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Unit2Cloning,知識歸納,1.___________vt.扔;投;擲2.___________vt.打擾vi.操心n.煩擾3.___________vt.(forbade,forbad;forbidden)禁止;不準(zhǔn)4.___________vt.崇拜;愛慕;喜愛5.___________vi.退休;離開6.___________adj.不能的,不會的7.___________vt.孵化,cast,bother,forbid,adore,retire,unable,hatch,(一)基本單詞,知識清單,8._____________adj.道德(上)的,倫理的9._____________n.程序;步驟;手續(xù)10.____________n.裝飾11.____________adv.僅;只;不過12.____________n.突破13.____________n.規(guī)則;規(guī)章;法規(guī)14.____________n.假定;設(shè)想15.____________vi.獲得;贏得16.____________vt.承擔(dān),moral,procedure,decoration,merely,breakthrough,regulation,assumption,obtain,accumulate,undertake,18.___________n.雙胞胎之一;孿生兒之一adj.成對的;成雙的19.______________adj.簡單的;直接的;坦率的20.___________adv.總共;完全地21.___________adj.任意的22.___________n.(plmedia)媒介;手段;工具23.___________vt.獲得;到達(dá)（水平、年齡、狀況等）24.___________adj.保守的;守舊的,twin,straightforward,altogether,arbitrary,medium,attain,conservative,25.___________n.憲法;章程26.___________adj.必須做的;義務(wù)的;強(qiáng)迫的;強(qiáng)制的27.___________vt.欠(賬、錢、人情等);歸功于……28.___________adv.立刻;不久29.___________vt.徒勞的,constitution,pulsory,owe,shortly,strike,vain,1.__________vi.相異;不同→___________adj.不同的2.__________adj.精確的;準(zhǔn)確的→___________adv.準(zhǔn)確地3.____________adj.商業(yè)的;貿(mào)易的→____________n.貿(mào)易4.__________n.改正;糾正;修正→___________adj.正確的;得體的v.改正;糾正,differ,different,exact,exactly,mercial,merce,correction,correct,(二)派生單詞,5.__________vi.反對;不贊成→___________n.不贊成;反對;異議6.__________adj.最初的;開始的→___________adv.最初7.__________vt.抵抗;對抗→___________n.抵抗;抵觸;反對;阻力8.__________adj.合情理的;講道理的;公道的→____________(反義)adj.不合理的;過度的;不切實(shí)際的,object,objection,initial,initially,resist,resistance,reasonable,unreasonable,1._____________得到好結(jié)果;取得成功;償清2._____________沮喪;不愉快3._____________大眾傳播媒體(如電視、報紙等)4._____________贊成;支持5._____________旁路;支線;岔道6._________________一定或注定(做)……,payoff,castdown,themedia,infavourof,sideroad,(be)boundto(do)…,(三)短語,7.______________________使……刻骨銘心8._________________不時;偶爾9._________________使復(fù)生;使復(fù)活10.________________白費(fèi)力氣;枉費(fèi)心機(jī)11.____________________狀況很好(壞);情況很好(壞),strike…intoone’sheart,fromtimetotime,bringbacktolife,invain,ingood/poorcondition,TheinitialrequirementisthatyouneedperfectDNAwhichgivesinformationforhowcellsaretogrow.,結(jié)構(gòu)分析：雖然句子不長,但卻從句套從句,共有三個從句。,(四)句式,1.undertakevt.(undertook;undertaken)著手;從事;承擔(dān)課文原句:Itisadifficulttasktoundertake.這是一項(xiàng)很難完成的任務(wù)?！練w納】undertakesth.承擔(dān)某事undertaketodosth.許諾做某事;同意做某事undertakethat…保證……,核心要點(diǎn),(一)單詞,【運(yùn)用】He___________________________________________themoneybackinsixmonths.他保證6個月內(nèi)還錢。,undertooktopay/undertookthathe,wouldpay,2.objectvi.