562 多用途氣動(dòng)機(jī)器人結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
562 多用途氣動(dòng)機(jī)器人結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),多用途,氣動(dòng),機(jī)器人,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書2008 年 3 月 3 日畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目 多用途氣動(dòng)機(jī)器人結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)教師 俞云強(qiáng) 職稱 副教授專業(yè)名稱 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù) 班級(jí) 機(jī)電 50532學(xué)生姓名 孫啟亮 學(xué)號(hào) 5020053223設(shè)計(jì)要求內(nèi)容包括 :1、第一章為引言;2、第二章為本選題總體設(shè)計(jì)方面的論述;3、從第三章起為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)總體設(shè)計(jì)框架和設(shè)計(jì)過程的詳細(xì)論述;4、倒數(shù)第二章為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)果和討論;5、最后一章為展望與總結(jié)。序號(hào) 內(nèi)容 時(shí)間安排1 外文資料翻譯2008-2-20 至 2008-3-32 搜集課題相關(guān)資料 2008-3-4 至 2008-3-143 完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書 2008-3-15 至 2008-3-314 預(yù)審,修改 2008-4-1 至 2008-4-11完成畢業(yè)課題的計(jì)劃安排5 答辯 2008-4-20答辯提交資料 外文資料翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書計(jì)劃答辯時(shí)間 2008-4-20無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院機(jī)電技術(shù)學(xué)院2008 年 3 月 3 日外文資料翻譯- 1 -Rotary pumps These are built in many different designs and are extremely popular in modern fluid-power system. The most common rotary-pump designs used today are spur-gear, generated-rotary , sliding-vane ,and screw pump ,each type has advantages that make it the most suitable for a given application .Spur-gear pumps. these pumps have two mating gears are turned in a closely fitted casing. Rotation of one gear ,the driver causes the second ,or follower gear, to turn . the driving shaft is usually connected to the upper gear of the pump .When the pump is first started ,rotation of gears forces air out the casing and into the discharge pipe. this removal of air from the pump casing produces a partial vacuum on the pump inlet ,here the fluid is trapped between the teeth of the upper and lower gears and the pump casing .continued rotation of the gears forces the fluid out of the pump discharge .Pressure rise in a spur-gear pump is produced by the squeezing action on the fluid ad it is expelled from between the meshing gear teeth and casing ,.a vacuum is formed in the cavity between the teeth ad unmesh, causing more fluid to be drawn into the pump ,a spur-gear pump is a constant-displacement unit ,its discharge is constant at a given shaft speed. the only way the quantity of fluid discharge by a spur-gear pump of type in figure can be regulated is by varying the shaft speed .modern gear pumps used in fluid-power systems develop pressures up to about 3000psi.Figure shows the typical characteristic curves of a spur-gear rotary pump. These curves show the capacity and power input for a spur-gear pump at various speeds. At any given speed the capacity characteristic is nearly a flat line the slight decrease in capacity with rise in discharge pressure is caused by increased leakage across the gears from the discharge to the suction side of the pump. leakage in gear pumps is sometimes termed slip. Slip also increase with arise pump discharge pressure .the curve showing the relation between pump discharge pressure and pump capacity is often termed the head-capacity or HQ curve .the relation between power input and pump capacity is the power-capacity or PQ curve .Power input to a squr-gear pump increases with both the operating speed and 外文資料翻譯- 2 -discharge pressure .as the speed of a gear pump is increased. Its discharge rate in gallons per minute also rise . thus the horsepower input at a discharge pressure of 120psi is 5hp at 200rpm and about 13hp at 600rpm.the corresponding capacities at these speed and pressure are 40 and 95gpm respectively, read on the 120psi ordinate where it crosses the 200-and 600-rpm HQ curves .Figure is based on spur-gear handing a fluid of constant viscosity , as the viscosity of the fluid handle increases (i.e. ,the fluid becomes thicker and has more resistance to flow ),the capacity of a gear pump decreases , thick ,viscous fluids may limit pump capacity t higher speeds because the fluid cannot into the casing rapidly enough fill it completely .figure shows the effect lf increased fluid biscosity on the performance of rotary pump in fluid-power system .at 80-psi discharge pressure the pp has a capacity lf 220gpm when handling fluid of 100SSU viscosity lf 500SSU . the power input to the pump also rises ,as shown by the power characteristics.Capacity lf rotary pump is often expressed in gallons per revolution of the gear or other internal element .if the outlet of a positive-displacement rotary pump is completely closed, the discharge pressure will increase to the point where the pump driving motor stalls or some part of the pump casing or discharge pipe ruptures .because this danger of rupture exists systems are filled with a pressure –relief valve. This relief valve may be built as of the pump or it may be mounted in the discharge piping.Sliding-Vane PumpsThese pumps have a number of vanes which are free to slide into or out of slots in the pup rotor . when the rotor is turned by the pump driver , centrifugal force , springs , or pressurized fluid causes the vanes to move outward in their slots and bear against the inner bore of the pump casing or against a cam ring . as the rotor revolves , fluid flows in between the vanes when they pass the suction port. This fluid is carried around the pump casing until the discharge port is reached. Here the fluid is forced out of the casing and into the discharge pipe.In the sliding-vane pump in Figure the vanes in an oval-shaped bore. Centrifugal force starts the vanes out of their slots when the rotor begins turning. The vanes are held out by pressure which is bled into the cavities behind the vanes from a 外文資料翻譯- 3 -distributing ring at the end of the vane slots. Suction is through two ports A and AI, placed diametrically opposite each other. Two discharge ports are similarly placed. This arrangement of ports keeps the rotor in hydraulic balance, reliving the bearing of heavy loads. When the rotor turns counterclockwise, fluid from the suction pipe comes into ports A and AI is trapped between the vanes, and is carried around and discharged through ports B and BI. Pumps of this design are built for