419 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床
419 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床,普通,鉆床,改造
普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床1目 錄目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………1中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………………………2ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………2第 1 章 緒綸……………………………………………………………………………………………31. 1 多 軸 加 工 應(yīng) …………………………………………………………………………………31. 2 多 軸 加 工 的 設(shè) 備 ……………………………………………………………………………41. 3 多 軸 加 工 的 趨 勢(shì) ……………………………………………………………………………5第 2 章 普 通 鉆 床 改 為 多 軸 鉆 床 ……………………………………………………………………62. 1 生 產(chǎn) 任 務(wù) ……………………………………………………………………………………62.2 普通立式鉆的選型……………………………………………………………………………6第 3 章 多 軸 齒 輪 傳 動(dòng) 箱 的 設(shè) 計(jì) ………………………………………………………………………73.1 設(shè) 計(jì) 前 的 準(zhǔn) 備 …………………………………………………………………………………7普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床2第 4 章 多 軸 箱 的 結(jié) 構(gòu) 設(shè) 計(jì) 與 零 部 件 圖 的 繪 制 ………………………………………144.1 箱 蓋 、 箱 體 和 中 間 板 結(jié)構(gòu) …………………………………………………………………144.2 多 軸 箱 軸 的 設(shè) 計(jì) ...................... .......... .......... ....................................144.3 軸 坐 標(biāo) 計(jì)算 ………………………………………………………………………30第 5 章 導(dǎo) 向 裝 置 的 設(shè)計(jì) …………………………………………………………………31第 6 章 接 桿 刀 具 …………………………………………………………………………31外 文 文 獻(xiàn) ………………………………………………………………………………………………31總 結(jié) ………………………………………………………………………………………36鳴 謝 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………37參 考 文 獻(xiàn) ………………………………………………………………………………………………37中文摘要本設(shè)計(jì)是關(guān)于普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床的設(shè)計(jì)。普通鉆床為單軸機(jī)床,但安裝上多軸箱就會(huì)成為多軸的鉆床,改造成多軸鉆床后,能大大地縮短加工時(shí)間,提高生產(chǎn)效率。因此本設(shè)計(jì)的重點(diǎn)是多軸箱的設(shè)計(jì),設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容包括齒輪分布與選用、軸的設(shè)計(jì)、多軸箱的選用、導(dǎo)向裝置設(shè)計(jì)等。關(guān)鍵詞: 多軸鉆床;生產(chǎn)效率;多軸箱AbstractThe design is about reconstructing the ordinary drill to a multiple drill. The ordinary drill is a single drill. It will improve its productive efficiency, shorten its processing time if assembled a multiple spindle case on. That so calls a multiple drill. Hereby, the keystone of this design paper is how to design 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床3a multiple spindle heads. The design subjects include the selection and distribution of gear wheel, the design of spindle, and the guiding equipment and selection of the multiple spindle heads, etc.Key words: multiple drill; productive efficiency; multiple spindle heads普通鉆床該為多軸鉆床專業(yè):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化, 學(xué)號(hào):2000121316, 姓名:梁顯垣指導(dǎo)教師:劉杰華,招惠玲,陳敏華第 1 章 緒論1.1 多軸加工應(yīng)用據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),一般在車間中普通機(jī)床的平均切削時(shí)間很少超過全部工作時(shí)間的 15%。其余時(shí)間是看圖、裝卸工件、調(diào)換刀具、操作機(jī)床、測(cè)量 以及清除鐵屑等等。使用數(shù)控機(jī)床雖然能提高 85%,但購置費(fèi)用大。某些情況下,即使生產(chǎn)率高,但加工相同的零件,其成本不一定比普通機(jī)床低。故必須更多地縮短加工時(shí)間。不同的加工方法有不同的特點(diǎn),就鉆削加工而言,多軸加工是一種通過少量投資來提高生產(chǎn)率的有效措施。普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床41.1.1 多軸加工優(yōu)勢(shì)雖然不可調(diào)式多軸頭在自動(dòng)線中早有應(yīng)用,但只局限于大批量生產(chǎn)。即使采用可調(diào)式多軸頭擴(kuò)大了使用范圍,仍然遠(yuǎn)不能滿足批量小、孔型復(fù)雜的要求。尤其隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展,大型復(fù)雜的多軸加工更是引人注目。例如原子能發(fā)電站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有 15000 個(gè) ψ20 孔,若以搖臂鉆床加工,單單鉆孔與锪沉頭孔就要 842.5 小時(shí),另外還要?jiǎng)澗€工時(shí) 151.1 小時(shí)。但若以數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床加工,鉆锪孔只要 171.6 小時(shí),劃線也簡(jiǎn)單,只要 1.9 小時(shí)。