反對;不贊成(常接介詞to)objectionn.反對,異議課文原句:Ontheotherhand,Dolly’sappearanceraisedastormofobjectionsandhadagreatimpactonthemediaandpublicimagination.另一方面,多莉羊的出現(xiàn)引起了一陣強(qiáng)烈的反對,對媒體和公眾的想象力也產(chǎn)生了極大的影響。,【歸納】objecttosb./sth.=objecttodoingsth./tosb.doingsth.不同意;不贊成;反對raiseanobjectiontosth.對……提出異議have/makeanobjectionto(doing)sth.對……表示反對objectiveadj.客觀的,就事論事的,【運(yùn)用】用object的適當(dāng)形式填空。1)Hedidn’tmean___________tomyproposal,butdidit.2)Hisideaisreasonableand____________.,toobject,objective,3.obtainvt.獲得;贏得,課文原句:Althoughatpresenthumaneggcellsandembryosneededforcloningresearcharedifficulttoobtain,…盡管目前供克隆研究的人類卵細(xì)胞很難獲得,……,【歸納】obtainsth.from...從……獲得……obtainsth.through...通過(某種方式或手段)獲得obtain還有“買到,借到”之意。e.g.WherecanIobtainthedictionary.我在哪兒能買到這本字典？,【運(yùn)用】用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。1)Surfingoninternetisoneofmyhobbies;Icanobtainmuchknowledge______it.2)Allpeoplearedriventopursuehappinessinlife,butthevehicles______________weobtainhappinessaredifferent.,from,throughwhich,4.forbidvt.禁止;不準(zhǔn)課文原句:Somebegantoreformtheirlegalsystemsandforbaderesearchintohumancloning,...有些政府開始改革法律制度,明令禁止進(jìn)行克隆人類的研究,……,【點(diǎn)撥】forbid后不能直接跟動詞不定式作賓語,但可直接跟v.-ing作賓語,也可用forbidsb.todosth.形式。allow/permit/advise/remend(建議)也這樣用。e.g.Hewasforbiddentoleavethebaseasapunishment.作為懲罰,他被禁止離開基地。Thenewlawforbidssmokinginoffices.新法律禁止在辦公室內(nèi)抽煙。,5.owevt.欠(賬、錢、人情等);歸功于……課文原句:Youowetheladyanapology.你欠這位女士一個道歉?！練w納】owesb.sth.;owesth.tosb.欠(債)owesb.sth.;owesth.tosb./sth.歸因于,歸功于,起源于owingto因?yàn)?由于,【運(yùn)用】根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子。1)Hestill____________(欠我80美元)formywork.2)________________(因?yàn)橄掠?,wecouldn’te.3)多虧有了你我才能活下來。Iowe______youthatIamstillalive.4)我的成功應(yīng)該歸功于我的老師。I_________________myteachers.,owesme$80,Owingtotherain,owemysuccessto,itto,6.bothervt./vi./n.課文原句:However,theproblemthatshelaterdevelopedaseriouslungdiseasebotheredscientists.然而,她不久之后就染上了很嚴(yán)重的肺病,這個問題困擾了科學(xué)家。,【歸納】bother作動詞①使……煩惱,給……造成麻煩。常用結(jié)構(gòu)：bothersb.that...;bothersb.with/aboutsth.;itbotherssb.todosth.。如：UsuallyIdon’tbothermyfriendswithmylittleaffairs.I’mnotbotheredaboutwhathethinks.Doesitbotheryouthatyourwifeearnsmoremoneythanyou?Itbothersmetothinkofheraloneinthatbighouse.,②花費(fèi)時間或精力(做某事),常用于否定句或疑問句。常用結(jié)構(gòu)：botherwith/aboutsth.;bothertodosth.;botherdoingsth.。如：It’snotworthbotheringwithanumbrella—thecar’sjustoutside.Hedoesn’tbothermuchabouthisappearance.Youneedn’tbothertotravelsuchalongdistance.Whybotheraskingifyou’renotreallyinterested?,③打擾,搭話煩擾。如：Sorrytobotheryou,butthere’sacallforyouonlinetwo.bother作名詞,意為“麻煩,困難;令人煩惱的人或事”。