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111 英語：Module3《My First Ride on a Train》 教案（1）（外研版必修1） 【模塊導(dǎo)航】 Background：Australia Australia，the largest country in Oceania，lies on the south coast of the Pacific.It covers an area of 7.6 million square kilometers.It has a population of over 10 million.Most of its people live in the east of the country by the sea.Mountain ranges run from north to south along the east coast，reaching their highest point in Mount Kosciusko.The Great Barrier Reef，extending about 2,000 km，lies along the northeast coast.The island of Tasmania is off the southeast coast.Canberra，the capital of Australia，is a beautiful city.Sydney is the biggest city in Australia，which has many places of interest.The Opera House is well-known all over the world.Sydney Opera House is the busiest performing arts center in the world，averaging some 3,000 events a year with audiences totalling some two million，operating 24 hours a day，every day of the year except Christmas Day and Good Friday. Questions： 1．Which city in Australia is the capital city? 答案　Canberra. 2．Where do the Australians live? 答案　In the east of the country by the sea. Section One　Introduction & Reading and Vocabulary Ⅰ.Lead-in 和同桌/組討論并完成下列問題。 1．How do you travel around most frequently? 2．How many means of transport do you know？List them，then fill in the following form. 答案 　Kind Means　　　　 Of transport　 Rails Water Air Roads trams ferries helicopters taxis trains planes bicycles motorbikes buses 　 Ⅱ.Fast reading Ⅲ.Careful reading Choose the best answers. 1．We traveled from to . A．Sydney；Ghan B．Australia；Alice Springs C．Sydney；Afghanistan D．Sydney；Alice Springs 答案　D 2．During the ride，we found the part of the journey was desert. A．first B．second C．last D．first few 答案　B 3．In 1925， . A．trained camels carried food and other supplies B．the government built a new railway line C．the government passed a law which allowed people to shoot the animals if they were a problem D．the police in a town shot 153 camels in one day 答案　C 4．On the whole， . A．the writer enjoyed his first ride on a long-distance train B．the writer showed no interest in the trip at all C．the writer didn’t tell us anything about the trip D．the writer didn’t want to travel at all 答案　A 5．The last paragraph of “My First Ride on a Train” mainly tells us . A．it was since the 1920s that the Afghans began to use camels B．people had no rights to kill the camels C．there were few camels left at that time D．camels had been a very serious problem 答案　D 6．From the passage “My First Ride on a Train”，we can know . A．the scenery along the railway was unchangeable B．Australians used camels from Afghanistan for meat C．horses were better for travelling a long distance D．the conditions for transport were very hard for Australians in the past 答案　D Ⅳ.重點單詞 1.distance n.距離→distant adj.遙遠的 2.abandoned adj.被遺棄的→abandon vt.遺棄，丟棄 3.desert n.沙漠;vt.拋棄 4.midnight n.半夜→nightmare n. 噩夢 5.product n.產(chǎn)品→produce v.生產(chǎn) 6.scenery n.