因此,利用數(shù)控控制的二個(gè)坐標(biāo)軸,使刀具正確地對(duì)準(zhǔn)加工位置,結(jié)合多軸加工不但可以擴(kuò)大加工范圍,而且在提高精度的基礎(chǔ)上還能大大地提高工效,迅速地制造出原來不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油機(jī) 30 種箱形與桿形零件的 2000 多個(gè)鉆孔操作中,有 40%可以在自動(dòng)更換主軸箱機(jī)床中用二軸、三軸或四軸多軸頭加工,平均可減少 20%的加工時(shí)間。 1975 年法國巴黎機(jī)床展覽會(huì)也反映了多軸加工的使用愈來愈多這一趨勢(shì)。1.2 多軸加工的設(shè)備多軸加工是在一次進(jìn)給中同時(shí)加工許多孔或同時(shí)在許多相同或不同工件上各加工一個(gè)孔。這不僅縮短切削時(shí)間,提高精度,減少裝夾或定位時(shí)間,并且在數(shù)控機(jī)床中不必計(jì)算坐標(biāo),減少字塊數(shù)而簡(jiǎn)化編程。它可以采用以下一些設(shè)備進(jìn)行加工:立鉆或搖臂鉆上裝多軸頭、多軸鉆床、多軸組合機(jī)床心及自動(dòng)更換主軸箱機(jī)床。甚至可以通過二個(gè)能自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)軸距的主軸或多軸箱,結(jié)合數(shù)控工作臺(tái)縱橫二個(gè)方向的運(yùn)動(dòng),加工各種圓形或橢圓形孔組的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)工序?,F(xiàn)在就這方面的現(xiàn)狀作一簡(jiǎn)介。1.2.1 多軸頭從傳動(dòng)方式來說主要有齒輪傳動(dòng)與萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié)傳動(dòng)二種。這是大家所熟悉的。前者效率較高,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,后者易于調(diào)整軸距。從結(jié)構(gòu)來說有不可調(diào)式與可調(diào)式二種。前者軸距 不能改變,多采用齒輪傳動(dòng),僅適用于大批量生產(chǎn)。為了擴(kuò)大其贊許適應(yīng)性,發(fā)展了可調(diào)式多軸頭,在一定范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)整軸距。它主要裝在有萬向.二種。 (1)萬向軸式也有二種:具有對(duì)準(zhǔn)裝置的主軸。主軸裝在可調(diào)支架中,而可調(diào)支架能在殼體的 T 形槽中移動(dòng),并能在對(duì)準(zhǔn)的位置以螺栓固定。 (2)具有公差的圓柱形主軸套。主軸套固定在與式件孔型相同的模板中。前一種適用于批量小且孔組是規(guī)則分布的工件(如孔組分布在不同直徑的圓周上) 。后一種適用于批量較大式中小批量的輪番生產(chǎn)中,剛性較好,孔距精度亦高,但不同孔型需要不同的模板。多軸頭可以裝在立鉆式搖臂鉆床上,按鉆床本身所具有的各種功能進(jìn)行工作。這種多軸加工方法,由于鉆孔效率、加工范圍及精度的關(guān)系,使用范圍有限。1.2.2 多軸箱普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床5也象多軸頭那樣作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部件生產(chǎn)。美國 Secto 公司標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪箱、多軸箱等設(shè)計(jì)的不可調(diào)式多軸箱。有 32 種規(guī)格,加工面積從 300X300 毫米到 600X1050 毫米,工作軸達(dá) 60 根,動(dòng)力達(dá) 22.5 千瓦。Romai 工廠生產(chǎn)的可調(diào)多軸箱調(diào)整方便,只要先把齒輪調(diào)整到接近孔型的位置,然后把與它聯(lián)接的可調(diào)軸移動(dòng)到正確的位置。因此,這種結(jié)構(gòu)只要改變模板,就能在一定范圍內(nèi)容易地改變孔型,并且可以達(dá)到比普通多軸箱更小的孔距。根據(jù)成組加工原理使用多軸箱或多軸頭的組合機(jī)床很適用于大中批量生產(chǎn)。為了在加工中獲得良好的效果,必需考慮以下數(shù)點(diǎn):(1)工件裝夾簡(jiǎn)單,有足夠的冷卻液沖走鐵屑。 (2)夾具剛性好,加工時(shí)不形變,分度定位正確。 (3)使用二組刀具的可能性,以便一組使用,另一組刃磨與調(diào)整,從而縮短換刀停機(jī)時(shí)間。 (4)使用優(yōu)質(zhì)刀具,監(jiān)視刀具是否變鈍,鉆頭要機(jī)磨。(5)尺寸超差時(shí)能立即發(fā)現(xiàn)。1.2.3 多軸鉆床這是一種能滿足多軸加工要求的鉆床。諸如導(dǎo)向、功率、進(jìn)給、轉(zhuǎn)速與加工范圍等。巴黎展覽會(huì)中展出的多軸鉆床多具液壓進(jìn)給。其整個(gè)工作循壞如快進(jìn)、工進(jìn)與清除鐵屑等都是自動(dòng)進(jìn)行。值得注意的是,多數(shù)具有單獨(dú)的變速機(jī)構(gòu),這樣可以適應(yīng)某一組孔中不同孔徑的加工需要。1.2.4 自動(dòng)更換主軸箱機(jī)床 為了中小批量生產(chǎn)合理化的需要,最近幾年發(fā)展了自動(dòng)更換主軸箱組合機(jī)床。(1) 自動(dòng)更換主軸機(jī)床 自動(dòng)更換主軸機(jī)床頂部是回轉(zhuǎn)式主軸箱庫,掛有多個(gè)不可調(diào)主軸箱。縱橫配線盤予先編好工作程序,使相應(yīng)的主軸箱進(jìn)入加工工位,定位緊并與動(dòng)力聯(lián)接,然后裝有工件的工作臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)到主軸箱下面,向上移動(dòng)進(jìn)行加工。當(dāng)變更加工對(duì)象時(shí),只要調(diào)換懸掛的主軸箱,就能適應(yīng)不同孔型與不同工序的需要。(2)多軸轉(zhuǎn)塔機(jī)床 轉(zhuǎn)塔上裝置多個(gè)不可調(diào)或萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié)主軸箱,轉(zhuǎn)塔能自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)位,并對(duì)夾緊在回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)的工件作進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。通過工作臺(tái)回轉(zhuǎn),可以加工工件的多個(gè)面。因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)塔不宜過大,故它的工位數(shù)一般不超過 4—6 個(gè)。且主軸箱也不宜過大。當(dāng)加工對(duì)象的工序較多、尺寸較大時(shí),就不如自動(dòng)更換主軸箱機(jī)床合適,但它的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。(3)自動(dòng)更換主軸箱組合機(jī)床它由自動(dòng)線或組合機(jī)床中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部件組成。不可調(diào)多軸箱與動(dòng)力箱按置在水平底座上,主軸箱庫轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)整個(gè)裝置緊固在進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的溜板上。