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. 感染相關(guān)英文詞匯小結(jié) G+（1肺炎球菌感染） . 1. Gram-Positive Bacteria 革蘭陽性菌 2. micrococci 微球菌 3. Louis Pasteur 路易斯，巴斯德 4. etiology of pneumonia 肺炎的病因?qū)W 5. Etiologic agent 病因?qū)W微生物 6. Streptococcus 鏈球菌 7. cell division occurs along a single axis 細(xì)胞分裂沿單一軸進(jìn)行 8. grow in chains or pairs 成鏈或成對生長 9. hemolytic properties 溶血特性 10. S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae） 肺炎鏈球菌 11. α-hemolytic group α溶血組 12. blood agar 血培養(yǎng)皿 13.characteristically produces a greenish color 特征綠色 14. reduction of iron in hemoglobin 還原血紅蛋白中的鐵 15. fastidious 苛養(yǎng)（菌） 16. mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies 粘液狀克?。ü饣?金屬色） 17. Pneumococci without a capsule 無夾膜的肺炎球菌 18. colonies with a rough surface 克隆表面粗糙 19. optochin (ethyl hydrocuprein hydrochloride) 奧普托欣試驗（） 20. bile soluble 在膽汁中溶解 21. a polysaccharide capsule 多糖夾膜 22. serogroups/serotypes 血清群/血清型 23. rabbit polyclonal antisera 兔多克隆抗血清 24. the Quellung reaction Quellung反應(yīng)：在特定抗血清處理下，夾膜腫脹 25. phagocytosis 吞噬作用 26. determinant of pneumococcal virulence 毒力的決定因素 27. Unencapsulated variants 無夾膜的變種 28. invasive disease. 侵襲性疾病 29. host defense mechanisms 宿主防御系統(tǒng) 30. Pneumolysin 肺炎球菌溶血素 31. cytolysis of cells and tissues 細(xì)胞和組織的溶解 32. cell wall proteins 細(xì)胞壁蛋白 33. complement pathway 補體系統(tǒng) 34. complement deposition 補體沉積 35.preventing lysis an/or opsonophagocytosis 防止溶解和補體發(fā)揮調(diào)理作用 36. The pneumococcal H inhibitor (Hic) 肺炎球菌H抑制體 37. impedes the formation of C3 convertase 抑制C3轉(zhuǎn)話體的形成 38. pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) 肺炎球菌表面蛋白C 39. choline-binding protein A (CbpA) 膽堿結(jié)合蛋白A 40.surface-anchored sialidase (neuraminidase) NanA 表面錨定唾液酸酶（唾液酸苷酶） 41. sialic acid 唾液酸 42. pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) 肺炎球菌表面粘合分子 43. potential vaccine candidates 潛在的疫苗靶點 44. Molecular typing 分子型 45. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis 脈沖凝膠電泳 46. genetic relatedness 基因相關(guān)性 46. superseded by sequencing of housekeeping genes 管家基因測序已取代（電泳） 47. multilocus sequence typing, MLST 多位點序列分型 48.pneumococcal MLST Web site ( http://spneumoniae.mlst.net/) 肺球菌多位點分型查詢 49. whole-genome sequencing will soon supersede MLST 全基因組測序不久將替代MLST 50. routine childhood administration of pneumococcal polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccine (PCV) 幼年期常規(guī)注射肺球菌多糖蛋白結(jié)合物疫苗 51. secular trends 長期趨勢 52. epidemiologic features 流行病學(xué)特征 53. serotype distribution 血清學(xué)分布 54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normally sterile site) 侵襲性肺炎球菌?。ㄍǔｓw內(nèi)無菌出現(xiàn)感染） 55. disease burden 疾病負(fù)擔(dān) 56. military barracks 軍營 57.intermittent inhabitants of the healthy human nasopharynx 正常人鼻咽腔的間斷定植菌 58. respiratory droplets 呼吸道飛沫 59. socioeconomic status 社會經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況 60.major vectors of pneumococcal transmission 主要的肺鏈球菌傳播者 61. Cross-sectional prevalence data 橫斷面發(fā)病率數(shù)據(jù) 62. high rates of colonization 高定植率 63. community transmission dynamics 社區(qū)傳播動力學(xué) 64. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 腦脊液 65. aspiration of pneumococci 吸入肺球菌 66. a positive blood culture 血培養(yǎng)陽性 67. routine pediatric vaccination schedule 常規(guī)幼兒疫苗接種計劃 68. pneumococcal pneumonia 肺炎球菌肺炎 69.bacteremia 菌血癥 70. a definitive etiologic diagnosis 病原學(xué)診斷明確 71. radiographically confirmed pneumonia 影像學(xué)確診的肺炎 72. clinically diagnosed pneumonia 臨床確診的肺炎 73. The case-fatality ratios (CFRs) 病死率 74. underlying medical condition 基礎(chǔ)疾病 75. access to care 治療情況 76. severity of disease at presentation 起病時病情的嚴(yán)重程度 77. hospitalized patients 住院患者 78. appropriate and timely management is available 適當(dāng)及時的治療 79. the first 24 h of hospitalization 住院后24h 80. rapidly progressive cascade of events 快速進(jìn)展 81. irrespective of antibiotic administration 與抗菌藥物應(yīng)用無關(guān) 82. temperate climate 溫帶氣候 83. ethnic group 民族 84. crowded settings 擁擠的環(huán)境 85. susceptible individuals 易感人群 86. preceding viral respiratory disease (especially but not exclusively influenza) 曾患呼吸系統(tǒng)疾?。ㄓ绕涞幌抻诹鞲校? 87. secondary pneumococcal infections 繼發(fā)的肺炎球菌感染 88. seasonal and pandemic influenza 季節(jié)性、流行性感冒 89. Reduced pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin 肺炎球菌對青霉素敏感性下降 90. prevalence of pneumococcal isolates resistant to single or multiple classes of antibiotics 分離出的肺炎球菌對一種或多種抗菌藥物耐藥的趨勢明顯 91. minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) 最小抑菌濃度 92. rising absolute magnitude 絕對值提高 93. penicillin G 青霉素G 94. cefotaxime 頭孢噻肟（3nd） 95. ceftriaxone 頭孢曲松 96. macrolides 大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類 97. difficult-to-treat infections 難治性感染 98. pneumococcal antimicrobial nonsusceptibility 肺炎球菌抗菌藥物耐藥問題 99. mucosal surfaces 膜狀表面 100. otitis media 中耳炎 101. pneumonia 肺炎 102. distant sites: brain 遠(yuǎn)處播散 103. joint 關(guān)節(jié) 104. bones 骨骼 105. peritoneal cavity 腹腔 106. pneumococcal meningitis 肺炎球菌性腦膜炎 107. secondary to hematogenous spread 繼發(fā)于血流感染 108. flow of mucus 粘液的流動 109. avoid local immune factors 逃避免疫因子 110. leukocytes 白細(xì)胞 111. complement 補體 112. cilia 纖毛（cilium的名詞復(fù)數(shù)） 113. mucociliary escalator 纖毛的活動 114. mechanical clearance of pneumococci 機(jī)械清除肺炎球菌 115. colonization episodes 定植的時間 116. persistent colonization 長期定植 117. development of capsule-specific serum IgG （導(dǎo)致）夾膜特異性血清IgG抗體 118. Intercurrent viral infections 并發(fā)的病毒感染 119. Local cytokine production 局部細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生 120. upregulate adhesion factors 上調(diào)粘附因子 121. peptidoglycans 肽葡聚糖 122. teichoic acids 磷壁酸 123. interleukin I and IL-6 白介素-1和白介素-6 124. tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 腫瘤壞死因子 125. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes 多形核白細(xì)胞 126. innate immune factors 固有防御因子 127. splenic function 腎功能 128. cough reflex 咳嗽反射 129. C-reactive protein (CRP) C反應(yīng)蛋白 130. phosphorylcholine 磷脂膽堿 131. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) Toll樣受體2 132. lipoteichoic acid 脂膜酸 133. cell wall peptidoglycan 細(xì)胞壁肽聚糖 134. cystic fibrosis 囊腫性纖維化 135. bronchiectasis 支氣管擴(kuò)張 136. sickle cell disease 鐮狀細(xì)胞（貧血）病 137. cross-reactive antigens 交叉反應(yīng)抗原 138. T cell–independent antigens 不依賴T細(xì)胞的抗原 136. delayed ontogeny （兒童）個體（B細(xì)胞防御系統(tǒng)）發(fā)育慢 137. agammaglobulinemia 丙種球蛋白缺乏 138. chemically distinct （夾膜）化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)不同 139. serotype specific 血清型特異性抗體 140. pathognomonic presentation of pneumococcal disease 肺炎球菌疾病的特征表現(xiàn) 141. self-limited 自限性疾病 142. life-threatening 危及生命的 143. differential diagnosis 鑒別診斷 144. convulsions 抽搐 145. tachypnea(>30 breaths/min) 呼吸急促 146. defined according to specific age strata 根據(jù)特殊的年齡分層確定 147. lower chest wall indrawing 下胸壁凹陷 148. noninvasive or invasive infection 侵襲性或非侵襲性感染 149. contiguous spread 臨近組織器官傳播 150. infection of a normally sterile body fluid 無菌體液區(qū)感染 151. Pneumonia（invasive with a positive blood culture） 肺炎（血培養(yǎng)陽性考慮為侵襲性） 152. a mild community-acquired