pressures up to 2500 psi. earlier models required staging to attain pressures approximating those currently available in one stage. Valving , uses to equalize flow and pressure loads as rotor sets are operated in series to attain high pressures. Speed of rotation is usually limited to less than 2500rpm because of centrifugal forces and subsequent wear at the contact point of vanes against the cam-ring surface.. Two vanes may be used in each slot to control the force against the interior of the casing or the cam ring. Dual vanes also provide a tighter seal , reducing the leakage from the discharge side to the suction side of the pump . the opposed inlet and discharge port in this design provide hydraulic balance in the same way as the pump, both these pumps are constant-displacement units.The delivery or capacity of a vane-type pump in gallons per minute cannot be changed without changing the speed of rotation unless a special design is used. Figure shows a variable-capacity sliding-vane pump. It dose not use dual suction and discharge ports. The rotor rums in the pressure-chamber ring, which can be adjusted so that it is off-center to the rotor. As the degree of off-center or eccentricity is changed, a variable volume of fluid is discharged. Figure shows that the vanes create a vacuum so that oil enters through 180 of shaft rotation. Discharge also takes place through 180 of rotation. There is a slight overlapping of the beginning of the fluid intake function and the beginning of the fluid discharge.Figure shows how maximum flow is available at minimum working pressure. As the pressure rises, flow diminishes in a predetermined pattern. As the flow decreases to a minimum valve, the pressure increases to the maximum. The pump delivers only that fluid needed to replace clearance floes resulting from the usual slide fit in circuit components.A relief valve is not essential with a variable-displacement-type pump of this 外文資料翻譯- 4 -design to protect pumping mechanism. Other conditions within the circuit may dictate the use of a safety or relief valve to prevent localized pressure buildup beyond the usual working levels.For automatic control of the discharge , an adjustable spring-loaded governor is used . this governor is arranged so that the pump discharge acts on a piston or inner surface of the ring whose movement is opposed by the spring . if the pump discharge pressure rises above that for which the by governor spring is set , the spring is compressed. This allows the pressure-chamber ring to move and take a position that is less off center with respect to the rotor. The pump theb delivers less fluid, and the pressure is established at the desired level. The discharge pressure for units of this design varies between 100 and 2500psi.The characteristics of a variable-displacement-pump compensator are shown in figure. Horsepower input values also shown so that the power input requirements can be accurately computed. Variable-volume vane pumps are capacity of multiple-pressure levels in a predetermined pattern. Two-pressure pump controls can provide an efficient method of unloading a circuit and still hold sufficient pressure available for pilot circuits.The black area of the graph of figure shows a variable-volume pump maintaining a pressure of 100psi against a closed circuit. Wasted power is the result of pumping oil at 100psi through an unloading or relief valve to maintain a source of positive pilot pressure. Two-pressure –type controls include hydraulic, pilot-operated types and solenoid-controlled, pilot-operated types. The pilot oil obtained from the pump discharge cannot assist the governor spring. Minimum pressure will result. The plus figure shows the solenoid energized so that pilot oil assists compensator spring. The amount of assistance is determined by the small ball and spring, acting as a simple relief valve. This provides the predetermined maximum operating pressure.Another type of two-pressure system employs what is termed a differential unloading governor. It is applied in a high-low or two-pump circuit. The governor automatically, Through pressure sensing, unloads the large volume pump to a minimum deadhead pressure setting. Deadhead pressure refers to a specific pressure level established as resulting action of the variable-displacement-pump control 外文資料翻譯- 5 -mechanism. The pumping action and the resulting flow at deadhead condition are equal to the leakage in the system and pilot-control flow requirements. No major power movement occurs at this time, even though the hydraulic system may be providing a clamping or holding action while the pump is in deadhead position The governor is basically a hydraulically operated, two-pressure control with a differential piston that allows complete unloading when sufficient external pilot pressure is applied to pilot unload port.The minimum deadhead pressure setting is controlled by the main governor spring A. the maximum pressure is controlled by the relief-valve adjustment B. the operating pressure for the governor is generated by the large-volume pump and enters through orifice C. To use this device let us assume that the circuit require a maximum pressure of 1000psi, which will be supplied by a 5-gpm pump. It also needs a large flow (40gpm) at pressure up to 500psi; it continues to 1000pso at the reduced flow rate. A two-pump system with an unloading governor on the 40-gpm pump at 500psi to a minimum pressure setting of 200psi (or another desired value) , which the 5-gpm pump takes the circuit up to1000psi or more.Note in figure that two sources of pilot pressure are required. One ,the 40-gpm pump, provides pressure within the housing so that maximum pressure setting can be obtained. The setting of the spring, plus the pressure within the governor housing, determines the maximum pressure capacity of the 40-gpm pump. The second pilot source is the circuit proper, which will go to 1000psi. this pilot line enters the governor through orifice D and acts on the unloading piston E . the area of piston E is 15 percent greater than the effective area of the relief poppet F. the governor will unload at 500psi and be activated at 15percent below 500psi, or 425psi. By unloading, we mean zero flow output of the 40-gpm pump.As pressure in the circuit increases from zero to 500psi, the