主軸箱庫轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)與進(jìn)給動(dòng)作都按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)子程序工作。換主軸箱時(shí)間為幾秒鐘。工件夾緊于液壓分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái),以便加工工件的各個(gè)面。好果普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床6回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)配以卸料裝置,就能合流水生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化。在可變生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中采用這種裝置,并配以相應(yīng)的控制器可以獲得完整的加工系統(tǒng)。(4) 數(shù)控八軸落地鉆床大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多達(dá) 15000 個(gè),它與支撐板聯(lián)接在一起加工??讖綖?20 毫米,孔深 180 毫米。采用具有內(nèi)冷卻管道的麻花鉆,5-7 巴壓力的冷卻液可直接進(jìn)入切削區(qū),有利于排屑。鉆尖磨成 90°供自動(dòng) 定心。它比普通麻花鉆耐用,且進(jìn)給量大。為了縮短加工時(shí)間,以 8 軸數(shù)控落地加工。1.3 多軸加工趨勢(shì)多軸加工生產(chǎn)效率高,投資少,生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期短,產(chǎn)品改型時(shí)設(shè)備損失少。而且隨著我國數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展,多軸加工的范圍一定會(huì)愈來愈廣,加工效率也會(huì)不斷提高。第 2 章 普通鉆床改為多軸鉆床2.1 生產(chǎn)任務(wù)在一批鑄鐵連接件上有同一個(gè)面上有多個(gè)孔加工。在普通立式鉆床上進(jìn)行孔加工,通常是一個(gè)孔一個(gè)孔的鉆削,生產(chǎn)效率低,用非標(biāo)設(shè)備,即組合機(jī)床加工,生產(chǎn)效率高,但設(shè)備投資大。但把一批普通立式普通單軸鉆床改造為立式多軸鉆床,改造后的多軸鉆床,可以同時(shí)完成多個(gè)孔的鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸、等工序。設(shè)計(jì)程序介紹如下:2.2 普通立式鉆床的選型2.2.1 計(jì)算所需電機(jī)功率零件圖如圖 1 所示:普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床7圖 1 為工件零件圖,材料:鑄鐵 HT200;料厚:5mm;硬度:HBS170-240HBS;年產(chǎn)量:1000萬件;4- 6.7 尺寸精度 IT13.?(1) 確定四個(gè)孔同時(shí)加工的軸向力,公式: ?FFFknVYZdC???0式中: =365.9, = , =0.661, =1.217, =0.361, =1.1,FC0d31?FZYnk=0.35m/s(表 15-37) [文獻(xiàn) 1]V則 ? N09.4136.0527.6.9.3653 ????所需電機(jī)功率: KWVFP94??2.2.2 立式鉆床的確定根據(jù)上面計(jì)算所需電機(jī)的功率,現(xiàn)選用 Z525 立式鉆床,其主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如表 1 所示:表 1 Z525 立式鉆床主要技術(shù)參數(shù)型 號(hào)技 術(shù) 規(guī) 格Z525最大鉆孔直徑(mm) 25主軸端面至工作臺(tái)距離(mm) 0-700主軸端面至底面距離(mm) 750-110普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床8主軸中心至導(dǎo)軌距離(mm) 250主軸行距(mm) 175主軸孔莫氏解錐度 3 號(hào)主軸最大扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩(N?m) 245.25主軸進(jìn)給力(N) 8829主軸轉(zhuǎn)速(r/mm) 97-1360主軸箱行程(mm) 200進(jìn)給量(mm/r) 0.1-0.8工作臺(tái)行程(mm) 325工作臺(tái)工作面積(mm 2) 500X375主電動(dòng)機(jī)功率(kw) 2.8第 3 章 多軸齒輪傳動(dòng)箱的設(shè)計(jì) 3.1 設(shè)計(jì)前的準(zhǔn)備(1)大致了解工件上被加工孔為 4 個(gè) Ф10 的孔。毛坯種類為灰鑄鐵的鑄件,由于石墨的潤滑及割裂作用,使灰鑄鐵很易切削加工,屑片易斷,刀具磨損少,故可選用硬質(zhì)合金錐柄麻花鉆(GB10946-89) [文獻(xiàn) 2](2)切削用量的確定 根據(jù)表 2-7[文獻(xiàn)?],切削速度 ,進(jìn)給量 .min/21Vc?rmf/17.0?則切削轉(zhuǎn)速 987.64301rdns???根據(jù) Z525 機(jī)床說明書,取 i/ns故實(shí)際切削速度為: in/2.016.0Vwc ??(3)確定加工時(shí)的單件工時(shí)圖 2 為鉆頭工作進(jìn)給長度,普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床9一般 為 5-10mm,取 10mm,切 入L[文獻(xiàn) 3] ??md2.10837.6~31???切 出 m5加 工加工一個(gè)孔所需時(shí)間: min15.07.9621 ??fnLtwm切 出加 工切 入單件時(shí)工時(shí): i.05.4???t3.2 動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算(1)選定齒輪的傳動(dòng)方式:初定為外嚙合。(2)齒輪分布方案確定:根據(jù)分析零件圖,多軸箱齒輪分布初定有以下圖 3,圖 4 兩種形式根據(jù)通常采用的經(jīng)濟(jì)而又有效的傳動(dòng)是:用一根傳動(dòng)軸帶支多根主軸。因此,本設(shè)計(jì)中采用了圖 3 所示的齒輪分布方案。(3)明確主動(dòng)軸、工作軸和惰輪軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向,并計(jì)算或選定其軸徑大小。普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床10因?yàn)樗x定的 Z535 立式鉆床主軸是左旋,所以工作軸也為左旋,而惰輪軸則為右旋。根據(jù)表 2 確定工作軸直徑《機(jī)械制造》.8/97:43表 2 加工孔徑與工作軸直徑對(duì)應(yīng)表(mm)加工孔徑 <12 12-16 16-20工作軸直徑 15 20 25因?yàn)榧庸た讖綖?Ф10mm,所以工作軸直徑選 15mm.主動(dòng)軸和惰輪軸的直徑在以后的軸設(shè)計(jì)中確定。(4) 排出齒輪傳動(dòng)的層次,設(shè)計(jì)各個(gè)齒輪。① 本設(shè)計(jì)的齒輪傳動(dòng)為單層次的齒輪外嚙合傳動(dòng),傳動(dòng)分布圖如圖 4 所示。