風(fēng)景,景色→scene n.場面，場景 7.shoot vt.射殺→shot (過去式)→shot (過去分詞) 8.journey n.旅程→journal n.日記;期刊 9.train vt.訓(xùn)練→trainer n.教練→trainee n.受訓(xùn)者 Ⅴ.重點短語 1.in the air 在空中;懸而未決→on the air 播送 2.refer to 指的是;提到→refer to...as...把……稱為…… 3.more than 多于;不僅僅;非?！鷑ot more than 至多，不超過 4.take off (飛機)起飛;脫下→take on 呈現(xiàn);雇用→take in 吸入;欺騙 5.look like看起來像→look after 照顧→look up to尊敬;敬仰 6.be short for...是……的縮寫→be short of 缺少 7.not ...any more/longer 不再→no more/longer 不再 8.pass a law 通過一項法律→break the law 違法 9.in the distance在遠處→at/from a distance離一段距離；從遠處 10．on the coast of在……海岸線上 Ⅵ.和同桌討論下列長難句，并嘗試翻譯成漢語 1．We got on in Sydney and we got off in Alice Springs，right in the middle of Australia，more than four thousand kilometres away. 句式分析：句中的and連接兩個并列句。其中g(shù)et on意思是“上(車)”，get off意思是“下(車)”，in the middle of意思是“在……的中部”；句中的right in the middle of Australia和more than four hundred kilometres away都作狀語表示地點。 翻譯：我們在悉尼上車，在澳大利亞中部的艾麗斯斯普林斯下車，行程4千多公里。 2．The sun shone，there was no wind and there were no clouds in the sky. 句式分析：本句中的動詞都用的是一般過去式，而且應(yīng)該注意的是主謂一致，即：在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，be動詞的數(shù)和其后的名詞一致，所以no wind用was(單數(shù))謂語，no clouds用were(復(fù)數(shù))謂語。 翻譯：太陽當(dāng)空高照，天空無風(fēng)也無云。 3．Camels were much better than horses for travelling a long distance. 句式分析：本句是一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。其中much修飾比較級better；而我們平時用到的very，fairly，quite等詞則不能用來修飾比較級。much better than意思是“比……好得多”；travel a long distance的意思是“行走很長的距離”。 翻譯：駱駝比馬更適合長途跋涉。 4．In 1925，they passed a law which allowed people to shoot the animals if they were a problem. 句式分析：本句是一個復(fù)合句。which引導(dǎo)的是定語從句修飾先行詞law，if引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句。pass a law意思是“通過一項法律”；allow sb. to do sth.意思是“允許某人做某事”。 翻譯：1925年，他們通過了一項法律：如果這些動物對于人們構(gòu)成問題的話，允許人 們射殺他們。 Ⅶ.根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容，嘗試填空 Recently I had my first ride 1.on a long-distance train.And 2.what a ride！We got on in Sydney and we got 3.off in Alice Springs，more than four thousand kilometres 4.away.We 5.spent two days and nights on the train.We ate great meals 6.cooked by experts！We saw 7.abandoned farms which were built more than a hundred years ago.The train was comfortable and the people were nice.The train is 8.called the Ghan，9.which is short 10.for Afghanistan. Language Points 1. Some of the verbs can refer to more than one means of transport.有些動詞可以指不止一種交通方式。 means n．方法，手段；工具(單復(fù)數(shù)相同) There is no means of finding out what happened. 無法搞清楚到底發(fā)生了什么事。 There is no doubt that radio and television are important means of communication. 毫無疑問，收音機和電視是信息交流的重要工具。 means of transport 交通方式 by all means 一定，務(wù)必 by any means 無論如何 by means of 用，依靠 by no means 決不，一點也不 by this means 通過這種方式 Every possible means been tried，and we find only this means can we do it well. A．have；in B．have；by C．has；in D．has；by 答案　D 解析　其余幾項均容易被誤選。這里主要涉及名詞means(方式，方法，手段)的用法與搭配；means單復(fù)數(shù)同形。every means意思是“每一個方法”故謂語動詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)；“通過某種方式”，介詞用by。