorithms, in fact inefficient, and even launched. Therefore, the grading structure of the emergence of adaptive first is to enhance the quality control of the robot, which is to reduce the level of uncertainty, and the rapid increase of action. In order to play all levels and the role of subsystems, the need to significantly reduce the amount of information. So the algorithm so that people can perform their duties in the greatly reduced uncertainty of the situation down fulfil its mandate.
In short, the intelligent robot developed the third generation is an important feature. According to the intelligence robot people to determine their own level of the other robots. Some people even so a robot into the following categories: controlled robot - "zero generation" robots, and do not have any intellectual property is controlled by the people to master manipulator; the robot can be trained -- the first generation of robots with memory, from person operation, action plans and procedures specified by the person, it is only remember (the ability to receive training) and reappearance out; feeling robots - robots who remember arrangement plan, and then one way or another based on external data (feedback) calculated actions of specific procedures; intelligent robot - were designated target, the robot independently prepared operational plans, according to the actual situation determined action procedures, and then moves into the campaign operation. Therefore, it has a wide range of sensory systems, intelligent, analog devices (and its surrounding circumstances - robot awareness and self-consciousness).
什么是機(jī)器人
機(jī)器人基本上是一種高度自動(dòng)化的機(jī)器，可模仿人的一個(gè)或多個(gè)身體動(dòng)作。機(jī)器人是涉及自動(dòng)控制、電子學(xué)、機(jī)械學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)以及其它應(yīng)用科學(xué)等學(xué)科的綜合技術(shù)的產(chǎn)物。人們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)和制造機(jī)器人用于幫助我們?cè)诓恍枰僮髡哌^(guò)多參與的情況下，更好、更快更方便的工作。盡管按機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的術(shù)語(yǔ)，大多數(shù)機(jī)器人都做成有一定數(shù)量的按解剖學(xué)模仿人類(lèi)、動(dòng)物和昆蟲(chóng)的零件，但機(jī)器人不必要和人的模樣相似。
目前廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)及服務(wù)行業(yè)的機(jī)器人主要有兩種基本類(lèi)型，即機(jī)械手和移動(dòng)機(jī)器人。
機(jī)械手是固定安裝的，但其手臂可移動(dòng)。通常稱機(jī)械手為機(jī)器人手臂。機(jī)械手通常安裝在位于其工作區(qū)域附近的地方。制造業(yè)中機(jī)械手應(yīng)用最多的是焊接、油漆、抓取材料、裝配、噴涂、粘貼、磨削、包裝、鉚接等工作。像這樣的一些工作都是重復(fù)、簡(jiǎn)單、可重新編程的，因而特別適用于機(jī)械手，它可以長(zhǎng)時(shí)間高效、高精度地完成工作。
移動(dòng)機(jī)器人用于在工作時(shí)需要來(lái)回走動(dòng)的場(chǎng)合。常將機(jī)器人安裝在帶有輪子或者腿看似小車(chē)的結(jié)構(gòu)上，以滿足為不利工作場(chǎng)地提供較大移動(dòng)范圍的需要。有些用于水下作業(yè)的機(jī)器人還需要裝上推進(jìn)系統(tǒng)，如螺旋槳或船舵等。有些移動(dòng)機(jī)器人在代表人類(lèi)在惡劣的環(huán)境下工作方面有優(yōu)越性。例如：將機(jī)器人派到核電站的反應(yīng)堆中去拆換用完了的燃料桿，或?qū)⑵渑傻接卸镜V井內(nèi)去消除有毒氣體，或派往著火的大樓去搶救傷員等。