② 在設(shè)計(jì)各個(gè)齒輪前首先明確已知條件:電機(jī)輸入功率 ,齒輪Ⅰ轉(zhuǎn)速KWP8.21?, 齒輪Ⅲ轉(zhuǎn)速 ,假設(shè)齒輪Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的傳動(dòng)比均為min/1360rn? min/9603rni=0.84,即齒輪比 u=1.2,工作壽命 15 年(每年工作 300 天) ,兩班制。③ 選定齒輪類型,精度等級(jí),材料及齒數(shù)?選用直齒輪圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng);?多軸箱為一般工作機(jī)器,速度不高,故選用 7 級(jí)精度(GB10095-88);?材料選擇由表 10-1[文獻(xiàn) 4]選擇齒輪Ⅰ材料為 40Cr(調(diào)質(zhì)) ,硬度為 280HBS,齒輪Ⅱ材料為 45(調(diào)質(zhì)) ,硬度為 240HBS,齒輪Ⅲ材料為 45(?;?,硬度 210HBS;?選齒輪Ⅰ齒數(shù) ,齒輪Ⅱ齒數(shù) ,取 .241?Z 8.2.1412????uZ29Z④ 按齒面接觸強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì) 由設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算公式進(jìn)行試算, ?3211 ][. ??????????HEdtt uTKd?? 確定公式內(nèi)的各計(jì)算數(shù)值1)試選載荷系數(shù) ;3.?tK2)計(jì)算齒輪Ⅰ傳遞的轉(zhuǎn)矩普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床11mNnPT ??????? 45151 1096.13/8.20.9/0.93)由表 10-7[文獻(xiàn) 4]選取齒寬系數(shù) =0.5d?4)由表 10-6[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得材料的彈性影響系數(shù) 2/18.MPaZE5)由表 10-21d[文獻(xiàn) 4] 按齒面硬度查得齒輪Ⅰ的接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限? ;齒輪ⅡMPaH601lim??的接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度極限? ;PaH502lim??6)由表 10-13[文獻(xiàn) 4] 計(jì)算應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù): ??91 10875.3813606 ?????hjLnN992 0.42/875.7)由表 10-19[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù) , ;.1HNK5.2?HN8)計(jì)算接觸疲勞許用應(yīng)力:取失效概率為 1%,安全系數(shù) ,由式(10-12) [文獻(xiàn) 4] 得:1?SMPaKHH54069.0][1limli1???;SN.2.2li2 ??計(jì)算1)試算小齒輪分度圓直徑 ,代入 中較小的值:td1][H?243211 5.819.21096.3.][2. ???????????????????Edtt ZuTKdm649.5?2)計(jì)算圓周速度 V: smndVt /81.310649.53.106?????3)計(jì)算齒 bHd 2..??4)計(jì)算齒寬與齒高之比 h/模數(shù): mzmtt 35.469.53/1??齒高: 022.?th普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床123.5029./64.53/??hb5)計(jì)算載荷系數(shù)根據(jù) v=3.81m/s,7 級(jí)精度,由圖 10-8[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得動(dòng)載系數(shù) Kv=1.14,直齒輪,假設(shè) ,由表 10-3[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得 ;mNbFKta/10/? 2.1??FHK由表 10-2[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得使用系數(shù) ;?A由表 10-4[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得 7 級(jí)精度齒輪Ⅰ相對(duì)支承非對(duì)稱布置時(shí),??bdH 3210.6.018.2.1 ????????將數(shù)據(jù)代入后得:;182.649.5.... 32???K由 ,查圖 10-13[文獻(xiàn) 4]得, ;18,35/??Hhb ?FK故載荷系數(shù) 7..21.??????HVAK6)按實(shí)際的載荷系數(shù)校正所算得的分度圓直徑,由式(10-10a) [文獻(xiàn) 4] 得,=53.649x =57.18mmtd1?3/tK3./574.17)計(jì)算模數(shù) mm=d1/Z1=57.18/24=2.4mm,圓整為 m=25mm.⑤按齒根彎曲強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)由式(10-5) [文獻(xiàn) 4] 得彎曲強(qiáng)度的設(shè)計(jì)公式為 m≥ 321][????????FSadYzkT??確定公式內(nèi)的各計(jì)算數(shù)值1) 由圖 10-20[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得齒輪Ⅰ的彎曲疲勞極限 =500Mpa;1FE齒輪Ⅱ的彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度極限 =380Mpa;2FE?2)由圖 10-18[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得彎曲疲勞壽命系數(shù) ;8.0,5.21?FNFNK3)計(jì)算彎曲疲勞許用應(yīng)力取彎曲疲勞安全系數(shù) S=1.4,由式(10-12) [文獻(xiàn) 4] 得:[ ]1= = =303.57MpaF?SKFEN14.508?普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床13= =238.86MPa2][F?SKFEN24.1380?4)計(jì)算載荷系數(shù) 532.1.2.????????FVA5) 查取齒形系數(shù)由表 10-5[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得 .,65.21FaFaY6)查取應(yīng)力校正系數(shù)由表 10-5[文獻(xiàn) 4] 查得 .1,8.21?sasa7)計(jì)算齒輪Ⅰ、Ⅱ的 并加以比較][FSY?= =0.013791][FSaY?57.30862?= =0.017162][FSa.齒輪Ⅱ的數(shù)值大。?設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算m≥ 3240176.5.09612??5.?m對(duì)比計(jì)算結(jié)果,由齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算的模數(shù) m 大于由齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度計(jì)算的模數(shù),由于齒輪模數(shù) m 的大小主要取決于彎曲強(qiáng)度所決定的承載能力,而齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度所決定的承載能力,僅與齒輪直徑(即模數(shù)與齒數(shù)的乘積)有關(guān),可取由彎曲強(qiáng)度算得的模數(shù) 1.5。