如：Suchismyfatherwhodoesn’twanttoputanyonetoanybother.I’msorrytobeabother,butcouldIhavethatnumberagain?,bother干擾別人正常工作和生活,可能是故意的。disturb使人失去正常秩序而一時不得安寧,語氣比bother弱。trouble指在心情上失去平衡而感到憂慮、苦惱或行動上帶來不便,也常用于禮貌請求:MayItroubleyoufor…?,bother/disturb/trouble,【運(yùn)用】完成下列句子。1)他老是打電話給我,使我厭煩得很。Hisphoningmeallthetime_________________.2)什么事令你憂慮不安—經(jīng)濟(jì)問題嗎？What’s_____________—moneyproblems?3)她輕輕地開門,以免驚擾了睡著的孩子。Sheopenedthedoorquietlysoasnotto_________thesleepingchild.,troublingyou,alot,disturb,bothersme,7.strikevt.劃(火柴)n.罷工課文原句:ThepopularityoffilmssuchasJurassicPark,inwhichascientistclonesseveralkindsofextinctdinosaurs,proveshowtheideastruckamixtureoffearandexcitementintopeople’shearts.在《侏羅紀(jì)公園》這部影片中,有一位科學(xué)家克隆了好幾種不同的絕種恐龍。類似這樣的電影很受歡迎,證明了這一想法使人們感到既興奮又恐懼。,觀察句子,寫出劃線部分的含義。①Theclockhasjuststruck10.()②Itstruckmethatnoonewasathome.()③Hestruckthetableaheavyblowangrily.()④Thegirlstruckamatchandlitacandle.()⑤Shewasstruckbyhiskindness.()⑥Theyhavebeenonstrikeforseveraldays.()⑦Abigearthquakestruckthearealastweek.(),報時,突然想起,打,擊,劃(火柴),打動,罷工,襲擊,【歸納】strike…with…用……敲打……strikeagainst撞到……Itstrikessb.that.某人突然意識到bestruckby…被……打動;深受感動beonstrike在罷工,【運(yùn)用】根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子。1)Hewassoangrythathe_________________hisfist.他氣得用拳頭砸桌子。2)Thevisitors______________thebeautyofthetouristarea.游客被旅游區(qū)的美景迷住了。3)____________________thatwecoulduseaputertodothejob.突然想到我們可以用電腦去做這項(xiàng)工作。,werestruckby,struckthetablewith,Itsuddenlystruckme,8.vainadj.虛榮的;自負(fù)的;徒勞的課文原句:Alleffortsofcloningananimalwillbeinvainifthereisnotenoughdiversityinthegrouptoovereillness.如果某個動物群體沒有足夠的多樣性以戰(zhàn)勝疾病,那么克隆這種動物的所有努力都將是無用的。,【歸納】invain白費(fèi)力氣;枉費(fèi)心機(jī),【運(yùn)用】根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子。1)Sheclosedhereyestightly_______________toholdbackthetears.她緊閉雙眼,卻無法忍住眼淚。2)我們所有的努力都付諸東流了。Alloureffortswere_______.,invain,inavainattempt,9.resistv.課文原句:Theadvantageisthatifthereisanewillnesssomeoftheseanimalsmaydie,butotherswillsurviveandpassontheabilitytoresistthatdiseasetothenextgeneration.其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,如果發(fā)生了某種新的疾病,這類動物中的一些可能會死去,而另一些卻能存活下來,并且把這種抗疫力傳給下一代。,【歸納】①抵抗,回?fù)?反抗。如：Shewaschargedwithresistingarrest.Thesoldiersresisted(theenemyattacks)fortwodays.②抵制,阻擋。其后接動詞作賓語時,要用動詞-ing形式。如：Thebankstronglyresistedcuttinginterestrates.,③忍住,抵擋。其后接動詞作賓語時,要用動詞-ing形式。如：Johncouldn’tresistshowingoffhisnewcar.④不受(某事物)的損害或影響,抗,耐。如:Ahealthydietshouldhelpyourbodyresistinfection.Weneedakindofglassthatresistsheat.【拓展】resistancen.抵抗,反抗,電阻,抵抗力resistantadj.抵抗的,有抵抗力的,課文原句:Butatlastthedeterminationandpatienceofthescientistspaidoffin1996withabreakthrough—thecloningofDollythesheep.