故選項中只有D項正確。 2. take off (飛機)起飛；匆匆離去；脫下(衣服)；(事業(yè))騰飛 The plane took off on time.飛機按時起飛。 He took off for the station at a run. 他匆匆向車站奔去。(take off＝leave) He took off his coat as soon as he entered his room. 一到他的房間他就脫下了大衣。 Her singing career took off after her TV appearance. 她在電視上亮相后，歌唱事業(yè)迅速騰飛。 take after 長得像；追趕 take sb.around 領(lǐng)某人參觀 take away 運走，清理 take back 取回，帶回；取消 take...for 把……當(dāng)作，誤認……為…… take down 拿下；寫下；拆毀 take on 雇用；承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn) take over 接管 take up 拿起；占據(jù)；開始 Internet shopping will really when people make sure that it is safe. A．take off B．take up C．set off D．set up 答案　A 解析　句意為：當(dāng)人們確保網(wǎng)上購物安全時，它才能真正地興盛起來。這里要用take off表示“興起，騰飛”。take up占據(jù)；從事；set off出發(fā)；引起；set up建立。 3. Where do you think most of the people live，in the central part of the country or on the coast？你認為大多數(shù)人生活在哪里，是在國家的中部還是在沿海？ 句子中的句型是一種復(fù)雜的特殊疑問句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是：特殊疑問詞＋do you think＋陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)。從語法角度講，do you think是插入語。無論疑問詞在句中作什么成分，特殊疑問句都用陳述語序。用于以上句型的動詞除think外，常見的還有believe，consider，suppose，imagine，guess和suggest等。 Who do you think is the best person for this post? 你認為誰是這個崗位的最佳人選？ Who do you suggest (should) be sent to go abroad for further study? 你主張應(yīng)該派誰去出國深造？ — do you think will teach us Math next term? —Miss Dong，I think. A．Whom B．What C．Who D．Whose 答案　C 解析　do you think為插入語，who作疑問句的主語。 4.And what a ride！那是多棒的旅程啊！ 本句是一個省略了主語和謂語的感嘆句，完整的句子應(yīng)為：And what a ride it was！感嘆句常用來表達說話者的驚訝、喜悅、氣憤等情緒。英語中的感嘆句通常用what和how引導(dǎo)，常用句型如下： (1)what式感嘆句： What a tall man (Yao Ming is)! (姚明是)多么高的一個人?。? What beautiful flowers (they are)! (它們是)多么漂亮的花?。? What fun it is to travel around China! 在中國旅游是多么開心的事??！ (2)how式感嘆句： How tall a man Yao Ming is! 姚明真高??！ How clever the boy is! 這個男孩多么聰明?。? How fast Liu Xiang runs! 劉翔跑得真快??！ How time flies! 時間過得真快??！ 用what或how填空 (1)What pretty girls they are! (2)How fast he speaks! (3)How heavy a stone it is! (4)What a nice voice she has! 5. We got on in Sydney and we got off in Alice Springs，right in the middle of Australia，more than four thousand kilometres away.我們在悉尼上車，在四千多公里遠的位于澳大利亞中部的艾麗斯斯普林斯下車。 get on/off上/下(車、船)等 Please be careful when getting on or off the bus. 上下公共汽車的時候請小心。 The bus started before he got on it. 他還沒上車，汽車就啟動了。 get rid of除掉；擺脫 get sb.to do sth.讓某人干某事 get around傳播 get down to開始認真(干某事)(to為介詞) get through通過；做完，看完 get on/along with進行，進展；與……相處 get done＝be done被…… get over克服(困難)；從(疾病、損失等)中恢復(fù)過來 get in收(莊稼)；請大夫 get into進入；滲透進 get together聚會，碰頭 get 　　　get (1)I won’t the bus before it . A．get on；will stop B．get into；will stop C．get on；has stopped D．get into；has stopped 答案　C 解析　大型交通工具用get on/off；時間、條件狀語從句中用現(xiàn)在時，或現(xiàn)在完成時表示 將來。 (2)Hardly could he this amount of work in such a short time. A．get through B．get off C．get into D．get down 答案　A 解析　get through完成，通過；get off下來；脫下；get into進入；滲透進；get down寫 下，下來；降落。根據(jù)句意，A項正確。 6. We ate great meals cooked by experts！我們吃的是由烹飪大師們做的美味飯菜！ cooked by experts為過去分詞短語在句中作定語。分詞在句中作定語，看分詞與所修飾名 詞或代詞之間的關(guān)系：主動用現(xiàn)在分詞；被動則用過去分詞。 The boy standing there is my brother. 站在那邊的這個男孩是我弟弟。(stand與the boy之間為主動關(guān)系) Have you finished the exercises given by Professor Li? 你完成了李教授安排的練習(xí)了嗎？(give與exercises之間為被動關(guān)系) 過去分詞短語作定語置于被修飾詞之后，而單獨的過去分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞 之前。 We saw abandoned farms which were built more than 100 years ago. 我們看到了一些建于100多年前的被遺棄的農(nóng)場。 Trained camels carried food and other supplies. 受過訓(xùn)練的駱駝運載食物和其他供應(yīng)物資。 We’re worried about the polluted river. 我們?yōu)檫@條受到污染的河流而擔(dān)心。 There have been several new events to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A．a(chǎn)dd B．to add C．a(chǎn)dding D．a(chǎn)dded 答案　D 解析　add為及物動詞，即：add sth.to sth.。本題中應(yīng)為add several new events to the program。因此add與new events之間為被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作后置定語。 7. For the first few hundred kilometres of the journey，the scenery was very colourful.前幾百公里的旅程，景色美不勝收。 scenery n. [U] 布景，風(fēng)景，景色 Guilin is famous for its beautiful scenery. 桂林以風(fēng)景優(yōu)美而聞名。 She enjoys mountain scenery.她喜歡山景。 The region is remarkable for its scenery. 這地區(qū)以其風(fēng)景著稱。 scenery，scene，view，sight (1)scenery是不可數(shù)名詞，是自然景色的總稱，常用來描述靜態(tài)的、美麗的鄉(xiāng)村景色。 As one travels by boat along the Changjiang Three Gorges，the scenery is marvelous. 坐船游覽長江三峽的時候，兩岸的風(fēng)景美不勝收。 (2)scene指展現(xiàn)在眼前的情景，大多包括景物中的人及活動在內(nèi)。 There were horrible scenes after the earthquake occurred.地震發(fā)生后到處是悲慘的景象。 (3)view是可數(shù)名詞，意為“風(fēng)景，景色”；表示從某處可看到的scenery的一部分，側(cè)重指能夠看到的部分，即所見之景。常構(gòu)成get/have/offer a view of...或there is a view of...搭配。此外，view還可表示“觀點，看法；視野”等。 The mountain hotel offered magnificent views. 從山間旅館可以看到壯麗的景觀。 (4)sight表示某一地區(qū)值得觀看的建筑物、勝地、特色等，常用作復(fù)數(shù)。 We have seen the historical sights of London. 我們游覽了倫敦的名勝古跡?！　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　? 用scenery，scene，view或sight的適當(dāng)形式填空 (1)Shangri-la attracts tens of thousands of visitors by its beautiful natural scenery. (2)There is a fine view of the mountain from our hotel window. (3)The Imperial Palace is one of the sights of China. (4)The boats in the harbour make a beautiful scene. (5)We passed through some beautiful sights on our journey through this district. 8. Suddenly，it looked like a place from another time.突然，我們好像來到了一個來自另一個時代的一處地方。 look like看起來像；好像要(like為介詞) The girl does look like her mother. 這個女孩的確長得很像她的媽媽。 What does your friend look like? 你朋友長得什么樣？ It looks like being a nice day. 看樣子是個好天氣。 look forward to盼望，期望 look in拜訪；朝里面看 look into調(diào)查，研究 look on旁觀；認為 look down輕視，瞧不起 look out小心，當(dāng)心；朝外看 look out for留心；期待；物色 look over校閱；仔細檢查 look through看穿；瀏覽；仔細研究 look up向上看；查找 look upon...as＝look on...as把……看作 (全國Ⅰ高考)“Goodbye，then，”she said，without even from her book. A．looking down B．looking up C．looking away D．looking on 答案　B 解析　本題考查動詞詞組。look down輕視；look up仰視；look on旁觀，由句意可知B項正確。without even looking up from her book甚至于沒有放下書抬眼看看。 