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gkxx精品課件,Unit 1 Getting along with others,Grammar,gkxx精品課件,Unit 1 Module 5,Grammar and usage To-infinitive and Verb-ing form as a noun,gkxx精品課件,Part 1 To-infinitive,gkxx精品課件,1. to do as a subject The cat said, “to take roller coaster is terrible ”.,The cat said, “It’s terrible to take roller coaster.”,gkxx精品課件,How long did it take you to take roller coaster? How terrible it is to take roller coaster!,不定式短語作主語時(shí), 可以直接放在句首, 但在很多情況下, 尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中, 往往放在謂語之后, 而用先行代詞it作形式主語。,gkxx精品課件,It作形式主語,不定式作真主語常見句型:,It’s my duty to teach you how to learn English well. It requires patience to be a good teacher.,a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult…) + 不定式,gkxx精品課件,b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame…) + 不定式 c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式,gkxx精品課件,2. to do as a predictive,Our most important task now is to make a plan.,當(dāng)句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時(shí)，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含內(nèi)容。,gkxx精品課件,注: 作表語的不定式都帶to, 但當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí), to可以省略。,Now the only thing we can do is wait.,gkxx精品課件,當(dāng)不定式充當(dāng)表語的時(shí)候, 表示具體動(dòng)作或是將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如: 1. My wish is to be a doctor. 2. What she wants to do is to tell you a secret. 3. His plan is to go abroad and continue his studies.,gkxx精品課件,PS: 動(dòng)名詞和不定式同樣都可以充當(dāng)表語,兩者的區(qū)別在于不定式表達(dá)是具體或是將來發(fā)生動(dòng)作，而動(dòng)名詞則表示抽象的一般行為。 1. His job is delivering the letters to their destinations. 2. My job is to look after the sister when Mom is cooking.,gkxx精品課件,3. To do as an object The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!” (Tips:不定式否定為not to),可以直接用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞很多, 如agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish,gkxx精品課件,2005年天津卷12題：I don’t want ___ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded,gkxx精品課件,當(dāng)不定式短語比賓補(bǔ)長(zhǎng)時(shí), 往往將 不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后, 而用先行代詞it 作形式賓語, 常用動(dòng)詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。 The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.,gkxx精品課件,b) 只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to，但如果but或except所在句子里的謂語動(dòng)詞含有do, does, did時(shí)，通常省略to。,We have no choice but to wait. Cf. We can do nothing but wait.,gkxx精品課件,4. to do as an object complement You should get them to help you. (They will help you.),(常用謂語動(dòng)詞有: get, ask, force, order, tell, invite, allow, wish, want, like, expect, advise, beg, cause, persuade, teach, warn, hate, permit,forbid, encourage等。),gkxx精品課件,通常這樣的動(dòng)詞用在以下的結(jié)構(gòu)里: Verb +sb/sth + to do sth,gkxx精品課件,The boss made her work long hours. 主語 謂語 賓語 賓補(bǔ),She 主語,was made 謂語,to work 主補(bǔ),long hours (by her boss).,,,,gkxx精品課件,2005全國(guó)卷(I)No.18 While watching television, ______. A. The doorbell rang B. The doorbell rings C. We heard the doorbell ring D. We heard the doorbell rings,gkxx精品課件,2005福建卷No.23 If anyone happens to drop in while I’m out, _____ him or her leave a message. A. have B. get C. ask D.tell,gkxx精品課件,Tips:有些動(dòng)詞后面須接不帶to 的不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語, 常用的動(dòng)詞有:,make, let, have, see; hear, watch, notice, feel; look at, listen to; help, observe 等,,但是句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后, 不定式成為句子的主語補(bǔ)足語, 需帶to。,gkxx精品課件,I would rather ___ (go) swimming. You had better ____ (tidy) your bedroom. Why not ____ (visit) your cousin in Japan?,Tips:有些句型后面須接不帶to的不定式。,go,tidy,visit,gkxx精品課件,She told me _____ (be) cheerful and _____ (look) on the bright side. We had nothing _____ (do) but _____ (watch) TV.,Tips: 當(dāng)兩個(gè)不定式and, or, expect, but, than或rather than連接起來時(shí)， 第二個(gè)不定式符號(hào)省略。,to be,look,to do,watch,gkxx精品課件,5. to do as an attributive,He has not kept his promise _________ (write) to his parents regularly. She made a decision ______(go) abroad for a year.,不定式可以在句子充當(dāng)后置定語, 修飾名詞。以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語:,gkxx精品課件,① 能帶不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞, 其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語。常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等,His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.,gkxx精品課件,② 常與不定式搭配的形容詞, 其同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。 常見的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等 She was the only person to survive after the earthquake. ③ 序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí)或被only, last, next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。,gkxx精品課件,He’s always the first to come and the last to leave. (=The first comes and the last leaves.)(主謂關(guān)系) I have no time to listen to your excuse. (同位關(guān)系) She has a meeting to attend. (=attend a meeting) There’s nothing to worry about. (=worry about nothing)(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系),gkxx精品課件,Tips: 不定式在作定語時(shí), 有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系, 如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞, 它后面需要加上適當(dāng)介詞。