infection 輕度社區(qū)獲得性感染 153. intubation 插管治療 154. at the outset 起病時 155. a viral upper respiratory infection 上呼吸道病毒感染 156. abrupt onset of cough and dyspnea 急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困難 157. fever 發(fā)熱 159. shaking chills 寒戰(zhàn) 158. myalgias 肌肉疼痛 160. nonpurulent 無膿性 161. purulent 有膿的 162. tinged with blood 痰中帶血 163. stabbing pleuritic chest pain 胸肋膜刺痛 164. parietal pleura 胸膜壁層 165. tachycardia 心動過速 166. dullness 沉悶 167. percussion 觸診法 168. consolidation 實性病變 169. crackles 噼啪聲 170. auscultation 聽診 171. Pleural rub 胸膜摩擦音 172. cyanosis 蒼白 173. nasal flaring 鼻翼煽動 174. diaphragmatic pleura 胸膈膜 175. upper abdominal pain 上腹疼痛 176. myocardial infarction 心肌梗死 177. heart failure with atypical pulmonary edema 心力衰竭伴不典型肺水腫 178. cardiac conditions 心臟疾病 179. pulmonary conditions 肺部疾病 180. atelectasis 肺不張 181. mycoplasmas 支原體 182.etiologic diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia 肺炎球菌肺炎的病原學(xué)診斷 183. pathologic examination of lung tissue 肺組織的病理學(xué)檢查 184. In lieu of 代替 185. an infiltrate on chest radiography 胸部影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)滲出 186. lobar or segmental consolidation 大葉性或節(jié)段性實變 187. patchy 分散不均的 188. pleural effusion 胸腔積液 189. empyema 膿胸 190. round pneumonia 圓形肺炎（http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=wuFa5cMxt56xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95SchnzWjqCqu1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXKQmidweX3yeRVMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0JxTffQ7） 191. Urinary pneumococcal antigen assays 泌尿系統(tǒng)肺炎球菌抗原檢驗 192. culture of sputum 痰培養(yǎng) 193. Parapneumonic effusions 并發(fā)于肺炎的胸腔積液 194. aggressive and complete drainage 充分引流 195. pyogenic condition 化膿性疾病 196. skull fracture 頭顱骨折 197. gradual-onset headache 逐漸出現(xiàn)的頭痛 198. stiff neck 頸僵 200. photophobia 畏光 201.altered consciousness 意識狀態(tài)變化 202. seizures 癲癇 203. bradycardia 心動過緩 204. increased intracranial pressure 顱內(nèi)壓升高 206. Kernig’s or Brudzinski’s sign Kernig征、Brudzinski征 207. cranial nerve palsies(3rd and 6th cranial nerves) 顱神經(jīng)麻痹（3、6腦神經(jīng)） 208. examination of CSF 腦脊液檢查 209. evidence of turbidity (visual inspection) 濁度（肉眼檢查） 210. elevated protein level, elevated white blood cell count, and reduced glucose concentration (quantitative measurement) 蛋白、白細(xì)胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定量檢查） 211. specific identification of the etiologic agent (culture, Gram’s staining, antigen testing, or PCR) 病原鑒定（培養(yǎng)，革蘭染色，抗原鑒定，PCR） 212. in conjunction with 同時伴隨 213. deafness 耳聾 214. hydrocephalus 腦水腫 215 mental retardation. 智力遲鈍 216. diffuse brain swelling 彌漫性腦水腫 217. subarachnoid bleeding 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血 218. cerebrovascular complications 腦血管并發(fā)癥 219. bacteremia 菌血癥 220. osteomyelitis 骨髓炎 221. septic arthritis 膿毒性關(guān)節(jié)炎 222. endocarditis 心內(nèi)膜炎 223. pericarditis 心包炎 224. peritonitis 腹膜炎 225. sinusitis 鼻竇炎 226. otitis media 中耳炎 227. tinnitus 耳鳴 228. upper respiratory tract infection 上呼吸道感染 229. bulging tympanic membrane 鼓膜突出 230. reduced movement on insufflation or tympanography 注氣法或鼓室造影法顯示活動減少 231. facial pain 面部疼痛 232. congestion 充血 233. persistent nighttime cough 持續(xù)夜間咳嗽 234. aspiration and culture of sinus material 鼻竇分泌物吸出及培養(yǎng) 235. parenteral penicillin G 靜脈給予青霉素G 236. the drug of choice for disease 首選藥物 237. 