pressure within the governor housing also increases until the relief-valve setting is reached, at which time the relief valve cracks open, allowing flow to the tank.The pressure drop in the hosing is a maximum additive value, allowing the pump to deadhead. Meanwhile, the system pressure continues to rise above 700psi, resulting 外文資料翻譯- 6 -in a greater force on the bottom of piston E than on the top. The piston then completely unseats poppet F, which results in a further pressure drop within the governor horsing to zero pressure because of the full-open position of the relief poppet F. flow entering the housing through orifice is directed to the tank pass the relief poppet without increasing the pressure in housing. The deadhead pressure of the 40-gpm pump then decreases to the lower set value. Thus , at the flow rate to the unloading governor ,the 40gpm pump goes to deadhead. The flow rate to the circuit decreases to 5gpm as the pressure to 1000psi, the 5-gpm pump is also at its deadhead setting, thus only holding system pressure.The 4-gpm pump unloads its volume at 500psi. It requires a system pressure of 600psi to unload the 40-gpm pump to its minimum pressure of 200psi. the 600-psi pilot supply enters through orifice D and acts on the differential piston E. The pumps volume is reduced to zero circuit-flow output at 500psi. The additional 100-psi pilot pressure is required to open poppet F completely and allow the pressure within the housing to decrease to zero.As circuit pressure decreases ,both pumps come back into service in a similar pattern.無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書1第一章 引 言1.1 工業(yè)機(jī)械手概述工業(yè)機(jī)器人由操作機(jī)(機(jī)械本體)、控制器、伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和檢測(cè)傳感裝置構(gòu)成,是一種仿人操作,自動(dòng)控制、可重復(fù)編程、能在三維空間完成各種作業(yè)的機(jī)電一體化自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。特別適合于多品種、變批量的柔性生產(chǎn)。它對(duì)穩(wěn)定、提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,提高生產(chǎn)效率,改善勞動(dòng)條件和產(chǎn)品的快速更新?lián)Q代起著十分重要的作用。機(jī)器人應(yīng)用情況,是一個(gè)國(guó)家工業(yè)自動(dòng)化水平的重要標(biāo)志。生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用機(jī)械手可以提高生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化水平,可以減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、實(shí)現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn);尤其在高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、粉塵、易爆、有毒氣體和放射性等惡劣的環(huán)境中,它代替人進(jìn)行正常的工作,意義更為重大。因此,在機(jī)械加工、沖壓、鑄、鍛、焊接、熱處理、電鍍、噴漆、裝配以及輕工業(yè)、交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)等方面得到越來(lái)越廣泛的引用。機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)形式開始比較簡(jiǎn)單,專用性較強(qiáng),僅為某臺(tái)機(jī)床的上下料裝置,是附屬于該機(jī)床的專用機(jī)械手。隨著工業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,制成了能夠獨(dú)立的按程序控制實(shí)現(xiàn)重復(fù)操作,適用范圍比較廣的“程序控制通用機(jī)械手”,簡(jiǎn)稱通用機(jī)械手。由于通用機(jī)械手能很快的改變工作程序,適應(yīng)性較強(qiáng),所以它在不斷變換生產(chǎn)品種的中小批量生產(chǎn)中獲得廣泛的引用。氣壓傳動(dòng)機(jī)械手是以壓縮空氣的壓力來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)械手。其主要特點(diǎn)是:介質(zhì)李源極為方便,輸出力小,氣動(dòng)動(dòng)作迅速,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,成本低。但是,由于空氣具有可壓縮的特性,工作速度的穩(wěn)定性較差,沖擊大,而且氣源壓力較低,抓重一般在30公斤以下,在同樣抓重條件下它比液壓機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)大,所以適用于高速、輕載、高溫和粉塵大的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行工作。氣動(dòng)技術(shù)有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):(1)介質(zhì)提取和處理方便。氣壓傳動(dòng)工作壓力較低,工作介質(zhì)提取容易,而后排入大氣,處理方便,一般不需設(shè)置回收管道和容器:介質(zhì)清潔,管道不易堵存在介質(zhì)變質(zhì)及補(bǔ)充的問題.(2)阻力損失和泄漏較小,在壓縮空氣的輸送過程中,阻力損失較小(一般不卜澆塞僅為油路的千分之一),空氣便于集中供應(yīng)和遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。外泄漏不會(huì)像液壓傳動(dòng)那樣,造成壓力明顯降低和嚴(yán)重污染。(3)動(dòng)作迅速,反應(yīng)靈敏。氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)一般只需要0.02s-0.3s即可建立起所需的壓力和速度。氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)也能實(shí)現(xiàn)過載保護(hù),便于自動(dòng)控制。無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書2(4)能源可儲(chǔ)存。壓縮空氣可存貯在儲(chǔ)氣罐中,因此,發(fā)生突然斷電等情況時(shí),機(jī)器及其工藝流程不致突然中斷。(5)工作環(huán)境適應(yīng)性好。在易燃、易爆、多塵埃、強(qiáng)磁、強(qiáng)輻射、振動(dòng)等惡劣環(huán)境中,氣壓傳動(dòng)與控制系統(tǒng)比機(jī)械、電器及液壓系統(tǒng)優(yōu)越,而且不會(huì)因溫度變化影響傳動(dòng)及控制性能。(6)成本低廉。由于氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)工作壓力較低,因此降低了氣動(dòng)元、輔件的材質(zhì)和加工精度要求,制造容易,成本較低。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為:由于氣體具有可壓縮性,因此,在氣動(dòng)伺服系統(tǒng)中要實(shí)現(xiàn)高精度定位比較困難(尤其在高速情況下,似乎更難想象)。此外氣源工作壓力較低,抓舉力較小。雖然氣動(dòng)技術(shù)作為機(jī)器人中的驅(qū)動(dòng)功能已有部分被工業(yè)界所接受,而且對(duì)于不太復(fù)雜的機(jī)械手,用氣動(dòng)元件組成的控制系統(tǒng)己被接受,但由于氣動(dòng)機(jī)器人這一體系己經(jīng)取得的一系列重要進(jìn)展過去介紹得不夠,因此在工業(yè)自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域里,對(duì)氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手、氣動(dòng)機(jī)器人的實(shí)用性和前景存在不少疑慮。1.2 氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手的設(shè)計(jì)要求1.2.2 課題的設(shè)計(jì)要求本課題將要完成的主要任務(wù)如下:(1)機(jī)械手為通用機(jī)械手,因此相對(duì)于專用機(jī)械手來(lái)說(shuō),它的適用面相對(duì)較廣。(2)選取機(jī)械手的座標(biāo)型式和自由度。(3)設(shè)計(jì)出機(jī)械手的各執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),包括:手部、手腕、手臂等部件的設(shè)計(jì)。為了使通用性更強(qiáng),手部設(shè)計(jì)成可更換結(jié)構(gòu),不僅可以應(yīng)用于夾持式手指來(lái)抓取棒料工件,在工業(yè)需要的時(shí)候還可以用氣流負(fù)壓式吸盤來(lái)吸取板料工件。(4)氣壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)本課題將設(shè)計(jì)出機(jī)械手的氣壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng),包括氣動(dòng)元器件的選取,氣動(dòng)回路的設(shè)計(jì),并繪出氣動(dòng)原理圖。(5)機(jī)械手的控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)本機(jī)械手?jǐn)M采用可編程序控制器(PLC)對(duì)機(jī)械手進(jìn)行控制,本課題將要選取PLC型號(hào),根據(jù)機(jī)械手的工作流程編制出PLC程序,并畫出梯形圖。1.3 機(jī)械手的系統(tǒng)工作原理及組成機(jī)械手的系統(tǒng)工作原理框圖如圖1-1所示。 無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書3圖1-1機(jī)械手的系統(tǒng)工作原理框圖機(jī)械手的工作原理:機(jī)械手主要由執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)以及位置檢測(cè)裝置等所組成。在PLC程序控制的條件下,采用氣壓傳動(dòng)方式,來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的相應(yīng)部位發(fā)生規(guī)定要求的,有順序,有運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡,有一定速度和時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。同時(shí)按其控制系統(tǒng)的信息對(duì)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)出指令,必要時(shí)可對(duì)機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行監(jiān)視,當(dāng)動(dòng)作有錯(cuò)誤或發(fā)生故障時(shí)即發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。