工業(yè)機(jī)器人的典型結(jié)構(gòu)由四個(gè)主要部分組成：操作手臂、前端操作手、執(zhí)行件和控制器。
操作手臂是機(jī)器人的主要工作部件，通常有肩關(guān)節(jié)、肘關(guān)節(jié)、和腕關(guān)節(jié)。
前端操作手安裝在手臂最前端，它是用來(lái)完成類(lèi)似于人手動(dòng)作的裝置。最通用的形式是手爪，即：是一種模仿拇指和食指的挾起式夾鉗。在它們的皮膚上裝有觸覺(jué)傳感器。它們能感覺(jué)出所抓取物體的形狀、材質(zhì)、硬度及方向。
執(zhí)行件是移動(dòng)手臂、控制關(guān)節(jié)、操作手抓的動(dòng)力源。最基本的三種動(dòng)力源是電動(dòng)、液壓和氣動(dòng)。
控制器將信號(hào)傳給動(dòng)力源，將手臂移動(dòng)到指定位置并操作手抓。大多數(shù)控制器是以數(shù)控或伺服控制或計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控為形式的電子線路。
智能機(jī)器人
我們從廣泛意義上理解所謂的智能機(jī)器人，它給人的最深刻的印象是一個(gè)獨(dú)特的進(jìn)行自我控制的“活物”。其實(shí)，這個(gè)自控“活物”的主要器官并沒(méi)有像真正的人那樣微妙而復(fù)雜。
智能機(jī)器人具備形形色色的內(nèi)部信息傳感器和外部信息傳感器，如視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)。除具有感受器外，它還有效應(yīng)器，作為作用于周?chē)h(huán)境的手段。這就是筋肉，或稱自整步電動(dòng)機(jī)，它們使手、腳、長(zhǎng)鼻子、觸角等動(dòng)起來(lái)。
智能機(jī)器人之所以叫智能機(jī)器人，這是因?yàn)樗邢喈?dāng)發(fā)達(dá)的“大腦”。在腦中起作用的是中央計(jì)算機(jī)，這種計(jì)算機(jī)跟操作它的人有直接的聯(lián)系。最主要的是，這樣的計(jì)算機(jī)可以進(jìn)行按目的安排的動(dòng)作。正因?yàn)檫@樣，我們才說(shuō)這種機(jī)器人才是真正的機(jī)器人，盡管它們的外表可能有所不同。
智能機(jī)器人能夠理解人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言，用人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言同操作者對(duì)話，在它自身的“意識(shí)”中單獨(dú)形成了一種使它得以“生存”的外界環(huán)境——實(shí)際情況的詳盡模式。它能分析出現(xiàn)的情況，能調(diào)整自己的動(dòng)作以達(dá)到操作者所提出的全部要求，能擬定所希望的動(dòng)作，并在信息不充分的情況下和環(huán)境迅速變化的條件下完成這些動(dòng)作。當(dāng)然，要它和我們?nèi)祟?lèi)思維一模一樣，這是不可能辦到的。不過(guò)，仍然有人試圖建立計(jì)算機(jī)能夠理解的某種“微觀世界”。比如維諾格勒在麻省理工學(xué)院人工智能實(shí)驗(yàn)室里制作的機(jī)器人。這個(gè)機(jī)器試圖完全學(xué)會(huì)玩積木：積木的排列、移動(dòng)和幾何圖案結(jié)構(gòu)，達(dá)到一個(gè)小孩子的程度。這個(gè)機(jī)器人能獨(dú)自行走和拿起一定的物品，能“看到”東西并分析看到的東西，能服從指令并用人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言回答問(wèn)題。更重要的是它具有“理解”能力。為此，有人曾經(jīng)在一次人工智能學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上說(shuō)過(guò)，不到十年，我們把電子計(jì)算機(jī)的智力提高了10倍；如維諾格勒所指出的，計(jì)算機(jī)具有明顯的人工智能成分。
不過(guò)，盡管機(jī)器人人工智能取得了顯著的成績(jī)，控制論專家們認(rèn)為它可以具備的智能水平的極限并未達(dá)到。問(wèn)題不光在于計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算速度不夠和感覺(jué)傳感器種類(lèi)少，而且在于其他方面，如缺乏編制機(jī)器人理智行為程序的設(shè)計(jì)思想。你想，現(xiàn)在甚至連人在解決最普通的問(wèn)題時(shí)的思維過(guò)程都沒(méi)有破譯，人類(lèi)的智能會(huì)如何呢——這種認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程進(jìn)展十分緩慢，又怎能掌握規(guī)律讓計(jì)算機(jī)“思維”速度快點(diǎn)呢？因此，沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)人類(lèi)自己這個(gè)問(wèn)題成了機(jī)器人發(fā)展道路上的絆腳石。制造“生活”在具有不固定性環(huán)境中的智能機(jī)器人這一課題，近年來(lái)使人們對(duì)發(fā)生在生物系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)物和人類(lèi)大腦中的認(rèn)識(shí)和自我認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程進(jìn)行了深刻研究。