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111 Module 4 Carnival Reading—The Magic of the Mask Goals ●To learn about carnival ●To learn to read with strategies Procedures Step 1 Warming up by learning about “carnival” Today we are going to take part in a festival marked by merrymaking and processions. It is called “Carnival”. But what is carnival? Carnival is a kind of communal celebration, especially the religious celebration in Catholic countries that takes place just before Lent. A carnival parade is a public celebration, combining some elements of a circus and public street party, generally during the Carnival Season. Carnival is mostly a tradition of long-time Roman Catholic and, to a lesser extent, Christian Orthodox areas of the world. Most Protestant and non-Christian areas do not celebrate it. Step 2 Before you read Now we go to page 32. But before we take the text The Magic of the Mask let’s first go over the word list for this module, paying attention to the pronunciation of the word, the relationship between its pronunciation and its spelling. Step 3 While you read Now we shall read carefully the text. While reading try to cut/ the sentences into thought groups, blacken the predicates, underline the useful expressions and darken the connectives. Step 4 After you read Copy all the useful expressions into your Expression Book and make your own sentences with them. the magic of the mask, think of…, change from one country to another, the same everywhere, come from…, be followed by…, without meat, prepare for…, see…as…, a last chance, have fun, at the end of…, dress up, at the beginning, wear masks, for weeks on end, walk round the streets, without being recognised, ordinary people, have romantic adventures, in secret, go unpunished, become a problem, be limited by laws, date back to…, at night, dress up as…, in later times, carry firearms, enter a church, wear a mask, break the laws, be put into prison for up to… years, become part of the Austrian empire, at the end of the eighteenth century, be banned completely, become just a memory, in the late 1970s, be revived by students, organize parties, throw bits of brightly coloured paper at…, be good for…,be developed for tourists, be celebrated for five days, in February, arrive from all over…, enjoy the fun, be fully booked, the narrow streets, be crowded with…, wonderful costumes, the main languages, the spirit of Venice carnival, not quite the same as…, the great American carnivals, the key to …, the mystery of the mask, wander through…, see thousands of…, have no idea…, look like…, take…off, come off Step 5 Reading and answering You are to read the text once again to answer all the questions in the box about carnival and its celebration. The Magic of the Mask What goes with carnival? Crowds，costumes，and confusion goes with carnival. Where does the word carnival come from and what is its meaning? “Carnival” comes from two Latin words，meaning “no more meat”. Where was the most famous carnival and how long did it last at the beginning? The most famous carnival in Europe was in Venice. At the beginning, it lasted for just one day. Why was wearing masks limited? The government realized that wearing masks had become a problem. Their use was limited by laws. When was the tradition of wearing masks revived? But in the late 1970s the tradition was revived by students. How long is carnival celebrated in Venice? Today, carnival in Venice is celebrated for five days in February. Step 6 Talking about The Magic of the Mask Now we are going to do something fun. We shall try to turn the text into a conversation. A conversation about The Magic of the Mask A: Mr.Zhao, would you tell us something about the magic of the mask? B: All right. We shall go to a carnival today. C: What is a carnival? Is that like a festival in China? B：A carnival is a public celebration, combining some elements of a circus and public street party, generally. D: Think of carnival，and you think of crowds，costumes，and confusion．The sounds and sights change from one country to another but the excitement is the same everywhere． B：You are absolutely right. A: Where does the carnival come from? B: “Carnival” comes from two Latin words，meaning “no more meat”. C: How was it celebrated in the beginning? D: In Europe，where it began，carnival was followed by forty days without meat, as people prepared for the Christian festival of Easter. B: Actually people saw Carnival as a last chance to have fun at the end of winter season. Having fun meant eating, drinking，and dressing up． A: Where was the most famous carnival held? D: The most famous carnival in Europe was in Venice. C: How long did it last then? B: At the beginning, it lasted for just one day. C: What did people do then at a carnival? B: People ate, drank, and wore masks． D: As time passed, however, the carnival period was extended, so that it began just after Christmas. For weeks on end people walked round the streets wearing masks, doing what they wanted without being recognised, A: Could ordinary people pretend to be rich and important? B: Yes, they could. And famous people could have romantic adventures in secret. Many crimes went unpunished. D: Later on, the government realised that wearing masks had become a problem. Their use was limited by laws, the first of which dates back to the fourteenth century. B: I believe men were not allowed to wear masks at night; and they were not allowed to dress up as women. D: In later times more laws were passed. People who wore masks could not carry firearms; and no one could enter a church wearing a mask. If they broke the laws, they were put into prison for up two years. B: Finally, when Venice became part of the Austrian empire, at the end of the eighteenth century, masks were banned completely, and carnival became just a memory. A: What a pity it is not to have a carnival! B: But in the late 1970s the tradition was revived by students. They began making masks and organising parties, and threw bits of brightly coloured