位置檢測(cè)裝置隨時(shí)將執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的實(shí)際位置反饋給控制系統(tǒng),并與設(shè)定的位置進(jìn)行比較,然后通過控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,從而使執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)以一定的精度達(dá)到設(shè)定位置.(一)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)包括手部、手腕、手臂和立柱等部件,有的還增設(shè)行走機(jī)構(gòu)。1、手部即與物件接觸的部件。由于與物件接觸的形式不同,可分為夾持式和吸附式手在本課題中我們采用夾持式手部結(jié)構(gòu)。夾持式手部由手指(或手爪)和傳力機(jī)構(gòu)所構(gòu)成。手指是與物件直接接觸的構(gòu)件,常用的手指運(yùn)動(dòng)形式有回轉(zhuǎn)型和平移型?;剞D(zhuǎn)型手指結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制造容易,故應(yīng)用較廣泛。平移型應(yīng)用較少,其原因是結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,但平移型手指夾持圓形零件時(shí),工件直徑變化不影響其軸心的位置,因此適宜夾持直徑變化范圍大的工件。手指結(jié)構(gòu)取決于控制系統(tǒng)(PLC)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(氣壓傳動(dòng))執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)位置檢測(cè)裝置手部 手腕 手臂 立柱無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書4被抓取物件的表面形狀、被抓部位(是外廓或是內(nèi)孔)和物件的重量及尺寸。而傳力機(jī)構(gòu)則通過手指產(chǎn)生夾緊力來(lái)完成夾放物件的任務(wù)。傳力機(jī)構(gòu)型式較多時(shí)常用的有:滑槽杠桿式、連桿杠桿式、斜面杠桿式、齒輪齒條式、絲杠螺母彈簧式和重力式等。2、手腕是連接手部和手臂的部件,并可用來(lái)調(diào)整被抓取物件的方位(即姿勢(shì))3、手臂手臂是支承被抓物件、手部、手腕的重要部件。手臂的作用是帶動(dòng)手指去抓取物件,并按預(yù)定要求將其搬運(yùn)到指定的位置。工業(yè)機(jī)械手的手臂通常由驅(qū)動(dòng)手臂運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件(如油缸、氣缸、齒輪齒條機(jī)構(gòu)、連桿機(jī)構(gòu)、螺旋機(jī)構(gòu)和凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)等)與驅(qū)動(dòng)源(如液壓、氣壓或電機(jī)等)相配合,以實(shí)現(xiàn)手臂的各種運(yùn)動(dòng)。4、立柱立柱是支承手臂的部件,立柱也可以是手臂的一部分,手臂的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)和升降(或俯仰)運(yùn)動(dòng)均與立柱有密切的聯(lián)系。機(jī)械手的立柱因工作需要,有時(shí)也可作橫向移動(dòng),即稱為可移式立柱。5、機(jī)座機(jī)座是機(jī)械手的基礎(chǔ)部分,機(jī)械手執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的各部件和驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)均安裝于機(jī)座上,故起支撐和連接的作用。(二)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是驅(qū)動(dòng)工業(yè)機(jī)械手執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)的。它由動(dòng)力裝置、調(diào)節(jié)裝置和輔助裝置組成。常用的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)有液壓傳動(dòng)、 氣壓傳動(dòng)、機(jī)械傳動(dòng)。(三)控制系統(tǒng)控制系統(tǒng)是支配著工業(yè)機(jī)械手按規(guī)定的要求運(yùn)動(dòng)的系統(tǒng)。目前工業(yè)機(jī)械手的控制系統(tǒng)一般由程序控制系統(tǒng)和電氣定位(或機(jī)械擋塊定位)系統(tǒng)組成。該機(jī)械手采用的是PLC程序控制系統(tǒng),它支配著機(jī)械手按規(guī)定的程序運(yùn)動(dòng),并記憶人們給予機(jī)械手的指令信息(如動(dòng)作順序、運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡、運(yùn)動(dòng)速度及時(shí)間),同時(shí)按其控制系統(tǒng)的信息對(duì)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)出指令,必要時(shí)可對(duì)機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行監(jiān)視,當(dāng)動(dòng)作有錯(cuò)誤或發(fā)生故障時(shí)即發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。(四)位置檢測(cè)裝置控制機(jī)械手執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)位置,并隨時(shí)將執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的實(shí)際位置反饋給控制系統(tǒng),并與設(shè)定的位置進(jìn)行比較,然后通過控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,從而使執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)以一定的精度達(dá)到設(shè)定位置.無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書5第二章 機(jī)械手的整體設(shè)計(jì)方案對(duì)氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手的基本要求是能快速、準(zhǔn)確地拾-放和搬運(yùn)物件,這就要求它們具有高精度、快速反應(yīng)、一定的承載能力、足夠的工作空間和靈活的自由度及在任意位置都能自動(dòng)定位等特性。設(shè)計(jì)氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手的原則是:充分分析作業(yè)對(duì)象(工件)的作業(yè)技術(shù)要求,擬定最合理的作業(yè)工序和工藝,并滿足系統(tǒng)功能要求和環(huán)境條件;明確工件的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀和材料特性,定位精度要求,抓取、搬運(yùn)時(shí)的受力特性、尺寸和質(zhì)量參數(shù)等,從而進(jìn)一步確定對(duì)機(jī)械手結(jié)構(gòu)及運(yùn)行控制的要求;盡量選用定型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件,簡(jiǎn)化設(shè)計(jì)制造過程,兼顧通用性和專用性,并能實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性轉(zhuǎn)換和編程控制.本次設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械手是通用氣動(dòng)上下料機(jī)械手(如圖2-1所示),是一種適合于成批或中、小批生產(chǎn)的、可以改變動(dòng)作程序的自動(dòng)搬運(yùn)或操作設(shè)備,動(dòng)作強(qiáng)度大和操作單調(diào)頻繁的生產(chǎn)場(chǎng)合。它可用于操作環(huán)境惡劣的場(chǎng)合。圖2-1機(jī)械手的整體機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書62.1 機(jī)械手的座標(biāo)型式與自由度按機(jī)械手手臂的不同運(yùn)動(dòng)形式及其組合情況,其座標(biāo)型式可分為直角座標(biāo)式、圓柱座標(biāo)式、球座標(biāo)式和關(guān)節(jié)式。由于本機(jī)械手在上下料時(shí)手臂具有升降、收縮及回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),因此,采用圓柱座標(biāo)型式。相應(yīng)的機(jī)械手具有三個(gè)自由度,為了彌補(bǔ)升降運(yùn)動(dòng)行程較小的缺點(diǎn),增加手臂擺動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),從而增加一個(gè)手臂上下擺動(dòng)的自由度。(如圖2-2所示)無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書7圖2-2 機(jī)械手的運(yùn)動(dòng)示意圖2.2 機(jī)械手的手部結(jié)構(gòu)方案設(shè)計(jì)為了使機(jī)械手的通用性更強(qiáng),把機(jī)械手的手部結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)成可更換結(jié)構(gòu),當(dāng)工件是棒料時(shí),使用夾持式手部;當(dāng)工件是板料時(shí),使用氣流負(fù)壓式吸盤。2.3 機(jī)械手的手腕結(jié)構(gòu)方案設(shè)計(jì)考慮到機(jī)械手的通用性,同時(shí)由于被抓取工件是水平放置,因此手腕必須設(shè)有回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)才可滿足工作的要求。因此,手腕設(shè)計(jì)成回轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)手腕回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)構(gòu)為回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸。2.4 機(jī)械手的手臂結(jié)構(gòu)方案設(shè)計(jì)按照抓取工件的要求,本機(jī)械手的手臂有三個(gè)自由度,即手臂的伸縮、左右回轉(zhuǎn)和降(或俯仰)運(yùn)動(dòng)。手臂的回轉(zhuǎn)和升降運(yùn)動(dòng)是通過立柱來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,立柱的橫向移動(dòng)即為手臂的橫移。手臂的各種運(yùn)動(dòng)由氣缸來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。2.5 機(jī)械手的驅(qū)動(dòng)方案設(shè)計(jì)由于氣壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)作迅速,反應(yīng)靈敏,阻力損失和泄漏較小,成本低廉因此本機(jī)械手采用氣壓傳動(dòng)方式。無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書82.6 機(jī)械手的控制方案設(shè)計(jì)考慮到機(jī)械手的通用性,同時(shí)使用點(diǎn)位控制,因此我們采用可編程序控制器(PLC)對(duì)機(jī)械手進(jìn)行控制。當(dāng)機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作流程改變時(shí),只需改變PLC程序即可實(shí)現(xiàn),非常方便快捷。2.7 機(jī)械手的主要技術(shù)參數(shù)一.機(jī)械手的最大抓重是其規(guī)格的主參數(shù),由于是采用氣動(dòng)方式驅(qū)動(dòng),因此考慮抓取的物體不應(yīng)該太重,查閱相關(guān)機(jī)械手的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù),結(jié)合工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的實(shí)際情況,本設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)抓取的工件質(zhì)量為5公斤。二.基本參數(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)速度是機(jī)械手主要的基本參數(shù)。操作節(jié)拍對(duì)機(jī)械手速度提出了要求,設(shè)計(jì)速度過低限制了它的使用范圍。(如圖2-3所示)而影響機(jī)械手動(dòng)作快慢的主要因素是手臂伸縮及回轉(zhuǎn)的速度。該機(jī)械手最大移動(dòng)速度設(shè)計(jì)為 。最大回轉(zhuǎn)速度設(shè)計(jì)為 。sm/0.1s/90?平均移動(dòng)速度為 。平均回轉(zhuǎn)速度為 。機(jī)械手動(dòng)作時(shí)有啟動(dòng)、停止過程的加、sm/8.0s/60?