9. We saw abandoned farms which were built more than a hundred years ago.我們看到一些建于100多年前被遺棄的農(nóng)場。 abandoned adj.被遺棄的；放縱的 They are going to dive into the sea to see the abandoned sank ship. 他們打算潛入海洋去看看那只被遺棄的沉船。 The old man lived in an abandoned house. 老人住在一座被遺棄的房子里。 abandon vt.拋棄(sb.)；遺棄(desert)；放棄(give up) He abandoned his wife and children. 他拋棄了妻子和孩子。 abandon the sinking ship離棄正在下沉的船只 He abandoned the plan/idea. 他放棄了這個計劃/主意。 For miles and miles along the road we could see nothing but clothes and furniture which were too heavy for the villagers to carry. A．a(chǎn)bandoning B．a(chǎn)bandoned C．a(chǎn)bandon D．to abandon 答案　B 解析　由句意“沿路是被拋棄的衣服和家具”知B項正確。 10. Ghan is short for Afghanistan.Ghan是阿富汗的縮寫。 be short for是……縮寫/簡稱 WHO is short for World Health Organization. WHO是世界衛(wèi)生組織的縮寫。 UN is short for the United Nations. UN是聯(lián)合國的縮寫。 be short of 缺乏，缺少 go short (of) 欠缺，缺少 cut...short使……中斷，打斷，阻止 run short 不足，短缺 in short 簡言之，總之 for short縮寫，簡稱 (1)總而言之，我們要有準備。 In short，we must be prepared. (2)這個學(xué)校缺少老師。 The school is short of teachers. (3)Antony簡稱“Tony”． Antony is called “Tony” for short. (4)這場雨使球賽中斷了。 The rain cut short the ball game. 11. For many years，trained camels carried food and other supplies，and returned with wool and other products.多年來，受過訓(xùn)練的駱駝載著食物和其他供應(yīng)物資出去，帶回羊毛和其他產(chǎn)品。 supply n．供應(yīng)，供給；v.供給，供應(yīng)；滿足；補充 The water supply here is good. 這里供水情況很好。 Supplies of food and clothing were sent to the earthquake areas. 大量的衣食供應(yīng)品被送到地震災(zāi)區(qū)。 The government supplies free books to/for schools. ＝The government supplies schools with free books. 政府為學(xué)校提供免費的課本。 supply sb.with sth.向某人提供某物 supply sth.to/for sb.供給某人某物 in short supply供應(yīng)不足 have a good/large supply of...備有許多…… water supply供水 medical supplies醫(yī)療供應(yīng)品 (1)supply后不接雙賓語。 They supplied the homeless children food and clothing.(×) They supplied the homeless children with food and clothing.(√) They supplied food and clothing to the homeless children.(√) 他們給無家可歸的兒童提供衣食。 (2)supply作名詞時，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為supplies，指“日用品、生活必需品、補給品等”。 Our supplies were running out. 我們的補給品快用完了。 A plane carrying food and medical supplies for refugees crashed yesterday. 昨天，一架為難民運送食物和醫(yī)療用品的飛機墜毀了。 It’s hard to the demand for more and better houses. A．offer B．supply C．need D．provide 答案　B 解析　supply在本句中是“滿足”之意。 product n．產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)物 We have to find the right product for the market. 我們必須找出適合市場的產(chǎn)品。 Coffee is Brazil’s main product. 咖啡是巴西的主要產(chǎn)品。 product，production，produce (1)product作“產(chǎn)品”講時，為可數(shù)名詞。 (2)production意為“產(chǎn)量，生產(chǎn)”，為不可數(shù)名詞，其動詞形式為produce。 (3)produce作為動詞，意為“生產(chǎn)，制作；培養(yǎng)”；作為名詞時，意為“農(nóng)產(chǎn)品”是不可數(shù)名詞。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 用product，produce或production的適當(dāng)形式填空 (1)The factory has made more cars this year—there has been an increase in production. (2)My cousin sells her farm produce on the market. (3)Petrol is the most important product of many Middle-East countries. (4)This new theatre is becoming known for its good production. 