,gkxx精品課件,6. to do as an adverbial不定式可以作狀語, 表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。,2005年遼寧卷22題：All these gifts must be mailed immediately __ in time for Christmas. A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving,gkxx精品課件,① so as to (不能放句首), to, in order to作目的狀語,He hurried to the station only ___ that the train had gone. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found,② 在so…as to, such…as to, only to …結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作結(jié)果狀語, 其中only to…用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。,gkxx精品課件,The boy isn’t old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school. ③ enough to, too…to結(jié)構(gòu),gkxx精品課件,I am glad to meet you. ④ 形容詞(glad, happy, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等)+ 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語 To tell you the truth, I hate you.,gkxx精品課件,7. 作插入語, 用來說明說話人的態(tài)度、看法、對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行解釋, 如to be frank/honest(坦白地說), to be sure(確實(shí)), to make the matter worse(更糟糕的是)等。 The order to start the general attack soon came.,gkxx精品課件,8. 作同位語 不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式 Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in. ① 不定式的進(jìn)行式：to be + V-ing, 用來表示謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。,gkxx精品課件,2005年江蘇卷No.25 --- Is Bob still performing? --- I’m afraid not. He is said __ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left,② 不定式完成式: to have + V-ed構(gòu)成, 用來表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。,gkxx精品課件,2006年四川卷No.26 The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ___ in Beijing in 2008. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held,The book is said to have been translated into many languages.,gkxx精品課件,當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 不定式要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 ③ 不定式的被動(dòng)式分為一般式被動(dòng)to be V-ed和完成式被動(dòng)to have been V-ed,gkxx精品課件,The question is difficult to answer. He is hard to get along with. Tips:當(dāng)句式為:主語+be+adj.+to do時(shí),且to do的邏輯賓語是句子主語時(shí), to do不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。,gkxx精品課件,表 語,主 語,賓 語,,不定式,賓語補(bǔ)足語,定 語,狀 語,gkxx精品課件,Part 2 Verb-ing form as a noun,gkxx精品課件,1. 動(dòng)名詞的句法功能: 動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞加ing構(gòu)成, 與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。動(dòng)名詞主要起名詞作用, 在句中擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓語和定語。,Seeing is believing. (眼見為實(shí)),Collecting stamps is a good hobby.,gkxx精品課件,① 作主語, 可以直接放在句首, 但在某些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中也可以用先行代詞it作為形式主語, 而把動(dòng)名詞后置, 如:,It is no use (good) + 動(dòng)名詞: 做某事沒用(不好) It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水難收) It’s no good smoking in public.,gkxx精品課件,His hobby is collecting stamps. 可改為: Collecting stamps is his hobby. Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)，此句為SVO結(jié)構(gòu)) 不能改為: Collecting stamps is he. ② 作表語: 通常是說明主語的內(nèi)容, 注 意它與謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別,gkxx精品課件,,2006年北京卷No.35. I can’t stand __ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses __ talking while she works. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. To work; to stop,gkxx精品課件,2005年上海卷No.32 He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he could not risk ____ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost,gkxx精品課件,,2006年江蘇卷N0.32 --- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. --- My goodness! I can’t imagine __ that old. A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been,gkxx精品課件,③作賓語 A. 作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語 (stand, admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practise, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, escape, miss, risk, deny, allow, forbid等),gkxx精品課件,I like swimming but I don’t like to swim in winter. I prefer to drive rather than to be driven. I prefer driving to riding.,,gkxx精品課件,Tips:有些動(dòng)詞 (continue, prefer,begin, hate, like, start, love)后面既可以接不定式作賓語，也可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語, 意義差別不大。通常認(rèn)為用動(dòng)名詞泛指一般的傾向性, 用不定式則表示特定或具體某一種動(dòng)作。,gkxx精品課件,,,2005年北京卷No.30 When asked by police, he said that he remembered ____ at he party, but not ___. A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave,gkxx精品課件,有些動(dòng)詞, 如forget, remember, regret等, 后面接動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作，不定式表示的動(dòng)作后于謂語動(dòng)詞。,gkxx精品課件,B. 