減速度存在,用速度一行程曲線來(lái)說(shuō)明速度特性較為全面,因?yàn)槠骄俣扰c行程有關(guān),故用平均速度表示速度的快慢更為符合速度特性。除了運(yùn)動(dòng)速度以外,手臂設(shè)計(jì)的基本參數(shù)還有伸縮行程和工作半徑。大部分機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)成相當(dāng)于人工坐著或站著且略有走動(dòng)操作的空間。過大的伸縮行程和工作半徑,必然帶來(lái)偏重力矩增大而剛性降低。在這種情況下宜采用自動(dòng)傳送裝置為好。根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)和比較,該機(jī)械手手臂的伸縮行程定為600mm,最大工作半徑約為。手臂升降行程定為 。定位精度也是基本參數(shù)之一。該機(jī)械手的定位精度為m140m120。?三. 用途:用于自動(dòng)輸送線的上下料。四.設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)參數(shù):1、抓重 kg52、自由度數(shù) 4個(gè)自由度3、座標(biāo)型式 圓柱座標(biāo)4、最大工作半徑 m1405、手臂最大中心高 256、手臂運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)伸縮行程 10伸縮速度 s/4無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書9升降行程 m120升降速度 s/5回轉(zhuǎn)范圍 ??8?回轉(zhuǎn)速度 /907、手腕運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù) 回轉(zhuǎn)范圍 ??1回轉(zhuǎn)速度 s/8、手指夾持范圍 棒料: m508??9、定位方式 行程開關(guān)或可調(diào)機(jī)械擋塊等10、定位精度 1?11、驅(qū)動(dòng)方式 氣壓傳動(dòng)12、控制方式 點(diǎn)位程序控制(采用PLC)圖2-3機(jī)械手的工作范圍無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書10第三章 手部結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)3.1 夾持式手部結(jié)構(gòu)夾持式手部結(jié)構(gòu)由手指(或手爪)和傳力機(jī)構(gòu)所組成。其傳力結(jié)構(gòu)形式比較多,如滑槽杠桿式、斜楔杠桿式、齒輪齒條式、彈簧杠桿式等。3.1.1手指的形狀和分類夾持式是最常見的一種,其中常用的有兩指式、多指式和雙手雙指式:按手指夾持工件的部位又可分為內(nèi)卡式(或內(nèi)漲式)和外夾式兩種:按模仿人手手指的動(dòng)作,手指可分為一支點(diǎn)回轉(zhuǎn)型,二支點(diǎn)回轉(zhuǎn)型和移動(dòng)型(或稱直進(jìn)型),其中以二支點(diǎn)回轉(zhuǎn)型為基本型式。當(dāng)二支點(diǎn)回轉(zhuǎn)型手指的兩個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)支點(diǎn)的距離縮小到無(wú)窮小時(shí),就變成了一支點(diǎn)回轉(zhuǎn)型手指;同理,當(dāng)二支點(diǎn)回轉(zhuǎn)型手指的手指長(zhǎng)度變成無(wú)窮長(zhǎng)時(shí),就成為移動(dòng)型?;剞D(zhuǎn)型手指開閉角較小,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制造容易,應(yīng)用廣泛。移動(dòng)型應(yīng)用較少,其結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜龐大,當(dāng)移動(dòng)型手指夾持直徑變化的零件時(shí)不影響其軸心的位置,能適應(yīng)不同直徑的工件。3.1.2設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)考慮的幾個(gè)問題(一)具有足夠的握力(即夾緊力)在確定手指的握力時(shí),除考慮工件重量外,還應(yīng)考慮在傳送或操作過程中所產(chǎn)生的慣性力和振動(dòng),以保證工件不致產(chǎn)生松動(dòng)或脫落。(二)手指間應(yīng)具有一定的開閉角兩手指張開與閉合的兩個(gè)極限位置所夾的角度稱為手指的開閉角。手指的開閉角應(yīng)保證工件能順利進(jìn)入或脫開,若夾持不同直徑的工件,應(yīng)按最大直徑的工件考慮。對(duì)于移動(dòng)型手指只有開閉幅度的要求。(三)保證工件準(zhǔn)確定位為使手指和被夾持工件保持準(zhǔn)確的相對(duì)位置,必須根據(jù)被抓取工件的形狀,選擇相應(yīng)的手指形狀。例如圓柱形工件采用帶“V”形面的手指,以便自動(dòng)定心。(四)具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度手指除受到被夾持工件的反作用力外,還受到機(jī)械手在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中所產(chǎn)生的慣性力和振動(dòng)的影響,要求有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度以防折斷或彎曲變形,當(dāng)應(yīng)盡量使結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單緊湊,自重輕,并使手部的中心在手腕的回轉(zhuǎn)軸線上,以使手腕的扭轉(zhuǎn)力矩最小為佳。(五)考慮被抓取對(duì)象的要求根據(jù)機(jī)械手的工作需要,通過比較,我們采用的機(jī)械手的手部結(jié)構(gòu)是一支點(diǎn), 兩指回轉(zhuǎn)型,由于工件多為圓柱形,故手指形狀設(shè)計(jì)成V型,其結(jié)構(gòu)如附圖所示。無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書113.1.3手部夾緊氣缸的設(shè)計(jì)1、手部驅(qū)動(dòng)力計(jì)算本課題氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手的手部結(jié)構(gòu)如圖3-1所示:圖3-1齒輪齒條式手部其工件重量G=5公斤,V形手指的角度 , ,摩擦系數(shù)為?120??mRb24??10.?f(1)根據(jù)手部結(jié)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)示意圖,其驅(qū)動(dòng)力為:RbpN(2)根據(jù)手指夾持工件的方位 ,可得握力計(jì)算公式:)(5.0????tg無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書12)(25)42560. 'Ntg????所以 Rbp2?)(45(3)實(shí)際驅(qū)動(dòng)力:?21K?實(shí) 際1、因?yàn)閭髁C(jī)構(gòu)為齒輪齒條傳動(dòng),故取 ,并取 。若被抓取工件的最大加速94.0??5.1?K度取 時(shí),則:ga3?412??gaK所以 )(5639.045Np?實(shí) 際所以?shī)A持工件時(shí)所需夾緊氣缸的驅(qū)動(dòng)力為 。N15632、氣缸的直徑本氣缸屬于單向作用氣缸。根據(jù)力平衡原理,單向作用氣缸活塞桿上的輸出推力必須克服彈簧的反作用力和活塞桿工作時(shí)的總阻力,其公式為: ztFPDF??421?式中: - 活塞桿上的推力,N1- 彈簧反作用力,Nt- 氣缸工作時(shí)的總阻力,NzF- 氣缸工作壓力,PaP彈簧反作用按下式計(jì)算: )1(sGft??nDdf314Gf = 3148式中: - 彈簧剛度,N/mfG無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書13- 彈簧預(yù)壓縮量, m1- 活塞行程,ms- 彈簧鋼絲直徑,m1d- 彈簧平均直徑,.D- 彈簧有效圈數(shù).n- 彈簧材料剪切模量,一般取GPaG9104.7??在設(shè)計(jì)中,必須考慮負(fù)載率 的影響,則:?tFp??421?由以上分析得單向作用氣缸的直徑: ??ptD)(1?代入有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),可得 ?fGnd314843915)0(..7??)/6.mN(sFft?)(6.2014373???所以: DpnFt???6105.).249(??)(23.65m?查有關(guān)手冊(cè)圓整,得 D6由 ,可得活塞桿直徑:.0/?d mDd5.193).02(???圓整后,取活塞桿直徑 校核,按公式md18][)4/(21???dF有: 5.0])[/14(??F?其中,[ ] ,MPa2?N701則: 5.0)/9(?d18.2?滿足實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)要求。無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書143、缸筒壁厚的設(shè)計(jì)缸筒直接承受壓縮空氣壓力,必須有一定厚度。一般氣缸缸筒壁厚與內(nèi)徑之比小于或等于1/10,其壁厚可按薄壁筒公式計(jì)算: ][2/??pDP?式中:6- 缸筒壁厚,mm- 氣缸內(nèi)徑,mm- 實(shí)驗(yàn)壓力,取 , Pap Pp5.1?材料為:ZL3,[ ]=3MPa?代入己知數(shù)據(jù),則壁厚為: ][2/?pDP?)(5.6)103(65m??取 ,則缸筒外徑為:7?? )(8025.761mD???第四章 手腕結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書154.1 手腕的自由度手腕是連接手部和手臂的部件,它的作用是調(diào)整或改變工件的方位,因而它具有獨(dú)立的自由度,以使機(jī)械手適應(yīng)復(fù)雜的動(dòng)作要求。手腕自由度的選用與機(jī)械手的通用性、加工工藝要求、工件放置方位和定位精度等許多因素有關(guān)。由于本機(jī)械手抓取的工件是水平放置,同時(shí)考慮到通用性,因此給手腕設(shè)一繞x軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)才可滿足工作的要求目前實(shí)現(xiàn)手腕回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)構(gòu),應(yīng)用最多的為回轉(zhuǎn)油(氣)缸,因此我們選用回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸。它的結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,但回轉(zhuǎn)角度小于 ,并且要求嚴(yán)格的密封。?3604.2 手腕的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩的計(jì)算4.2.1手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)所需的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩手腕的回轉(zhuǎn)、上下和左右擺動(dòng)均為回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),驅(qū)動(dòng)手腕回轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩必須克服手腕起動(dòng)時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的慣性力矩,手腕的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸與支承孔處的摩擦阻力矩,動(dòng)片與缸徑、定片、端蓋等處密封裝置的摩擦阻力矩以及由于轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)件的中心與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線不重合所產(chǎn)生的偏重力矩.圖4-1所示為手腕受力的示意圖。1.工件2.手部3.手腕圖4-1手碗回轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)受力狀態(tài)無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書16手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)所需的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩可按下式計(jì)算:封摩偏慣驅(qū) MM??式中: - 驅(qū)動(dòng)手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩( );驅(qū) cmN?- 慣性力矩( );慣 cmN?- 參與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的零部件的重量(包括工件、手部、手腕回轉(zhuǎn)缸的動(dòng)片)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線所產(chǎn)偏生的偏重力矩( ).?