12. Then the government built a new railway line，so they didn’t need the camels any more.后來政府修建了一條新鐵路，因此他們不再需要駱駝了。 not...any more不再 He still drank，but he didn’t smoke any more. 他仍喝酒，但不抽煙了。 Her father died，and after that she didn’t go to school any more. 她的父親去世了，此后她就不再上學(xué)了。 not...any more，not...any longer (1)not...any more＝no more表示動作的不再重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，故可以和瞬間動作動詞連用。 Ever since then，such accidents have no more appeared. 從那以來，類似的事故不再出現(xiàn)了。 (2)not...any longer＝no longer表示動作的不再延續(xù)，它必須和表示持續(xù)意義的動詞一起 使用。 They will not talk with each other any longer. 他們不再談下去了。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (1)Given some sweets，the little girl . A．couldn’t cry any more B．no more cry C．didn’t cry any more D．no longer cry 答案　C 解析　此處陳述過去的事實，不再用情態(tài)動詞，排除A；B、D時態(tài)不對。 (2)—Will you give this message to Mr.White，please? —Sorry，I can’t.Because he . A．doesn’t any more work here B．doesn’t any longer here work C．doesn’t work any more here D．doesn’t work here any longer 答案　D 解析　not...any longer (＝no longer)一般與持續(xù)意義動詞連用；not...any more (＝no more)一般與瞬間的動詞連用。 13. In 1925，they passed a law which allowed people to shoot the animals...1925年，他們通過了一項法律……允許人們射殺這些動物。 allow v．允許，準許 We don’t allow making noise here，so you should keep quiet. 我們不允許在這里弄出噪音，因此請你保持安靜。 The nurse allowed him to stay in hospital for another two days. 那個護士準許他在醫(yī)院里再住兩天。 allow for...顧及/考慮到…… allow＋名詞或代詞 allow doing sth.允許做某事 allow sb.to do sth.允許某人做某事 sb.be allowed to do sth.某人被允許做某事 注意：allow 后若直接跟動詞應(yīng)跟動名詞形式，若有sb.作賓語，則sb.后接不定式，但其被動形式應(yīng)給予注意，仍為被動。同樣用法的詞還有：permit，forbid，advise等。 People are not allowed to smoke in the reading room. They do not allow people to smoke in the reading room. They do not allow smoking in the reading room. 他們不允許在閱覽室里吸煙。 (全國Ⅱ高考)Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself，but her parents did not her to do so. A．forbid B．a(chǎn)llow C．follow D．a(chǎn)sk 答案　B 解析　句意為：瑪麗想獨自環(huán)球旅行，但是她父母不允許她這樣做。因此答案為B項。 shoot vt.射擊；射中；射死；vi.射擊(shoot，shot，shot) He shot at a bird，but he missed it. 他向一只鳥開槍，但沒有射中。 The man was shot in the leg. 這個人被射中腿部。 His dog was shot dead by the man. 他的狗被那個人打死了。 shoot，shoot at (1)shoot sth.射中某物，強調(diào)射的結(jié)果。 The hunter shot the deer. 獵人射中了那只鹿。 (2)shoot at sth.朝……射去，但并不一定射中。 The hunter shot at the deer，but he missed it. 獵人朝那只鹿射去，但是沒有射中?！　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　? He the bird in the sky，but he missed it. A．shot；flying B．shot；flew C．shot at；flying D．shot at；flew 答案　C 解析　shoot at...朝……射去；shoot...射中，擊中。從missed可知用shoot at；第二空現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語，表示主動。 我第一次乘火車 我叫埃里斯·湯姆遜。我是澳大利亞悉尼市人，今年18歲。最近我第一次乘坐了長途火車。(那是)多棒的旅程?。∥液鸵晃慌笥咽浅俗腉han Train(阿富汗火車)旅行的。我們在悉尼上車，在四千多公里遠的位于澳大利亞中部的艾里斯斯普林斯下車。我們在火車上度過了兩天兩夜。 火車非常好，食物也很豐盛。我們吃的是由烹飪大師們做的美味飯菜！旅程的前幾百公里沿途景色豐富多彩。有一片片的原野，土壤都是暗紅色的。此后，來到了沙漠地區(qū)。太陽當(dāng)空照耀，天空無風(fēng)也無云。突然，我們好像來到了一個來自另一個時代的一處地方。