但是,科學(xué)家的決心和耐心最終得到了回報,這就是1996年具有突破性的克隆“多莉”的誕生。,1.payoff得到好結(jié)果;取得成功;償清,(二)短語,【歸納】paysb.forsth.=paysth.tosb.forsth.付錢給某人作為……的費(fèi)用payforsth.為某事吃苦頭或受懲罰;花錢買某物payback還錢;報復(fù)payattentionto注意payavisitto訪問payout(為某事)付出大筆款項(xiàng),【運(yùn)用】根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子。①Sometimeswehavehadto____deadly___mistakes.有時候我們不得不為錯誤付出沉重的代價。②He____________bynoting.他以不來的方式報復(fù)了我。③Withthehelpofalotofpeople,ourplan________(成功了).,payfor,paidmeback,paidoff,2.infavourof支持,贊成課文原句:Isitinfavourofcloningoragainstit？它是贊成克隆行為還是反對？【拓展】與infavourof同義或反義的常用短語：approveof贊同,贊許befor贊成,主張onone’sside在某人一邊beagainst反對objectto不贊成,反對,3.ingood/poorcondition狀況很好(壞);情況很好(壞)課文原句:ThedodobecameextinctfairlyrecentlysoitsDNAisstillingoodcondition.渡渡鳥滅絕時間相當(dāng)近,因此它的DNA仍然狀況良好。,【歸納】outofcondition健康狀況欠佳working/living/studyingcondition工作/生活/學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境oncondition(that)…在……條件下;倘若……onnocondition決不;一點(diǎn)也不(放在句首,句子用部分倒裝),【運(yùn)用】①Travellersareadvisednottoflybecauseof________________________.因?yàn)樘鞖馇闆r惡劣,旅行者們被勸告不要乘飛機(jī)。②Theemployeesagreedtospeaktous____________________theywouldn’tbenamed.那幾位雇員同意與我們談?wù)?條件是不要說出他們的名字。,poorweatherconditions,onconditionthat,(三)句式,Cloninghasalwaysbeenwithusandisheretostay.克隆一直與我們同在，而今它還要持續(xù)下去?！癰eheretostay”是習(xí)語,意思是“beacceptedandusedbymostpeople(被普遍接受;成為風(fēng)尚)”。e.g.Itlooksasiftelevisedtrialsareheretostay.看來電視直播審判已為大多數(shù)人所接受。,【考例】1.—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?—Yeah,butIhavenoidea_____hedidit;that’soneofhisfavoriteuniversities.A.whenB.whyC.thatD.how引導(dǎo)同位語從句,對idea作進(jìn)一步的解釋。由that’soneofhisfavoriteuniversities可知,不知道他拒絕那所大學(xué)的原因。,同位語從句點(diǎn)撥,語法,2.Theonlywaytosucceedatthehighestlevelistohavetotalbelief_____youarebetterthananyoneelseonthesportsfield.A.howB.thatC.whichD.whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句,對belief作進(jìn)一步的解釋,又因從句意義完整且不缺任何成分。,3.Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoon_____themeetingwouldbepostponed.A.whenB.thatC.whetherD.how引導(dǎo)同位語從句,對notice作進(jìn)一步的解釋,又因從句意義完整且不缺任何成分。,【拓展】同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：1.同位語從句是名詞性的,其功能是說明名詞的內(nèi)容;定語從句是形容詞性的,其功能通常是修飾先行詞,對先行詞加以限定,說明其性質(zhì)、特征等。,2.引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連接詞,在從句中沒有含義、不作成分,一般不能省略;引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞,可作主語、賓語或表語,作賓語時可省略。如：Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchisencouraging.(同位語從句)Thenews(that)weheardontheradioyesterdaywastrue.(定語從句),【運(yùn)用】用適當(dāng)連接詞/關(guān)系詞完成短文。Workingparentsoftenputtheirkidsindaycarecenter.Whilemostparentsinterviewedsaytheyaresatisfiedwiththedaycare1.