- 手腕回轉(zhuǎn)缸的動(dòng)片與定片、缸徑、端蓋等處密封裝置的摩擦阻力封M矩( );cN?下面以圖4-1所示的手腕受力情況,分析各阻力矩的計(jì)算:1、手腕加速運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的慣性力矩M悅?cè)羰滞笃饎?dòng)過程按等加速運(yùn)動(dòng),手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)的角速度為 ,起動(dòng)過程所用的時(shí)間為 ,則:?t?).(1cmtJ????)(慣式中: - 參與手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的部件對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量 ;J ).(2scmN- 工件對(duì)手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量 。1 ).(2scN若工件中心與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線不重合,其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量 為:1JgGJc1??21e式中: - 工件對(duì)過重心軸線的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量 :c ).(2scmN- 工件的重量(N);1- 工件的重心到轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線的偏心距(cm),e- 手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)的角速度(弧度/s);?- 起動(dòng)過程所需的時(shí)間(s);t?— 起動(dòng)過程所轉(zhuǎn)過的角度(弧度)。?2、手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)件和工件的偏重對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線所產(chǎn)生的偏重力矩M偏+ ( )?偏 1eG3cmN?式中: - 手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)件的重量(N);3- 手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)件的重心到轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線的偏心距(cm)3當(dāng)工件的重心與手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線重合時(shí),則 .1eG0?無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書173、手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸在軸頸處的摩擦阻力矩 封M( )?封M)(21dRfBA?cmN?式中: , - 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸的軸頸直徑 (cm);1d- 摩擦系數(shù),對(duì)于滾動(dòng)軸承 ,對(duì)于滑動(dòng)軸承 ;f 01.?f 1.0?f, - 處的支承反力(N),可按手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸的受力分析求解,ARB根據(jù) ,得:0??)( F3lG?l12Bl31?同理,根據(jù) (F) ,得:BM?0?llGlGRA )()()( 321????式中: - 的重量(N)2,— 如圖4-1所示的長(zhǎng)度尺寸 (cm).31,l4、轉(zhuǎn)缸的動(dòng)片與缸徑、定片、端蓋等處密封裝置的摩擦阻力矩M封,與選用的密襯裝置的類型有關(guān),應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況加以分析。4.2.2回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩計(jì)算在機(jī)械手的手腕回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)中所采用的回轉(zhuǎn)缸是單葉片回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸,它的原理如圖4-2所示,定片1與缸體2固連,動(dòng)片3與回轉(zhuǎn)軸5固連。動(dòng)片封圈4把氣腔分隔成兩個(gè).當(dāng)壓縮氣體從孔a進(jìn)入時(shí),推動(dòng)輸出軸作逆時(shí)4回轉(zhuǎn),則低壓腔的氣從b孔排出。反之,輸出軸作順時(shí)針方向回轉(zhuǎn)。單葉氣缸的壓力P驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩M的關(guān)系為:或 )(2rRbp??2)(rRpbM??無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書184.2.3 手腕回轉(zhuǎn)缸的尺寸及其校核1.尺寸設(shè)計(jì)氣缸長(zhǎng)度設(shè)計(jì)為 ,氣缸內(nèi)徑為 =96mm,半徑 ,軸徑 =26mm,mb10?1DmR48?mD26?2半徑 ,氣缸運(yùn)行角速度 = ,加速度時(shí)間 =0.1s, 壓強(qiáng) ,R3?s/90? t?MPa4.0無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書19則力矩:2)(rRpbM??).(63)026.48.(104.6mN???2.尺寸校核(1)測(cè)定參與手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的部件的質(zhì)量 ,分析部件的質(zhì)量分布情況,kgm10?質(zhì)量密度等效分布在一個(gè)半徑 的圓盤上,那么轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:r521rmJ?05.?( )12.?2.mkg工件的質(zhì)量為5 ,質(zhì)量分布于長(zhǎng) 的棒料上,那么轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:ml10?).(042.1.22mkglJc??假如工件中心與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線不重合,對(duì)于長(zhǎng) 的棒料來(lái)說(shuō),最大偏心距ml10?,其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量為:e51).(067.54221mkgeJc???慣MtJ??1).(3261.09705N??(2)手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)件和工件的偏重對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線所產(chǎn)生的偏重力矩為M偏,考慮手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)件重心無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書20與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線重合, ,夾持工件一端時(shí)工件重心偏離轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線 ,則:01?e me503?+ 偏MG3).(525.mN????(3)手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸在軸頸處的摩擦阻力矩為 ,對(duì)于滾動(dòng)軸承 ,對(duì)于滑動(dòng)軸承摩M01.?f=0.1, , 為手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸的軸頸直徑, , , , 為軸頸處的f1d2 md301?d2ARB支承反力,粗略估計(jì) , ,NRA30?B5摩M?)(21dfB?).2.0. ?)(5.mN4.回轉(zhuǎn)缸的動(dòng)片與缸徑、定片、端蓋等處密封裝置的摩擦阻力矩M封,與選用的密襯裝置的類型有關(guān),應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況加以分析。在此處估計(jì) 為 的3倍,封M摩3 封 ??摩05.)(1mN?封摩偏慣驅(qū) MM??15.0.523.6)(9〈驅(qū)設(shè)計(jì)尺寸符合使用要求,安全。?第五章 手臂伸縮,升降,回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸的尺寸設(shè)計(jì)與校核無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書215.1 手臂伸縮氣缸的尺寸設(shè)計(jì)與校核5.1.1 手臂伸縮氣缸的尺寸設(shè)計(jì)手臂伸縮氣缸采用煙臺(tái)氣動(dòng)元件廠生產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣缸,參看此公司生產(chǎn)的各種型號(hào)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),尺寸參數(shù),結(jié)合本設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)際要求,氣缸用CTA型氣缸,尺寸系列初選內(nèi)徑為100/63,關(guān)于此氣缸的資料詳情請(qǐng)參看煙臺(tái)氣動(dòng)元件廠公司主頁(yè):?www.bota.cn/products.asp.5.1.2 尺寸校核1. 在校核尺寸時(shí),只需校核氣缸內(nèi)徑 =63mm,半徑R=31.5mm的氣缸的尺寸滿足使用要求即1D可,設(shè)計(jì)使用壓強(qiáng) ,MPa4.0?則驅(qū)動(dòng)力:2RF??)(1460315..02N??2.測(cè)定手腕質(zhì)量為50kg,設(shè)計(jì)加速度 ,則慣性力:)/(0sma?maF1)(50N??3.考慮活塞等的摩擦力,設(shè)定摩擦系數(shù) ,2.0?k1.Fkm)(052N??總受力?mF?1)(605??0所以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CTA氣缸的尺寸符合實(shí)際使用驅(qū)動(dòng)力要求。5.1.3 導(dǎo)向裝置無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書22氣壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的機(jī)械手臂在進(jìn)行伸縮運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),為了防止手臂繞軸線轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),以保證手指的正確方向,并使活塞桿不受較大的彎曲力矩作用,以增加手臂的剛性,在設(shè)計(jì)手臂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),應(yīng)該采用導(dǎo)向裝置。具體的安裝形式應(yīng)該根據(jù)本設(shè)計(jì)的具體結(jié)構(gòu)和抓取物體重量等因素來(lái)確定,同時(shí)在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和布局上應(yīng)該盡量減少運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的重量和減少對(duì)回轉(zhuǎn)中心的慣量。導(dǎo)向桿目前常采用的裝置有單導(dǎo)向桿,雙導(dǎo)向桿,四導(dǎo)向桿等,在本設(shè)計(jì)中才用單導(dǎo)向桿來(lái)增加手臂的剛性和導(dǎo)向性。5.1.4 平衡裝置在本設(shè)計(jì)中,為了使手臂的兩端能夠盡量接近重力矩平衡狀態(tài),減少手抓一側(cè)重力矩對(duì)性能的影響,故在手臂伸縮氣缸一側(cè)加裝平衡裝置,裝置內(nèi)加放砝碼,砝碼塊的質(zhì)量根據(jù)抓取物體的重量和氣缸的運(yùn)行參數(shù)視具體情況加以調(diào)節(jié),務(wù)求使兩端盡量接近平衡。5.2 手臂升降氣缸的尺寸設(shè)計(jì)與校核5.2.1 尺寸設(shè)計(jì)氣缸運(yùn)行長(zhǎng)度設(shè)計(jì)為 =118mm,氣缸內(nèi)徑為 =110mm,半徑R=55mm,氣缸運(yùn)行速度,加速l 1D度時(shí)間 =0.1s,壓強(qiáng)p=0.4MPa,則驅(qū)動(dòng)力:t?`20.RpG??2605.143?)(79N5.2.2 尺寸校核1.測(cè)定手腕質(zhì)量為80kg,則重力: mgG?)(801N?2.設(shè)計(jì)加速度 ,則慣性力:)/5sa?mG1)(408N??3.