我們看到一些建于100多年前的被遺棄的農(nóng)場。 火車很舒適，人們也非常好。在白天，我坐在車里向窗外看，有時與其他乘客說說話。我還讀書，聽我的漢語錄音磁帶(我正在學(xué)校里學(xué)漢語)。有一天晚上，大約午夜時分，我注視著夜空大約1個小時。星星像鉆石一樣閃閃發(fā)亮。 為什么火車被叫做阿富汗呢？很久以前，澳大利亞人需要找到一個去中部的方法。他們試著騎馬，但是馬不適合炎熱的天氣和沙地。150年前，他們從阿富汗引入一些駱駝。Ghan是Afghanistan(阿富汗)的縮寫。 駱駝比馬更適合長途跋涉。多年來，受過訓(xùn)練的駱駝載著食物和其他供應(yīng)物資到中部去，運回羊毛和其他產(chǎn)品。 阿富汗人和他們的駱駝從事運輸工作一直到20世紀20年代，后來政府建了一條新鐵路線，因此他們不再需要駱駝了。1925年，他們通過了一項法律：如果駱駝對于人們構(gòu)成問題 的話，人們可以射殺這些動物。1935年，一個小鎮(zhèn)上的警察一天就射殺了153頭駱駝。 Section Two　Grammar The -ed form & Past tense time expressions 一、過去分詞作定語 1．過去分詞作定語一般表示動作完成或被動的含義：及物動詞的過去分詞，既表示完成也表示被動；不及物動詞的過去分詞只表示完成。 2．及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，與被修飾詞之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個含被動語態(tài)的定語從句；不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，相當(dāng)于一個主動的用完成時態(tài)的句子。 We saw abandoned farms on the way. ＝We saw farms that had been abandoned on the way. 我們在路上看到了廢棄的農(nóng)場。 3．過去分詞作定語的位置 單個過去分詞以及由過去分詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞作定語時，通常放在被修飾詞之前作前置定語；過去分詞短語作定語，通常放在被修飾詞的后面，作后置定語。 注意：(1)有些單個的過去分詞作定語時，通常放在被修飾詞之后作后置定語。如： left (剩下的，剩余的)，given (所給的)，concerned (有關(guān)的) There is only a little food left. 只剩下一點點食品了。 (2)過去分詞由some，any，no與body，thing，one構(gòu)成的合成不定代詞以及those修飾 時，放在這些詞后面，作后置定語。 Nothing reported in the newspaper interested him. 報紙上沒有什么報道引起他的興趣。 4．過去分詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別： 過去分詞(短語)作定語表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語所表示的動作之前，及物動詞的過去分詞還表示與被修飾詞之間為被動關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作定語表示動作正在進行或與謂語同時發(fā)生，與被修飾詞之間為主動關(guān)系(即主謂關(guān)系)。 Have you read the books written by Han Han?你讀過韓寒寫的書嗎？ 二、過去時間的表達法 1．表示過去的時間狀語有a moment ago，yesterday，last week，three days ago，in 2008等，以及時間狀語從句。它們所表示的過去時間與現(xiàn)在時間沒有聯(lián)系，因此它們所表示的動作或狀態(tài)要有現(xiàn)在不復(fù)存在的含義。 The old man lived in China for ten years. 這個老人曾在中國住過十年。(含義：他現(xiàn)在不在中國，“在中國”是過去一段時間的事。) 2．有的時間狀語既可用于一般過去時，也可用于現(xiàn)在完成時，但表達的意義不同。 (1)在一般過去時中，today/this week指的是過去的某個時間。 I didn’t see Li Hong today/this week. 我今天/這周沒看到李紅。 該句的意思可能為：I usually see her at breakfast on Mondays，but today/this week I didn’t. (2)在現(xiàn)在完成時中，today/this week所指的時間并沒結(jié)束，仍為現(xiàn)在。 I haven’t seen Li Hong today/this week. 我今天/這周沒看到李紅。 Section Three　Function；Vocabulary；Reading and Speaking；Listening；Writing； Pronunciation & Everyday English Language Points 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 1. pardon v. & n.原諒，寬恕 Please pardon me for waking you. 請原諒我吵醒了你。 Pardon me—I didn’t hear what you said. 對不起，我沒聽見你說的話。 Beg pardon，I didn’t quite catch your meaning. 對不起，我沒聽清楚你的意思。 pardon sb.for sth.(pardon sb.sth.)原諒某人做某事 ask for pardon請求原諒 Pardon me！請原諒！ I beg your pardon./Beg pardon./Pardon.請原諒；對不起，我沒聽清楚，請再說一遍。 forgive，excuse，pardon (1)forgive 有較強的感情色彩，指寬恕某種錯誤或犯罪行為，常用于個人對個人的關(guān)系方面，不僅表示放棄懲罰，而且還可消除怨恨，強調(diào)主觀上的寬恕。 He forgave her the wrongs she had done on him. 她冤枉了他，但他原諒了她。 (2)excuse指原諒某人的小過失或疏忽。常用來客氣地打斷某人的話，或引起某人的注意。 Excuse me for my being late.請原諒我遲到了。 (3)pardon指饒恕嚴重的過失，尤其指法律上或道德上的錯；也可以