作介詞的賓語,2005年浙江卷No.3 The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without ______ his notes. A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on,gkxx精品課件,be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做; look forward to doing 盼望做; devote one’s life to doing 致力于做; spend time (in) doing 花時(shí)間做; be fond of doing 喜愛做; be good at doing 擅長(zhǎng)做; be proud of doing 為做…而自豪; be tired of doing 對(duì)做…感到厭倦; feel like doing 欲想做; lead to導(dǎo)致; insist on堅(jiān)持要做; object反對(duì); succeed/be successful in 成功地做了,gkxx精品課件,go on doing 繼續(xù)做(原來的事); keep on doing 不停地做; what about doing 做…怎么樣; think of doing 考慮做; be interested in doing 對(duì)做…感興趣; have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困難; be busy (in) doing 忙于做; instead of doing 做…而不做…,,,,gkxx精品課件,2005年江蘇卷No.23 Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ___ jokes. A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up,gkxx精品課件,④ 作定語,動(dòng)名詞可作前置定語, 表示所修飾的詞的用途或目的, 可用for改寫;而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí), 可用定語從句改寫。,swimming pool, waiting room, walking stick a sleeping car =a car for sleeping a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping,gkxx精品課件,,That’s the queen’s full-time job, laying eggs. ⑤ 作同位語 這就是蟻后的專職工作——產(chǎn)卵。 2. 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語 Do you mind my smoking here?,gkxx精品課件,① 人稱代詞做邏輯主語時(shí)應(yīng)用所有格, 即形容詞性物主代詞。 He was awakened by someone knocking at the door. There’s no need for that being done. ② 邏輯主語是不定代詞或指示代詞時(shí), 很少用所有格, 而用普通格。,gkxx精品課件,③ 邏輯主語是名詞時(shí), 用所有格, 但是如果名詞為無生命物體時(shí)，則用普通格。,Mary’s laughing made Tom angry.,There is no hope of the factory making profit.,,gkxx精品課件,④ 在口語中, 動(dòng)名詞如果不在句首，可以用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格作邏輯主語。,2005年安徽卷 No.34 I really can’t understand ___ her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating,gkxx精品課件,3. 動(dòng)名詞的完成式(having done)、一般式被動(dòng)(being done)和完成式被動(dòng)(having been done)。,After having finished his work, he went home. He attended the meeting without being asked. She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.,,gkxx精品課件,表語,主語,賓語,,動(dòng)名詞,定語,gkxx精品課件,高考鏈接 1. I have a very important meeting to attend. (P8) [考點(diǎn)] 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語。 [考例] The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ____ in Beijing in 2008. （四川2006） hold B. holding C. held D. to be held,gkxx精品課件,[點(diǎn)撥] 選D。根據(jù)in 2008可知要用表將來的時(shí)態(tài)；the 29th Olympic Games和hold之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故答案應(yīng)選D。動(dòng)詞不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)作后置定語，表示將來和被動(dòng)兩重含義。,gkxx精品課件,2. Although I have fun with my online friends, I know that my real friends are more important than my online friends.(P11) [考點(diǎn)] although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，意為“雖然……；盡管……”。,gkxx精品課件,[考例] ____ he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience. （2006全國(guó)卷Ⅰ） A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although [點(diǎn)撥] 選D。although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“雖然……”，本句句意為：雖然這位老工人在技術(shù)知識(shí)方面很有限，但他有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。上下句子為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。其他幾個(gè)連詞since（既然……），unless（除非），as（當(dāng)……時(shí)；因?yàn)椤┰诖伺c句子的邏輯意義不符。,gkxx精品課件,3. We will listen to your problems and offer you practical advice.(P13) [考點(diǎn)] practical 可行的，實(shí)用的。 [考例] When we plan our vacation, Mother often offers _____ suggestions. （2004全國(guó)卷 Ⅲ） careful B. practical C. effective D. acceptable,gkxx精品課件,[點(diǎn)撥] 選B。careful細(xì)心的；practical可行的，實(shí)用的；effective有效的，生效的；acceptable可接受的。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選B。,gkxx精品課件,4. We won’t tell anyone about your call unless you want us to. (P13) [考點(diǎn)] unless 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為“如果不，除非”。 [考例] ____ you’ve tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is. (北京2006) Unless B. Because C. Although D. When,gkxx精品課件,[點(diǎn)撥] 選A。unless 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，表示“除非”。句意為：你很難想象它有多么快樂，除非你試過。because因?yàn)椋籥lthough盡管；when當(dāng)……時(shí)。,gkxx精品課件,1. Last Sunday morning I set out early to call for Joan, only ____ her seriously ill in bed. A. finding B. found C. to find D. find,拓展應(yīng)用,gkxx精品課件,2. --- The housework is too much for me, Jack. --- Sorry, but I can’t help ____ it, Joan, I’ve got something important to do, you know. A. do B. doing C. to be doing D. having done,gkxx精品課件,3. --- What do you expect me to? --- The house needs ____. A. painted B. painting C. being painted D. to paint,4. Though the little boy didn’t admit, he was caught ___ in the shop. A. to steal B. stealing C. steal D. stole,gkxx精品課件,5. When I returned, mother happened _____ in the kitchen. A. to be cooking B. to cook C. to have cooked D. to be cooked,gkxx精品課件,6. ___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 7. The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to ___ our studies. A. get down to B. get out C. get back for D. get over,D,A,gkxx精品課件,8. The chairman thought ___ necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting. A. That B. it C. this D. him,B,gkxx精品課件,9. Last summer I took a course on ____. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made,A,gkxx精品課件,10. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _____. A. It what to do with B. what to do it with C. What to do with it D. to do what with it,C,同學(xué)們,來學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,同學(xué)們,來學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,