50,000 U/kg for minor infections to 300,000 U/kg for meningitis 輕度感染：50,000U/kg 腦膜炎：300,000U/kg 238. parenteral β-lactam drugs 靜脈給予β內(nèi)酰胺類藥物 239. ampicillin 阿莫西林 240. cefuroxime 頭孢呋辛 241. penicillin-susceptible strains 青霉素敏感的菌株 242. offer little advantage over penicillin 與青霉素相比，沒有特殊優(yōu)勢 243. Macrolides and cephalosporins 大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類和頭孢菌素類 244. alternatives for penicillin-allergic patients 青霉素過敏患者的替代藥物 245. clindamycin 克林霉素 246.tetracycline 四環(huán)素 247.trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 甲氧芐啶-磺胺甲氧異惡唑 248. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci 耐青霉素的肺炎球菌 249. tetracycline-, fluoroquinolone-and macrolide-resistant strains 四環(huán)素耐藥，氟喹諾酮類耐藥，大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類耐藥的菌株 250. Multidrug-resistant strains 多重耐藥菌 251. alteration of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes 青霉素結(jié)合蛋白基因的改變 252. transformation and horizontal transfer of DNA from related streptococcal species 基因轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)以及從鏈球菌傳遞的DNA 253. lower affinity for penicillins 與青霉素的親和力下降 254. specific PBP(s) and the number of PBPs altered 根據(jù)PBPs改變的類型和數(shù)量 255. level of resistance ranges from intermediate to high 耐藥的程度分為中介耐藥和高度耐藥 256. penicillin susceptibility breakpoints 青霉素敏感性折點 257. susceptible≤0.06 μg/mL; intermediate, 0.12–1.0 μg/mL; resistant≥2.0 μg/mL 敏感≤0.06 μg/mL，中介0.12–1.0 μg/mL；耐藥≥2.0 μg/mL 258. were not predictive of the response of 可以預(yù)測用藥反應(yīng) 259. revised penicillin G breakpoints 修正的青霉素G折點 260.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 臨床與實驗室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)會 260. The use of antibiotics selects for resistant pneumococci 抗生素的使用造成了耐藥肺炎球菌的出現(xiàn) 261. MICs of ≥0.12 μg/mL indicate resistance（meningitis） MIC大于0.12g/mL意味著耐藥（腦膜炎） 262. the breakpoints are ≤2 μg/mL for susceptible organisms, 4 μg/mL for intermediate organisms, and ≥ 8 μg/mL for resistant organisms（nonmeningitis） 敏感菌≤2 μg/mL 中介4 μg/mL 耐藥≥ 8 μg/mL （非腦膜炎感染） 263. the Infectious Diseases Society of America 美國傳染病協(xié)會 264.American Thoracic Society 美國胸科學(xué)會 265.the British Thoracic Society 英國胸科學(xué)會 266.the European Respiratory Society 歐洲呼吸協(xié)會 267. vancomycin 萬古霉素 268. rifampin 利福平 269. lumbar puncture 腰椎穿刺 270. dexamethasone 地塞米松 271. compromising clinical evaluation 影響臨床判斷 272. isolate 分離菌 273. advocate the use of glucocorticoids 建議加入糖皮質(zhì)激素 274. not universally considered the standard of care 并未公認(rèn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案 275. neurologic sequelae 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥 276. doses 8 h apart Q8h 277. severe β-lactam hypersensitivity 對β內(nèi)酰胺類藥物嚴(yán)重過敏 278. outpatient management 門診治療 279. high-dose amoxicillin 高劑量阿莫西林 280. afebrile 不發(fā)熱的 281. Acute Otitis Media 急性中耳炎 282. nonsevere illness 非緊急疾病 283. an uncertain diagnosis 診斷不明確 284. a 10-day course 療程10天 285. should be commenced 應(yīng)開始使用藥物 286. myringotomy 鼓膜切開術(shù) 287. tympanocentesis 鼓膜穿刺術(shù) 288. obtain samples for culture 取材培養(yǎng) 289. vaccination against S. pneumoniae and influenza viruses 肺炎鏈球菌和流感病毒疫苗 290. prevention of antibiotic overuse 預(yù)防抗生素濫用 291. fuels pneumococcal resistance 加劇肺炎球菌耐藥 292. Capsular polysaccharide vaccines 夾膜多糖疫苗 293. Polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccines 多糖蛋白結(jié)合物疫苗 參考資料：1.American Academy of Pediatrics RED BOOK.The report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases: http://aapredbook. aappublications.org 2. Pneumococcal Regional Serotype Distribution for Pneumococcal AMC TPP:www.gavialliance.org/library/documents/amc/tpp-codebook/