結(jié)果就出現(xiàn)了等級(jí)自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)說(shuō)，這種學(xué)說(shuō)正在有效地發(fā)展著。作為組織智能機(jī)器人進(jìn)行符合目的的行為的理論基礎(chǔ)，我們的大腦是怎樣控制我們的身體呢？純粹從機(jī)械學(xué)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)粗略估算，我們的身體也具有兩百多個(gè)自由度。當(dāng)我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行寫(xiě)字、走路、跑步、游泳、彈鋼琴這些復(fù)雜動(dòng)作的時(shí)候，大腦究竟是怎樣對(duì)每一塊肌肉發(fā)號(hào)施令的呢？大腦怎么能在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)處理完這么多的信息呢？我們的大腦根本沒(méi)有參與這些活動(dòng)。大腦——我們的中心信息處理機(jī)“不屑于”去管這個(gè)。它根本不去監(jiān)督我們身體的各個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)部位，動(dòng)作的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)是在比大腦皮層低得多的水平上進(jìn)行的。這很像用高級(jí)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行程序設(shè)計(jì)一樣，只要指出“間隔為一的從1～20的一組數(shù)字”，機(jī)器人自己會(huì)將這組指令輸入詳細(xì)規(guī)定的操作系統(tǒng)。最明顯的就是，“一接觸到熱的物體就把手縮回來(lái)”這類(lèi)最明顯的指令甚至在大腦還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)發(fā)出了。
把一個(gè)大任務(wù)在幾個(gè)皮層之間進(jìn)行分配，這比控制器官給構(gòu)成系統(tǒng)的每個(gè)要素規(guī)定必要?jiǎng)幼鞯膰?yán)格集中的分配合算、經(jīng)濟(jì)、有效。在解決重大問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，這樣集中化的大腦就會(huì)顯得過(guò)于復(fù)雜，不僅腦顱，甚至連人的整個(gè)身體都容納不下。在完成這樣或那樣的一些復(fù)雜動(dòng)作時(shí)，我們通常將其分解成一系列的普遍的小動(dòng)作 （如起來(lái)、坐下、邁右腳、邁左腳）。教給小孩各種各樣的動(dòng)作可歸結(jié)為在小孩的“存儲(chǔ)器”中形成并鞏固相應(yīng)的小動(dòng)作。同樣的道理，知覺(jué)過(guò)程也是如此組織起來(lái)的。感性形象——這是聽(tīng)覺(jué)、視覺(jué)或觸覺(jué)脈沖的固定序列或組合 （馬、人），或者是序列和組合二者兼而有之。
控制機(jī)器人的問(wèn)題在于模擬動(dòng)物運(yùn)動(dòng)和人的適應(yīng)能力。建立機(jī)器人控制的等級(jí)——首先是在機(jī)器人的各個(gè)等級(jí)水平上和子系統(tǒng)之間實(shí)行知覺(jué)功能、信息處理功能和控制功能的分配。第三代機(jī)器人具有大規(guī)模處理能力，在這種情況下信息的處理和控制的完全統(tǒng)一算法，實(shí)際上是低效的，甚至是不中用的。所以，等級(jí)自適應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)首先是為了提高機(jī)器人控制的質(zhì)量，也就是降低不定性水平，增加動(dòng)作的快速性。為了發(fā)揮各個(gè)等級(jí)和子系統(tǒng)的作用，必須使信息量大大減少。因此算法的各司其職使人們可以在不定性大大減少的情況下來(lái)完成任務(wù)。
總之，智能的發(fā)達(dá)是第三代機(jī)器人的一個(gè)重要特征。人們根據(jù)機(jī)器人的智力水平?jīng)Q定其所屬的機(jī)器人代別。有的人甚至依此將機(jī)器人分為以下幾類(lèi)：受控機(jī)器人——“零代”機(jī)器人，不具備任何智力性能，是由人來(lái)掌握操縱的機(jī)械手；可以訓(xùn)練的機(jī)器人——第一代機(jī)器人，擁有存儲(chǔ)器，由人操作，動(dòng)作的計(jì)劃和程序由人指定，它只是記住 （接受訓(xùn)練的能力）和再現(xiàn)出來(lái)；感覺(jué)機(jī)器人——機(jī)器人記住人安排的計(jì)劃后，再依據(jù)外界這樣或那樣的數(shù)據(jù) （反饋）算出動(dòng)作的具體程序；智能機(jī)器人——人指定目標(biāo)后，機(jī)器人獨(dú)自編制操作計(jì)劃，依據(jù)實(shí)際情況確定動(dòng)作程序，然后把動(dòng)作變?yōu)椴僮鳈C(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。因此，它有廣泛的感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)、智能、模擬裝置（周?chē)闆r及自身——機(jī)器人的意識(shí)和自我意識(shí)）。
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