在零件圖中可知,主動(dòng)軸與惰輪軸的中心距為 51mm,即齒輪Ⅰ、Ⅱ完全嚙合的中心距,得:m( )=5121Z?1.5x( )=51.1Z1=31, Z2=37惰輪軸與工作軸的中心距為 61.5mm,即齒輪Ⅱ與齒輪Ⅲ完全嚙合時(shí)中心距,即普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床14m( )=61.5231Z?1. 5( )=61.573Z3=45⑥幾何尺寸計(jì)算?計(jì)算分度圓直徑:d1=Z1?m=31x1.5=46.5mmd2=Z2?m=37x1.5=55.5mmd3=Z3?m=45x1.5=67.5mm?計(jì)算中心中距aⅠ Ⅱ =51mm,aⅡⅢ =61.5mm?計(jì)算齒輪齒寬 mdb75.3.6501????取 BmB2,,32⑦驗(yàn)算Ft= = =819.2N1dT0.481964?= =35.66N/mmS=1.5 故安全2???226.31.?截面 E 右側(cè)面校核:抗彎截面系數(shù) W 為:W=0.1d 3=0.1x203=800mm3抗扭截面系數(shù) WT為:W T=0.2d3=0.2x203=1600mm3彎矩 M 及彎曲應(yīng)力為:M=39300x =35496.85.7?mN?= = =44.4Mpab?80.35496普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床19扭矩 T3及扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力 為:T 3=19700 ?mN?= = =12.3Mpa?W16097截面上由于軸肩而形成的理論應(yīng)力集中系數(shù) a 及 a 按附表 3-2 查取 [文獻(xiàn) 4] ,因??= =0.05, = =1.25,經(jīng)插值后可查得:a ,adr20.dD2053.2?6.1?又由附圖 3-1[文獻(xiàn)?]可得軸提材料的敏性系數(shù)為:q ,q750?8?故有效應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)按式(附 3-4) [文獻(xiàn) 4] 為:k ????213.75.011??????????ak 5.68??q由附圖 3-2[文獻(xiàn) 4] 得尺寸系數(shù) ??由附圖 3-3[文獻(xiàn) 4] 得扭轉(zhuǎn)尺寸系數(shù) 97.0??軸按磨削加工,由附圖 3-4[文獻(xiàn) 4] 得表面質(zhì)量系數(shù)為 = =0.92???軸未經(jīng)表面強(qiáng)化處理,即 ,則按式(3-12)及(3-12) [文獻(xiàn) 4] ,得綜合系數(shù)值為:1q?K = - -1= + =2.09????129.0?K = + -1= + =1.67???7.531.計(jì)算安全系數(shù):S = = =2.96?ma????1 01.409.25??S = = =14.7?maK??1 23.5.67.Sca= = =2.9>S=1.52???22.149.??故該軸在截面右側(cè)面是安全的,又因?yàn)檩S無大的瞬時(shí)過載及嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)力循環(huán)不對(duì)稱性,故可略普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床20去靜強(qiáng)度校核。?軸承的校核機(jī)床一般傳動(dòng)軸的滾動(dòng)軸承失效形式,主要是疲勞破壞,故應(yīng)進(jìn)行疲勞壽命計(jì)算。滾動(dòng)軸承疲勞壽命計(jì)算公式:(10-5) [文獻(xiàn) 4]????????PCnLh601式中: )(hh額 定 壽 命?mi/(r轉(zhuǎn) 速,表 3.8-50[文獻(xiàn) 6])nC額 定 動(dòng) 載 荷動(dòng) 載 荷?P3??因?yàn)樗艿妮S向力太小,所以忽略不計(jì),Fa=0所受徑向力 Fr=945.6/2=472.8N 表 3.8-50[文獻(xiàn) 6] P=0.41Fr+0.87Pa=0.41x472.8=193.8> =30000h(表 13-3) [文獻(xiàn) 6] hLh 641098.193560?????????'L軸承安全(2)惰軸的設(shè)計(jì)①軸材料的選擇表 15-3[文獻(xiàn) 4] 軸材料選用 45 鋼,調(diào)質(zhì)處理。②軸徑的確定根據(jù)公式 d≥A 0 (15-2) [文獻(xiàn) 4] 3nP=110 ,取 d=20mm8.14.136%982??普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床21③軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):?選擇滾動(dòng)軸承因?yàn)檩S承同時(shí)受有徑向載荷及軸向載荷,選用單列向心球軸承,由表 1-14[文獻(xiàn) 3],選用 7002c軸承。?軸上各段直徑,長度如圖 8 所示。?鍵的確定因?yàn)辇X輪寬為 30mm,所以選用 6x6x18 平鍵,表 6-1[文獻(xiàn) 4] ?軸上圓角和倒角尺寸參考表 15-2[文獻(xiàn) 4] ,取軸端倒角 2x450,各軸肩的圓角半徑為 R=1.0mm.?扭合成校核軸的強(qiáng)度作出軸的計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床22軸上扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩為M=9549x =9549x =23.2nP84.0136%92?mN?周向力為Py= = =2320NdM230.?徑向力為 Pz=0.48 Py=0.48x2320=1113.6N根據(jù)軸的計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖,分別作出軸的扭矩圖、垂直圖的彎矩 My 圖和水平平面內(nèi)的彎矩 Mz 圖,如圖 10 所示。從圖中可知,截面 E 為危險(xiǎn)截面,在截面 E 上,扭矩 T 和合成彎矩 M 分別為T=23.2 ;mN?M= = =32.82zyM?22.34.15?mN?按第三強(qiáng)度理論進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核 [文獻(xiàn) 5]:公式 ,W2TW 為軸的抗彎截面系數(shù),W= - (表 15-4) [文獻(xiàn) 4] 3d???tb2?W= =785-81=704??0263014.??=2TM?232310.18.7??=70MpaS=1.5 故安全2???28.16?截面 E 右側(cè)面校核:抗彎截面系數(shù) W 為:W=0.1d 3=0.1x153=337.5mm3抗扭截面系數(shù) WT為:W T=0.2d3=0.2x153=675mm3彎矩 M 及彎曲應(yīng)力為:M=32800x =22707.7912?mN?= = =67.3Mpab?5.3720扭矩 T3及扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力 為:T 3=23200??= = =34.4Mpa?W6截面上由于軸肩而形成的理論應(yīng)力集中系數(shù) a 及 a 按附表 3-2 查取 [文獻(xiàn) 4] ,因??