__________theyuse,expertshavethebelief2.______onlyabout12percentofchildrenreceivehighqualitycare.Manyparentsreallyhavenoidea3._____goodtheirdaycareserviceis.,that/which,that,how,Whenchoosingadaycarecenter,ofcourseparentswanttoknowhowmuchitcosts.Buttherearemanyotherquestions4.__________parentsshouldask.Parentsneedtoknowifthecaregiverislovingandrespondstothechild’sneeds.Doesthecaregiverhugthechild,talktothechild,playwiththechild?However,expertsmakethesuggestion5._____parentsshouldnotputtheirbabiesinchildcarecenterforthefirstfourmonths.Duringthistime,itisimportantforbabiestoformanattachmenttotheirmothers.,that/which,that,【寫作任務(wù)】最近有一名美國留學(xué)生在你校英文論壇發(fā)帖稱，家庭作業(yè)不僅占用了他大量的業(yè)余時間，而且毫無必要。請你寫一篇英語短文回復(fù)他的帖子，列舉理由（至少三點(diǎn)）來反駁他的觀點(diǎn)。注意：詞數(shù)100左右。,如何寫觀點(diǎn)論證型議論文,寫作,【寫作指導(dǎo)】一、審題定調(diào)該習(xí)作要求反駁對方“家庭作業(yè)毫無必要”的觀點(diǎn)，是一篇觀點(diǎn)論證型議論文。因此寫作時首先應(yīng)該根據(jù)提示闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)，然后圍繞這一觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證，論證過程要做到層次分明、有理有據(jù)。人稱以第一人稱為主，時態(tài)以一般現(xiàn)在時為主。,二、謀篇布局就本篇習(xí)作而言，我們可以把全文分為三部分：第一部分:引出話題，闡明觀點(diǎn)(就對方觀點(diǎn)提出反對意見)；第二部分:分層論述(家庭作業(yè)能夠幫助學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)和預(yù)習(xí)、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自學(xué)能力、向老師反饋學(xué)生對知識的掌握情況);第三部分:總結(jié)全文,重申態(tài)度(適量合理的家庭作業(yè)對學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)有促進(jìn)作用)。,三、組織語言就本篇習(xí)作而言，每個部分可圍繞以下內(nèi)容組織語言。1.第一部分：引出話題，闡明觀點(diǎn)。,2.第二部分：分層論述。,3.第三部分：總結(jié)全文，重申態(tài)度。,【范文展示】?普通范文?ImsorrytohearthatyourhomeworktakesuptoomuchofyoursparetimebutIdontagreethathomeworkisunnecessary.Firstly,bydoinghomework,wecanpracticewhatwehavelearnedandprepareforthenewlessons.Secondly,homeworkhelpsusdevelopabilitiestostudyindependently.Forexample,somehomeworkneedsinvestigating,summarizing,,analyzingandevaluating.Theseareallimportantskills.Thirdly,homeworkallowsourteacherstofindoutwhetherweunderstandthesubjectornot.Ifweperformbadly,ourteacherswilltrytohelpus.Therefore,Ithinkproperamountsofhomeworkinproperformscanhelpusalot.,?高級范文?Hearingyourhomeworktakesuptoomuchofyoursparetime,Ifeelsympathetictowardsyou.However,inmyopinion,homeworkisanessentialpartoflearningprocess.Firstly,homeworkensuresreviewandpreview.Inaddition,homeworkisbeneficialtothedevelopmentofself-studyabilities.Forexample,someassignmentsinvolveinvestigating,summarizing,analyzingandevaluating,which,areallimportantskills.Finally,homeworkprovidesfeedbacktoourteachers.Ifwedoapoorjob,ourteacherswilltakemeasurestohelpus.Inconclusion,properamountsofhomeworkinproperformsareofgreatbenefittous.,1.Ijustneedtomakeafew____________(correct),andthenwecansendittotheprinter.2.Wemayaskherafewquestionstomakesureweknow________(exact)whatshewants.3.Youcouldpresstheflowersthatwereusedattheeventandthenusethemasthe___________(decorate).,I.