paper (called coriandoli) at tourists. The town council realized that carnival was good for business, and the festival was developed for tourists. D: Today, carnival in Venice is celebrated for five days in February. People arrive from all over Europe to enjoy the fun. B: Hotels are fully booked and the narrow streets are crowded with wonderful costumes. C: I hear that German, French and English seem to be the main languages. B: You are right at that. But the spirit of Venice carnival is not quite the same as the great American carnivals. If the key to Rio is music and movement, then in Venice it is the mystery of the mask. D: As you wander through the streets, you see thousands of masks -- elegant or frightening, sad or amusing, traditional or modern—but you have no idea what the faces behind them look like. Nobody takes them off. If the masks come off, the magic is lost. A: I’d like to go to the next carnival, by air, of course. Step 7 Closing down by learning about “masks” A mask is a piece of material or kit worn on the face. Masks have been used since antiquity for both ceremonial and practical purposes. The word "mask" came via French masque and either Italian maschera or Spanish máscara. Possible ancestors are Latin (not classical) mascus, masca = "ghost", and Arabic maskharah = "jester", "man in masquerade". Additional Materials Complete the article with one word in each blank: Carnival is always connected ___1__ crowds，costumes，and confusion． “Carnival” is a __2___ words，meaning “no more meat”. At the beginning __3___ would like to have fun at end of winter season. For _4____ on end people walked round the streets wearing __5___. Wearing masks turned __6___ to be problem. Their use was __7___ by laws. But in the late 1970s the ___8__ was revived by students. They began making __9___ and organising parties. Today, carnival in Venice is __10___ for five days in February. At the __11___ you see thousands of masks -- elegant or frightening, __12___ or amusing, traditional or modern—but you have no __13___ what the faces behind them look like. (keys: 1. with 2.Latin 3.people 4.weeks 5.masks6.out7.limited 8. tradition 9. masks 10.celebrated 11. carnival 12.sad 13. idea) Study the notes to the difficult sentences: 1. In Europe，where it began，carnival was followed by forty days without meat, as people prepared for the Christian festival of Easter. 在狂歡節(jié)起源的歐洲，狂歡節(jié)過后四十天都不吃肉，因為人們在準(zhǔn)備基督徒的復(fù)活節(jié)活動。where引導(dǎo)的是非限制性地點定語從句，as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如：There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 2. As time passed, however, the carnival period was extended, so that it began just after Christmas. 隨著時間推移，狂歡節(jié)的時間延續(xù)了，這樣在圣誕節(jié)過后它就開始了。so that 既可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果從句也可引導(dǎo)目的從句，但結(jié)果從句表示事實，通常不含情態(tài)動詞；目的從句表示希望或想要實現(xiàn)的事實，通常含有情態(tài)動詞，如：He got up early so that he caught the train.（結(jié)果）He got up early so that he could (might) catch the train.（目的） 3. Many crimes went unpunished.許多罪行沒有受到懲罰。在主語是物的句子里，有些動詞和主動形式可以表示被動意義。如：sell, read, feel, write, ,wash, open, cook, keep, cut, feel, blow, measure, lick, run, begin,, start, shut等。 4. Their use was limited by laws, the first of which dates back to the fourteenth century. 面具的使用受到法律的限制，最初的法律可以追溯到十四世紀(jì)。"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"引導(dǎo)的定語從句常見的有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu): 一,"介詞+關(guān)系代詞".例如:The old Olympic Games from which the modern games came began around the year 776BC in Greece.古代奧運會于公元前776年始于希臘,現(xiàn)代奧運會就起源于那里. 二, "名詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞". 這種結(jié)構(gòu)?？商鎿Q為"whose +名詞"結(jié)構(gòu).例如:We are going to build a railway the base of which must be completed within this year. (= we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed this year.)我們要修建一條鐵路,這條鐵路的路基必須在今年內(nèi)完成. 三,"數(shù)字+ 介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞".例如: Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.上個星期天,我從書店買回幾本書,其中三本是英文小說. 四,"代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞".例如: The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors.那位老人有兩個女兒,她們都是大夫. 五,"形容詞最高級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞".例如: China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中國有成千上萬的島嶼,其中最大的是臺灣島. 六,"介詞+關(guān)系代詞+名詞".例如: I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.我叫錯了他的名字,為此我向他表示了歉意. "介詞+關(guān)系代詞"引導(dǎo)的定語從句還應(yīng)注意以下問題: 1. "介詞+關(guān)系代詞"結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞不能用that. 2. 含有介詞的動詞短語不能拆開,即不能轉(zhuǎn)化成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"結(jié)構(gòu),介詞仍放在動詞的后面.例如: The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.保育員們照看的那些孩子們很健康.(不可說" … after whom the nurses are looking") 3.介詞+關(guān)系代詞"后接不定式短語作后置定語,相當(dāng)于一個定語從句.例如: He has a knife with which to defend himself. (=He has a knife with which he can defend himself) 他有一把用于自衛(wèi)的刀子. 4.from where有時也可以用來引導(dǎo)定語從句.例如: His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey window, from where he could see nothing but trees.不一會兒,他從二樓的一扇窗戶里探出頭來,除了樹木之外,什么也看不到.…but you have no idea what the faces behind them look like. 但是你不知道面具后面的人長的什么樣。 Answer the reading comprehension questions: 1.“Carnival” in the text means:_______. A: often Carnival The period of merrymaking and feasting celebrated just before Lent. B: A traveling amusement show usually including rides, games, and sideshows. C: A festival or revel: winter carnival. D: meaning “no more meat”. 2.The most famous carnival in Europe was in ______. A: Venice B: New York C: France D: Tokyo 3. Why did many crimes go unpunished then? A: Because men might be wearing masks at night. B: Because men might dress up as women. C: People might carry firearms. D: All of the above 4.Why does nobody take the masks off? A: If the masks come off, the magic is lost. B: If the masks come off, the person’s face is damaged. C: If the masks come off, the carnival is finished. D: If the masks come off, the meat is eaten. (keys: AADA) 111