= =0.07, = =1.33,經(jīng)插值后可查得:a ,adr150.dD152012.?60.?又由附圖 3-1[文獻(xiàn)?]可得軸提材料的敏性系數(shù)為:q ,q75?81?故有效應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)按式(附 3-4) [文獻(xiàn) 4] 為:k ????84.12.75.011??????????ak 968??q由附圖 3-2[文獻(xiàn) 4] 得尺寸系數(shù) ??由附圖 3-3[文獻(xiàn) 4] 得扭轉(zhuǎn)尺寸系數(shù) 0.1??軸按磨削加工,由附圖 3-4[文獻(xiàn) 4] 得表面質(zhì)量系數(shù)為 = =0.92???軸未經(jīng)表面強(qiáng)化處理,即 ,則按式(3-12)及(3-12) [文獻(xiàn) 4] ,得綜合系數(shù)值為:q?K = - -1= + =1.93????184.1920?K = + -1= + =1.58???.計(jì)算安全系數(shù):普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床25S = = =2.12?maK????1 01.3679.25??S = = =5.53?ma??1 24.5.2458.Sca= = =1.99>S=1.52???223.1.??故該軸在截面右側(cè)面是安全的,又因?yàn)檩S無大的瞬時(shí)過載及嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)力循環(huán)不對(duì)稱性,故可略去靜強(qiáng)度校核。?軸承的校核因?yàn)樗艿妮S向力太小,所以忽略不計(jì),Fa=0所受徑向力 Fr=1113.6/2=556.8nP=0.41Fr+0.87Pa=0.41x556.8=228.3N7002c 向心球軸承校核> =30000h(表 13-3) [文獻(xiàn) 6] hLh 34860.2684.01366?????????'L軸承安全(3)工作軸的設(shè)計(jì)①軸材料的選擇表 15-3[文獻(xiàn) 4] 軸材料選用 45 鋼,調(diào)質(zhì)處理。②軸徑的確定在傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算中已的工作軸的直徑定為 d=15mm。③軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床26?擇滾動(dòng)軸承因?yàn)檩S承同時(shí)受有徑向載荷及軸向載荷,故前、后端均選用單列向心球軸承,又因工作軸用于鉆削,在后端加單向推力球軸承。由表 1-14[文獻(xiàn) 3],單列向心球軸承選用 102 軸承,后端單向推力球軸承選用 8102 軸承。?各段直徑,長度如圖 11 所示。?鍵的確定因?yàn)辇X輪寬為 25mm,所以選用 5x5x20 平鍵,表 6-1[文獻(xiàn) 4] ?軸上圓角和倒角尺寸參考表 15-2[文獻(xiàn) 4] ,取軸端倒角 2x450,各軸肩的圓角半徑為 R=0.8mm.?扭合成校核軸的強(qiáng)度作出軸的計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖軸上扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩為M=9549x =9549x =27.3nP960%8.2?mN?周向力為Py= = =3640NdM2315.7??徑向力為普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床27Pz=0.48 Py=0.48x3640=1754.5N根據(jù)軸的計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖,分別作出軸的扭矩圖、垂直圖的彎矩 My 圖和水平平面內(nèi)的彎矩 Mz 圖,如圖 13 所示。從圖中可知,截面 E 為危險(xiǎn)截面,在截面 E 上,扭矩 T 和合成彎矩 M 分別為T=27.3 ;mN?M= = =54.62zyM?22.497.3?mN?按第三強(qiáng)度理論進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核 [文獻(xiàn) 5]:公式 ,W12TW 為軸的抗彎截面系數(shù),W= - (表 15-4) [文獻(xiàn) 4] 3d???tb2?W= =331.2-56.3=274.9??152314.2??=W2TM???232310.706.49.7??=222MpaS=1.5 故安全2???2248.5.1?截面 E 左側(cè)面校核:抗彎截面系數(shù) W 為:W=0.1d 3=0.1x153=337.5mm3抗扭截面系數(shù) WT為:W T=0.2d3=0.2x153=675mm3彎矩 M 及彎曲應(yīng)力為:M=54600 mN?= = =161。8Mpab?5.37460扭矩 T3 及扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力 為:T 3=27300??= = =40.4Mpa?TW67520在附表 3-4[文獻(xiàn) 4] 用插入法求得軸上鍵槽處的有效應(yīng)力集中系數(shù):k ,k0??54.1?由附圖 3-2[文獻(xiàn) 4] 得尺寸系數(shù) 8.0???由附圖 3-3[文獻(xiàn) 4] 得扭轉(zhuǎn)尺寸 1?軸按磨削加工,由附圖 3-4[文獻(xiàn) 4] 得表面質(zhì)量系數(shù)為 = =0.92???軸未經(jīng)表面強(qiáng)化處理,即 ,則按式(3-12)及(3-12) [文獻(xiàn) 4] ,得綜合系數(shù)值為:?q?K = - -1=0+ =0.09????1192.0?K = + -1= + =1.63???54.計(jì)算安全系數(shù):S = = =18.89?maK????1 01.8609.275??S = = =4.57?ma??1 24.5.243.?普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床30Sca= = =4.4>S=1.52???2257.489.1??故該軸在截面右側(cè)面是安全的,又因?yàn)檩S無大的瞬時(shí)過載及嚴(yán)重的應(yīng)力循環(huán)不對(duì)稱性,故可略去靜強(qiáng)度校核。?軸承的校核機(jī)床一般傳動(dòng)軸的滾動(dòng)軸承失效形式,主要是疲勞破壞,故應(yīng)進(jìn)行疲勞壽命計(jì)算。1) 36102 向心球軸承校核由第一章可知主動(dòng)軸的軸向力 Fa=4.091N所受徑向力 Fr=1754.5/2=877.25N (表 3.8-50) [文獻(xiàn) 6]P=0.41Fr+0.87Pa=0.41x877.25+0.87x4.091=363.2N> =30000h(表 13-3) [文獻(xiàn) 6] hLh 8392.65091?????????'L軸承安全2) 8102 推力球軸承校核P=Fa (表 3.8-54)[jj] P=4.091N> =30000h(表 13-3) [文獻(xiàn) 6] 36091.45????????hL'hL軸承安全4.3 軸坐標(biāo)計(jì)算為方便在多軸箱上鏜孔,因此進(jìn)行軸坐標(biāo)計(jì)算是十分重要的。建立如圖 14 坐標(biāo)系,多軸箱里尺寸如圖示為 220x180mm,在多軸箱中心安裝主動(dòng)軸,則主動(dòng)軸坐標(biāo)可知(110,90) ,則根據(jù)零件圖,可算出其他各軸坐標(biāo),分別如圖所示。