用括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式填空。,exactly,鞏固練習(xí),corrections,decoration,4.I’msurethereisaperfectly___________(reason)explanationforhisabsence.5.Theonly__________(object)Ihaveisthatitmaycostmorethanexpected.6.Yourargumentisbasedonapletelyfalse____________(assume).,objection,assumption,reasonable,II.把下列句子改寫為含同位語(從句)的復(fù)合句,并使句意基本保持不變。,1.Anewkindofcarrierrockethassuccessfullyfinisheditsfirstflightandthenewsisveryexciting.Thenewsthatanewkindofcarrierrockethassuccessfullyfinisheditsfirstflightisveryexciting.2.Thesickelephant,theoneinthethirdcage,attackeditstrainer.Thesickelephantthatwasinthethirdcageattackeditstrainer.,3.AnnthinksmoneyisthemostimportantthinginlifeandIdon’tagreewithheropinion.Idon’tagreewithAnn’sopinionthatmoneyisthemostimportantthinginlife.4.BillandEricareourneighborsandtheyaregoingtoDisneylandtomorrow.BillandEric,ourneighbors,aregoingtoDisneylandtomorrow.5.Therearesomethingswecan’tcontrolandwemustfacethefact.Wemustfacethefactthattherearesomethingswecan’tcontrol.,6.Isuggestedthatweshouldsharethecostbuttheydidn’tlikethat.Theydidn’tlikemysuggestionthatweshouldsharethecost.7.TheCaliforniacoastlineisthelongestofallthestatesanditisanationaltreasureoftheUSA.TheCaliforniacoastline,thelongestofallthestates,isanationaltreasureoftheUSA.,III.閱讀下面材料,在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。,Istheideaofprintingbodypartsscience-fiction?Research1.__________(be)underwayforyearsandisstartingtopay2.______.Theprincipleofthetypeofprinterisalmostthesameasanormalprinterbutinsteadofinkitusesamixtureofgelatin(明膠)andlivingcells3._________(build)biologicalstructures.Ifthe“ink”contains,tobuild,hasbeen,off,humanembryonicstemcells(hESCs),the3-Dtissuecouldthendevelopintoahumanorgansuchasakidneyorheart.hESCs4.__________(obtain)fromhumanembryos.Theydiffer5._______othercellsinthattheycandevelopintoanycelltypeinanadultperson.Theyareidealforuseinreplacing,repairing,orregeneratingcells,tissue,ororgans6.__________areinpoorcondition.Theycanbeplacedinasolution,that/which,areobtained,from,thatcontainsbiological7.____________(instruct)thattellthemtodevelopintotissuetypes.Theprocessstartswiththecells8.________(form)embryoidbodies.Bio-printerscanproduceembryoidbodiesofthe9.________(desire)sizeandshape.Bio-printerscould10.________(short)beusedtomake3-Dtissuefortestingnewdrugs,growingorgansorevenprintingcellsinsidethebody.,shortly,instructions,forming,desired,