考慮活塞等的摩擦力,設(shè)定一摩擦系數(shù) ,1.0?k1.Gkm無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書23)(401.N??總受力?mqG?1)(2408?q?所以設(shè)計(jì)尺寸符合實(shí)際使用要求。5.3 手臂回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸的尺寸設(shè)計(jì)與校核5.3.1 尺寸設(shè)計(jì)氣缸長(zhǎng)度設(shè)計(jì)為 ,氣缸內(nèi)徑為 ,半徑R=105mm,軸徑 半mb120?mD210?mD402?徑 ,氣缸運(yùn)行角速度 = ,加速度時(shí)間 0.5s,壓強(qiáng) ,mR20??s/9? t?MPa.則力矩: 2)(rRpM?).(5)02.15.(04.6mN???5.3.2 尺寸校核1.測(cè)定參與手臂轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的部件的質(zhì)量 ,分析部件的質(zhì)量分布情況,kgm120?質(zhì)量密度等效分布在一個(gè)半徑 的圓盤上,那么轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:r2021rmJ?0.2?( )6.?2.mkg無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書24tJM???.慣).(108596mN?考慮軸承,油封之間的摩擦力,設(shè)定一摩擦系數(shù) ,2.0?k慣摩 Mk.?)( mN.451082?總驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩:摩慣驅(qū) ??)( mN.413508M〈驅(qū)設(shè)計(jì)尺寸滿足使用要求。?無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書25無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書267 24DH-10-S1 二位五通電磁滑閥 18 24D2H-10-S1 二位五通電磁滑閥 49 24D2H-15-S1 二位五通電磁滑閥 110 單向節(jié)流閥 211 LI-25 單向節(jié)流閥 212 快速排氣閥 213 氣液轉(zhuǎn)換器 1各通行機(jī)構(gòu)的調(diào)速,凡是能采用排氣口節(jié)流方式的,都在電磁閥的排氣口安裝節(jié)流阻尼螺釘進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),這種方法的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單效果好。如平臂伸縮氣缸在接近氣缸處安裝兩個(gè)快速排氣閥,可加快啟動(dòng)速度,也可調(diào)節(jié)全程的速度。升降氣缸采用氣節(jié)流的單向節(jié)流閥以調(diào)節(jié)手臂的上升速度,由于手臂靠自重下降,其速度調(diào)節(jié)仍采用在電磁閥排氣口安裝節(jié)流阻尼螺釘來(lái)完成。氣液傳送器氣缸的排氣節(jié)流,可用來(lái)調(diào)整回轉(zhuǎn)液壓緩沖器的背壓大小。為簡(jiǎn)化氣路,減少電磁閥的數(shù)量,各工作氣缸的緩沖均采用液壓緩沖器,這樣可以省去電磁閥和切換節(jié)流閥或行程節(jié)流閥的氣路阻尼元件。電磁閥的通徑,是根據(jù)各工作氣缸的尺寸,行程,速度計(jì)算出所需壓縮空氣流量,與選用的電磁閥在壓力狀態(tài)下的公稱使用流量相適應(yīng)來(lái)確定的。無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書27第七章 機(jī)械手的PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)考慮到機(jī)械手的通用性,同時(shí)使用點(diǎn)位控制,因此我們采用可編程序控制器(PLC)對(duì)機(jī)械手進(jìn)行控制.當(dāng)機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作流程改變時(shí),只需改變PLC程序即可實(shí)現(xiàn),非常方便快捷。7.1 可編程序控制器的選擇及工作過程7.1.1 可編程序控制器的選擇目前,國(guó)際上生產(chǎn)可編程序控制器的廠家很多,如日本三菱公司的F系列PC,德國(guó)西門子公司的SIMATIC N5系列PC 、日本OMRON(立石)公司的C型、P型PC等??紤]到本機(jī)械手的輸入輸出點(diǎn)不多,工作流程較簡(jiǎn)單,同時(shí)考慮到制造成本,因此在本次設(shè)計(jì)中選擇了OMRON公司的C28P型可編程序控制器。7.1.2 可編程序控制器的工作過程可編程序控制器是通過執(zhí)行用戶程序來(lái)完成各種不同控制任務(wù)的。為此采用了循環(huán)掃描的工作方式。具體的工作過程可分為四個(gè)階段。第一階段是初始化處理??删幊绦蚩刂破鞯妮斎攵俗硬皇侵苯优c主機(jī)相連,CPU對(duì)輸入輸出狀態(tài)的詢問是針對(duì)輸入輸出狀態(tài)暫存器而言的。輸入輸出狀態(tài)暫存器也稱為I/0狀態(tài)表.該表是一個(gè)專門存放輸入輸出狀態(tài)信息的存儲(chǔ)區(qū)。其中存放輸入狀態(tài)信息的存儲(chǔ)器叫輸入狀態(tài)暫存器;存放輸出狀態(tài)信息的存儲(chǔ)器叫輸出狀態(tài)暫存器。開機(jī)時(shí),CPU首先使I/0狀態(tài)表清零,然后進(jìn)行自診斷。當(dāng)確認(rèn)其硬件工作正常后,進(jìn)入下一階段。第二階段是處理輸入信號(hào)階段。在處理輸入信號(hào)階段,CPU對(duì)輸入狀態(tài)進(jìn)行掃描,將獲得的各個(gè)輸入端子的狀態(tài)信息送到I/0狀態(tài)表中存放。在同一掃描周期內(nèi),各個(gè)輸入點(diǎn)的狀態(tài)在I/0狀態(tài)表中一直保持不變,不會(huì)受到各個(gè)輸入端子信號(hào)變化的影響,因此不能造成運(yùn)算結(jié)果混亂,保證了本周期內(nèi)用戶程序的正確執(zhí)行。第三階段是程序處理階段。當(dāng)輸入狀態(tài)信息全部進(jìn)入I/0狀態(tài)表后,CPU工作進(jìn)入到第三個(gè)階段。在這個(gè)階段中,可編程序控制器對(duì)用戶程序進(jìn)行依次掃描,并根據(jù)各I/0狀態(tài)和有關(guān)指令進(jìn)行運(yùn)算和處理,最后將結(jié)果寫入I/0狀態(tài)表的輸出狀態(tài)暫存器中。第四階段是輸出處理階段。CPU對(duì)用戶程序已掃描處理完畢,并將運(yùn)算結(jié)果寫入到I/0狀態(tài)表狀態(tài)暫存器中。此時(shí)將輸入信號(hào)從輸出狀態(tài)暫存器中取出,送到輸出鎖存電路,驅(qū)動(dòng)輸出繼電器線圈,控制被控設(shè)無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書28備進(jìn)行各種相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作。然后,CPU又返回執(zhí)行下一個(gè)循環(huán)的掃描周期。7.2 可編程序控制器的使用步驟在可編程序控制器與被控對(duì)象(機(jī)器、設(shè)備或生產(chǎn)過程)構(gòu)成一個(gè)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)時(shí),通常以七個(gè)步驟進(jìn)行:(1)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)即確定被控對(duì)象的工作原理,控制要求,動(dòng)作及動(dòng)作順序。(2)I/0分配即確定哪些信號(hào)是送到可編程序控制器的,并分配給相應(yīng)的輸入端號(hào);哪些信號(hào)是由可編程序控制器送到被控對(duì)象的,并分配相應(yīng)的輸出端號(hào).此外,對(duì)用到的可編程序控制器內(nèi)部的計(jì)數(shù)器、定時(shí)器等也要進(jìn)行分配。可編程序控制器是通過編號(hào)來(lái)識(shí)別信號(hào)的。(3)畫梯形圖它與繼電器控制邏輯的梯形圖概念相同,表達(dá)了系統(tǒng)中全部動(dòng)作的相互關(guān)系。如果使用圖形編程器(LCD或CRT),則畫出梯形圖相當(dāng)于編制出了程序,可將梯形圖直接送入可編程序控制器。對(duì)簡(jiǎn)易編程器,則往往要經(jīng)過下一步的助記符程序轉(zhuǎn)換過程。(4)助記符機(jī)器程序相當(dāng)于微機(jī)的助記符程序,是面向機(jī)器的(即不同廠家的可編程序控制器,助記符指令形式不同),用簡(jiǎn)易編程器時(shí),應(yīng)將梯形圖轉(zhuǎn)化成助記符程序,才能將其輸入到可編程序控制器中。(5)編制程序即檢查程序中每條語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,若有則修改。這項(xiàng)工作在編程器上進(jìn)行。(6)調(diào)試程序即檢查程序是否能正確完成邏輯要求,不合要求,可以在編程器上修改。程序設(shè)計(jì)(包括畫梯形圖、助記符程序、編輯、甚至調(diào)試)也可在別的工具上進(jìn)行。如IBM-PC機(jī),只要這個(gè)機(jī)器配有相應(yīng)的軟件。(7)保存程序調(diào)試通過的程序,可以固化在EPROM中或保存在磁盤上備用。7.3 機(jī)械手可編程序控制器控制方案7.3.1 控制系統(tǒng)的工作原理及控制要求1.控制對(duì)象為圓柱座標(biāo)氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手。它的手臂具有三個(gè)自由度,即水平方向的伸、縮;無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書29豎直方向的上、下;繞豎直軸的順時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)及逆時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。另外,其末端執(zhí)行裝置— 機(jī)械手,還可完成抓、放功能。以上各動(dòng)作均采用氣動(dòng)方式驅(qū)動(dòng),即用五個(gè)二位五通電磁閥(每個(gè)閥有兩個(gè)線圈,對(duì)應(yīng)兩個(gè)相反動(dòng)作)分別控制五個(gè)氣缸,使機(jī)械手完成伸、縮、上、下、旋轉(zhuǎn)及機(jī)械手抓放動(dòng)作。其中旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)用一組齒輪齒條,使氣缸的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。這樣,可用PLC的8個(gè)輸出端與電磁閥的8個(gè)線圈相連,通過編程,使電磁閥各線圈按一定序列激勵(lì),從而使機(jī)械手按預(yù)先安排的動(dòng)作序列工作.如果欲改變機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作,不需改變接線,只需將程序中動(dòng)作代碼及順序稍加修改即可。另外,除抓放外,其余六個(gè)動(dòng)作末端均放置一限位開關(guān),以檢測(cè)動(dòng)作是否到位,如果某動(dòng)作沒有到位,則出錯(cuò)指示燈亮。2.控制要求為了滿足生產(chǎn)需要,機(jī)械手應(yīng)設(shè)置手動(dòng)工作方式、單動(dòng)工作方式和自動(dòng)工作方式。(1)手動(dòng)工作方式便于對(duì)設(shè)備進(jìn)行調(diào)整和檢修,設(shè)置手動(dòng)工作方式。用按鈕對(duì)機(jī)械手每一動(dòng)作單獨(dú)進(jìn)行控制。(2)單動(dòng)工作方式從原點(diǎn)開始,按照自動(dòng)工作循環(huán)的步序,每按下一次起動(dòng)按鈕,機(jī)械手完成一步的工作后,自動(dòng)停止。(3)自動(dòng)工作方式按下起動(dòng)按鈕,機(jī)械手從原點(diǎn)開始,按工序自動(dòng)反復(fù)連續(xù)工作,直到按下停止按鈕,機(jī)械手在完成最后一個(gè)周期的動(dòng)作后,返回原點(diǎn)自動(dòng)停機(jī)。