普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床31第 5 章 導(dǎo)向裝置的設(shè)計(jì)5.1 導(dǎo)向裝置組成導(dǎo)向裝置主要由導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套、彈簧組成。導(dǎo)柱的上端與多軸箱中間板上的導(dǎo)套滑動(dòng)配合,下端安裝在夾具的鉆模板上。(1) 選擇彈簧 用四根彈簧支撐整個(gè)多軸箱,粗略估算多軸箱重量: ??NG9.478.10582048.993 ???????每根彈簧負(fù)荷:F=124.5N選圓柱螺旋壓縮彈簧(表 12) [文獻(xiàn) 7] ,彈簧中徑 ,節(jié)距 ,彈簧絲直徑mD0.162 mt640.?,工作圈數(shù) ,自由高度 .md8.130?nHo4(3)導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套的選擇導(dǎo)柱材料為 直徑 16mm,長 303mm,5rGc導(dǎo)套材料為 20 號(hào)鋼。第 6 章 接桿刀具接桿一端為梯形螺紋,與主動(dòng)軸的內(nèi)孔滑動(dòng)配合,通過鍵傳遞扭矩。在梯形螺紋段并設(shè)計(jì)有斜面,以便調(diào)整接桿的延伸量來補(bǔ)償?shù)毒叩哪p量。接桿另一端的莫氏錐孔與刀具的莫氏錐柄相配合。外 文 文 獻(xiàn)普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床32It is the new-type inject by shaping technology1. inject by shaping altogether( inject shaping of at core layers)Adopt and inject shaping help and observe and make one unique structure altogether. " first" of plastic is injected and fill and enter some types first, then the plastic: " second" follow " first" inject person who enter one and keep initial to drive pressure field of flowing closely. At epidermis district and core the sizes of one, measure and publish" first" and the materials quantities of" second" according to correct proportionate relationship, Make one at" first" complete at" second" to make one parcel appearance core each. In addition, in cosmetics application, the material is put after" second" material injecting to have" first" of epidermis of the small part, So that the epidermis of the part of the runner can be totally closed. Inject making one of shaping altogether with the resin of 2 kinds of different colors, form a piece of a layer of blocks of epidermis and core apt to distinguish (Realize inject shaping one as much as all have and have and one very much important this core similar epidermis. )If there is not advanced detection technique, usually difficult to distinguish the epidermis - core area and boundary of layer. Inject shaping a new technology altogether. British ici company began to use this technology in the 1970s early, and had made the basic theory of including, Produce several patents, such as the products and machinery equipment,etc.. Now similar to " mould mould sandwiches" what has been adopted generally ici production technologies,last outer the materials of the epidermis at moulds and in layers is material different on core occasionally, So two a kind of material person who a certain one inclusives, and core require and have high radiations very, issue and steep shaping and retrieve performance of utilizing etc at 100% by layers of material. Should be fixed relatively by the excellent choice to select the material for use. After injecting the shaping technology and come out in 15 altogether, can really just popularize and popularize . One a kind of adoptions inject the thick teeth of shaping fails and produces horizontal cross-section altogether. Material to pack nylon epidermis, and pearl material pack the nylon at - - glass layers of material core. A rate that shrinks material of pearl of glass is extremely low in core one, have good size stabilities. Nylon prevent pearl from grains of material easy problem of denuding that produces by epidermis person who give good and lubricated tooth tooth gear wheel. Already developed several kinds and processed the method of improving new-typly at present on the basis of the basic theory of injecting shaping altogether. At however, in the mould"" and gas assist paint mould mould. Mould have and paint processing method to adopt low molecular weight polymers as the outer