7.3.2 氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手的工作流程(如圖7-1所示)氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手的工作流程如下: (1) 當(dāng)按下機(jī)械手啟動(dòng)按鈕之后,首先立柱右轉(zhuǎn)電磁閥通電,機(jī)械手右轉(zhuǎn),至右限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(2) 立柱上升電磁閥通電,立柱上升,至上限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(3) 手臂伸長(zhǎng)電磁閥通電,手臂開始伸長(zhǎng),至限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(4) 手腕逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)電磁閥通電,手腕逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),至逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(5) 立柱下降電磁閥通電,立柱下降,至下限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(6) 手爪抓緊電磁閥通電,手爪抓緊,至限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(7) 立柱上升電磁閥通電,立柱上升,至上限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(8) 手腕逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)電磁閥通電,手腕逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),至逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(9) 手腕收縮電磁閥通電,手腕收縮,至限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書30(10) 立柱左轉(zhuǎn)電磁閥通電,機(jī)械手左轉(zhuǎn),至左限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(11) 手臂伸長(zhǎng)電磁閥通電,手臂開始伸長(zhǎng),至限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(12) 手腕逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)電磁閥通電,手腕逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),至逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(13) 立柱下降電磁閥通電,立柱下降,至下限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(14) 手爪松開電磁閥通電,手爪松開,至限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。(15) 手腕收縮電磁閥通電,手腕收縮,至限位開關(guān)動(dòng)作。完成一次循環(huán),然后重復(fù)以上循環(huán)動(dòng)作。(16) 按下停止按鈕或停電時(shí),機(jī)械手停止在現(xiàn)行的工步上,重新啟動(dòng)時(shí),機(jī)械手按上一工步繼續(xù)工作。圖7-1機(jī)械手自動(dòng)控制工作流程框圖 啟動(dòng)立柱右轉(zhuǎn)立柱上升手爪松開手腕逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)立柱下降手爪抓緊立柱上升手臂伸長(zhǎng) 手腕逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)立柱下降手臂伸長(zhǎng)立柱左轉(zhuǎn)手腕收縮手腕逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)手腕收縮無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書317.3.3 I/0分配根據(jù)系統(tǒng)輸入輸出點(diǎn)的數(shù)目,選用OMRON C28P型PC,它有16個(gè)輸入點(diǎn),標(biāo)號(hào)為0000-0015; 12個(gè)輸出點(diǎn),標(biāo)號(hào)為0500-0511.如表7-1所示。 其它地址分配:1、 夾緊定時(shí)器:T1,定時(shí)5s 2、 放松定時(shí)器:T2,定時(shí)5s 3、 自動(dòng)方式標(biāo)志:M0.0 4 、單動(dòng)方式標(biāo)志:M0.1 5、 手動(dòng)方式標(biāo)志:M0.2 6、 結(jié)束標(biāo)志:M0.57.3.4 梯形圖設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)機(jī)械手的邏輯時(shí)序圖及1/0分配,可以畫出控制梯形圖??刂铺菪螆D可分為子程序部分和主程序部分。子程序部分包括:自動(dòng)方式控制梯形圖(7-2)和手動(dòng)方式控制梯形圖(7-3)。無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書321.自動(dòng)控制方式梯形圖如下:í?? ?5£o?úD μê? é?éyμ? ??£?í£? 1é?éy2¢? ??ˉó ò ò ? ?? ? ?Q 4.1 I0.6 I0.4Q 4.3(R )(P)M 1.4(S)Q 4.2Q 4.1í?? ?6£o?úD μê? ó ò ò ? μ? ??£?í£? 1ó ò ò ? 2¢? ??ˉ?? ? μ?? ? ?Q 4.2 I0.4 I0.7Q 4.1(R )(P)M 1.1(S)Q 4.0Q 4.2í?? ?7£o?úD μê? ?? ? μμ? ??£?í£? 1?? ? μ2¢? ??ˉ?é?a?? ? ?Q 4.0 I0.7 I0.5(P)M 1.2(R )Q 4.0(R )Q 4.4í???1£o? ??ˉ?úDμê????μI0.4 I0.6 I1.5 Q4.1(P)M 1.1(S)Q4.0í???2£o?úDμê????μμ???£?í£?1???μ2¢? ??ˉ?D??????Q4.0 I0.6 I0.5(P)M 1.2(R)Q4.0(S)Q4.4í???3£o?úDμê??D??2¢? ??ˉ?D???¨ê±? ÷£??¨ê±5 sQ4.4 I0.6 I0.5 Q4.1(SD)T1S5T#5 sí???4£o?¨ê±ê±??μ?£?2¢?ò?úDμê???óD???μê±£?? ??ˉé?éyT1 I0.6 I0.5 Q4.0(P)M 1.3(S)Q4.1無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書33圖7-2自動(dòng)方式控制梯形圖2.手動(dòng)控制方式梯形圖如下:í???8£o?úDμê??é?a2¢???ˉ?é?a?¨ê±?÷£??¨ê±5 sQ4.4 I0.7 I0.5 Q4.1(SD)T2S5T#5 sí???9£o?¨ê±ê±??μ?£?2¢?ò?úDμê???óD???μê±???ˉé?éy????T2 I0.7 I0.5 Q4.0(P)M1.3(S)Q4.1í???10£o?úDμê?é?éyμ???£?í£?1é?éy2¢???ˉ×óò?????Q4.1 I0.7 I0.4Q4.2(R)(P)M1.5(S)Q4.3Q4.1í???11£o?úDμê?×óò?μ???í£?1£?M0.1£?0£?ò?×è?1μ¥?ˉ·?ê???μ?×??ˉ???ˉQ4.3 I0.4 I0.6(P)M1.0(R)Q4.3(R)M0.1í?? ?2£oê? ?ˉ? D ? ?£?2éó ? ? ? ??oí?′??·? ê? ê1? D ? ?oó2?? êD í?é?aí?? ?1£oê? ?ˉ?? ? μI1.0 I0.5(R )Q 4.0I1.2 I0.6 I0.5(P)M 1.2(S)Q 4.4í?? ?3£oê? ?ˉé?éyI1.1 I0.4( )Q 4.1無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書34圖7-3手動(dòng)控制方式梯形圖3.主程序梯形圖如圖7-4所示:í? ? ? 1 £ o× ? ? ˉ ·? ê ? ? ? ? ˉ M 0 .0 £ ? 1 £ ? ó D × ? ? ?I0 .0 M 0 .1(S )M 0 .0I0 .3M 0 .0í? ? ? 2 £ oM 0 .1 £ ? 1 £ ? μ ¥ ? ˉ ó D D §I0 .1(S )M 0 .1í? ? ? 3 £ oμ ¥ ? ˉ ·? ê ? ? ? ? ˉ M 0 .1 £ ? 1 £ ? ó D × ? ? ?I0 .1 M 0 .0( )M 0 .1I0 .3M 0 .1 M 0 .3M 0 .0í?? ?4£o×? ?ˉ·? ê? ?òμ¥?ˉ·? ê? ? ùμ÷ó ? ×ó 3ìD òFC10M 0.0 M 0.1(CA LL)FC10M 0.2M 0.1 M 0.0M 0.5í?? ?5£oê? ?ˉ·? ê? ? ??ˉM 0.2£? 1£?ó D ×? ??I0.2 M 1.1(S)M 0.2I0.3M 0.2(P)í?? ?4£oê ? ?ˉó ò ò ?I1.4 I0.7( )Q 4.2í?? ?5£oê ? ?ˉ?? ? μI1.0 I0.5( )Q 4.2I1.2 I0.7 I0.5(P)M 1.2(S)Q 4.4í?? ?6£oê ? ?ˉ·? ? éí?? ?7£oê ? ?ˉ×óò ?I1.3 I0.6( )Q 4.3無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書35圖7-4主程序梯形圖í?? ?6£oê? ?ˉ·? ê? μ÷ó ? ×ó 3ìD òFC 11M 0.2 M 0.0(C A LL)FC 11M 0.1 M 0.5í?? ?7£oí£? 1′|à íI0.3(S)M 0.5í?? ?8£o′í?ó2ù ×÷′|à íI0.0 I0.1(S)M 0.5I0.0 I0.2I0.1 I0.2無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書36第八章 結(jié) 論1、本次設(shè)計(jì)的是氣動(dòng)通用機(jī)械手,相對(duì)于專用機(jī)械手,通用機(jī)械手的自由度可變,控制程序可調(diào),因此適用面更廣。2、采用氣壓傳動(dòng),動(dòng)作迅速,反應(yīng)靈敏,能實(shí)現(xiàn)過載保護(hù),便于自動(dòng)控制。工作環(huán)境適應(yīng)性好,不會(huì)因環(huán)境變化影響傳動(dòng)及控制性能。阻力損失和泄漏較小,不會(huì)污染環(huán)境。同時(shí)成本低廉。3、通過對(duì)氣壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)工作原理圖的參數(shù)化繪制,大大提高了繪圖速度,節(jié)省了大量時(shí)間和避免了不必要的重復(fù)勞動(dòng),同時(shí)做到了圖紙的統(tǒng)一規(guī)范。4、機(jī)械手采用PLC控制,具有可靠性高、改變程序靈活等優(yōu)點(diǎn),無(wú)論是進(jìn)行時(shí)間控制還是行程控制或混合控制,都可通過設(shè)定PLC程序來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)??梢愿鶕?jù)機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作順序修改程序,使機(jī)械手的通用性更強(qiáng)。無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書37致 謝本文是在我尊敬的俞云強(qiáng)老師悉心指導(dǎo)下完成的。老師嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度和精益求精的工作作風(fēng)使我受益匪淺。在此,我首先向老師表示誠(chéng)摯的感謝,并致以崇高的敬意!在課題的研究和開發(fā)階段,得到了學(xué)校老師的大力支持和幫助,為我提供了許多有用的資料,在此一并向他們表示衷心的感謝。在日常生活和學(xué)習(xí)中,學(xué)校的各位老師,以及全體同學(xué)給與我大力支持和幫助,在此我向他們表示衷心的感謝。感謝父母 、家人,感謝所有關(guān)心我的朋友和老師,感謝無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。孫啟亮2008年4日11日無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書38參考文獻(xiàn):1.張建民.工業(yè)機(jī)器人.北京:北京理工大學(xué)出版社,19882.蔡自興.機(jī)器人學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略.機(jī)器人技術(shù),2001, 43.金茂青,曲忠萍,張桂華.國(guó)外工業(yè)機(jī)器人發(fā)展勢(shì)態(tài)分析.機(jī)器人技術(shù)與應(yīng)用 ,20014.王雄耀.近代氣動(dòng)機(jī)器人(氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用.液壓氣動(dòng)與密封,1999, 55.嚴(yán)學(xué)高,孟正大.機(jī)器人原理.南京:東南大學(xué)出版社,19926.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,19867.黃錫愷,鄭文偉.機(jī)械原理.北京:人民教育出版社,19818.成大先.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)圖冊(cè).北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社9.鄭洪生.氣壓傳動(dòng)及控制.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,198710.吳振順.氣壓傳動(dòng)與控制.哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,199511.徐永生.氣壓傳動(dòng).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990, 5
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