material, Gas assist mould mould shaping to adopt the nitrogen or another kind of gas as the core one( or core ones) material. Produce and process equipment constant to perfect and improve, satisfy of different use newly and the new technologies demands with product design, Inject technology and will become the rich and potential industrialized extensive production technology method altogether.2. inject by - it compress shaping Inject and compress shaping move perpendicular on dividing into mould line direction by medium-sized s of walls at -. Adopt the method at the shaping, fill mould stage and produce pressure drive melting body flow according to process, But this flowed the degree of depth of one melted variably. At 普通鉆床改造為多軸鉆床33flowing one deeply relatively, pressure drop relatively low, so that heavy areas make pieces of shaping excessive to pigeonhole melting body, And has prevented the material in the twinkling of an eye from responding, these 2 kinds of factors will hinder the flow of the melting body equally. It injects forming process type make pieces of the 14%s of thickness finally by s of degree of depth, After the plastic has been packed 60% - 75% of the type roughly, stop injecting, a of walls of mould is bulldozed at the same time , Until make the wall original shaping of one finally. The final size of making one is defined at this stage . If at mould wall at process fulling of more type before moving, this kind of technology is usually called and cast and press shaping. On the whole, cast and press shaping to adopt pressure that become to making one go on and protect and pigeonhole in one a piece of variable the type ones of volumeses. Cast and press stage to increase the stages of density, density and then in lying between and solid state plastic change melting body. Adopt and cast and press way shaping pre- pressing discs, remaining stress degree of minimising, Make pieces of have remain stress produce and become phenomenon of refracting. It cast and press shaping improvement type activities types types for kinds of new technology in s of walls,inject its make. Already someone call outside gas to assist shaping law the method, actually these are a kind of misunderstanding, Because the gas has not influenced the melting body flow in type of plastic . During routine inject shaping, protecting and press is while a of volume of keeping type does not change , Under the function that the pressure flows, add and enter more plastics. Unite, Being emerged by the runner position of the high pressure and making a defect probably.3. computers supplementary shapingAdopt computer assist project( cae) design and analyse and help and shorten design cycle and prevent cost from expensive mechanical fault processing. Commercial emulations daily to indicate size on flowing one code, melt material flows in flowing dishes of system and type with balance, The figure of offeredding and put bestly and runner defining runner at the same time . Calculate pressure of injecting and shut mould want at different processing terms and material fix by tonnage. And warping rate combine initial to flow into too very accurate to estimate out person who shrink. What is important is and want and make the design tool help and analyse personnel process and go on the operation judged while studying or in a certain plan of design skillfully. Understand at results and can't process in order that it is by research object /materials from prerequisite. After consider adopti
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