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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 天津初一英語下冊知識點總匯 ◆Unit 1.Where’s the post office? 目標語言：ask for and give directions on the street 重點句型：Is there a bank near here? Yes, there’s a bank on Center Street. Is there a supermarket? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t. Where’s the supermarket? It’s next to the library. The pay phone is across from the library. The pay phone is next to the library. The pay phone is between the post office and the library. The pay phone is on Green Street. Just go straight and turn left. It’s down Bridge Street on the right. It’s next to a supermarket. Is there a big supermarket near where you live? 重點詞組：across from, on the street, between…and…, next to, in the neighborhood, go straight, turn left, on the right(left), on the avenue, take a walk, in the hotel, the beginning of, have fun doing, on a bench, the way to, take a taxi, go down, go through, have a good trip,welcome to+n.，the way to+n去。。。的路，hope to do 知識點： 1．there be 句型 （1）there be 句型常用來表示某地/某時有某物/某人。 （2）各種句型結構： 　　 肯定句： There＋be （is/are） ＋某物/某人＋地點/時間。 　　 否定句： There＋be（is/are）＋not＋某物/某人＋地點/時間。 　　 一般疑問句： Be（Is/Are）＋there＋某物/某人＋地點/時間？ 　　 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞＋ be（is/are）＋there＋其它？ 　　　 e.g. There is a pencil on the desk. 桌子上有一支鉛筆。 　　 　　　否定句： There isn't a pencil on the desk. 桌子上沒有鉛筆。 　　 　　　一般疑問句： Is there a pencil on the desk? 桌子上有鉛筆嗎？ 　　 　　　特殊疑問句（劃線部分提問）： What's on the desk? 桌子上有什么？ 　注意： 　　There be后面所接的某物有多個時，謂語動詞be要根據(jù)最靠近它的那個名詞的單復數(shù)來確定，即就近原則。 　　e.g. There is a pen, a pencil-box and some books on my desk. 　　　　 我的桌子上有一支鋼筆，一個鉛筆盒和一些書。 　　　There are some books, a pen and a pencil-box on my desk. 2．Where引導的特殊疑問句 句式：Where +一般疑問句？ 用法：表示“在哪兒”，提問地點，方位等。 1) 詢問來自何處 -Where are you from? -I am from England. 2) 詢問去何處 -Where are you going? - I am going to the zoo. 3) 詢問物品位置 -Where are my shoes? -They are under your bed. 4) 詢問某人位置 -Where is Tom? -Look! He is in the tall tree. 【注意】1和不熟悉的英美人見面打招呼時，不能問Where are you going?因為這涉及到對方的隱私。否則，對方有可能說“It’s none of your business.”這不管你的事。 2．在英語中，詢問某人地址在哪，用What’s your address? 3. 在回答某人，某物所處的位置時，一定要用準表示方位的介詞。如at,in,on,next to, near等。 3．本單元的方位介詞 across from在。。。對面 next to 緊挨著 between …and在。。。與。。。之間 on 在。。。。上 in 在。。。。里 4.詞語辨析 across & through Across 和through兩個介詞都有“穿過”的意思， 用法卻不同。Across的含義與on有關，表示動作在某一物體的表面進行，常指從寬度意思上講的“橫穿/跨”。Through的含義in有關，表示動作在某物體的空間進行。 Arrive in& arrive at Arrive at表示到達較小的地方；arrive in表示到達較大的地方。 5．Let sb.(賓格)do sth.讓某人做某事。Let后面的動詞要用動詞原形。 6．問路的句式小結： 1）“特殊疑問句”類句型 a) Excuse me. Where is the …,please? b) Excuse me. Which is the way to the…,please? c) Excuse me. How can I get to the…, please? 2)“一般疑問句”類句型 a) Could/Can you tell me how I can get to the…? b) Could /Can you tell me the way to the…? c) Could/Can you tell me how to get to the…,please? d) Could /Can you tell me which is the way to the…? e) Excuse me. Is this the right way to the…? f) Excuse me. Do you know the way to the…? ◆unit 2 Why do you like koala bears? 目標語言：Describe animals; express preferences 重點句型：Let’s see the lions. Why do you want to see the lions? Because they are cute. Why does he like koala bears? Because they are kind of interesting. Where are lions from? They are from Africa. What animals do you like? I like elephants. What other animals do you like? I like dogs, too. 重點詞組：want to do sth.想要做某事，kind of有點兒，be from=come from來自，…years old。。。歲，play with與。。。一起玩，at night在夜里，在晚上，get up起床，every day每天，look at 看,give sb. sth=give sth. to sb.把某物給某人，be friendly to sb對某人友好（強調對某人的態(tài)度）be friendly with sb和某人友好（強調和某人的關系）in a friendly way以友好的方式，go to sleep就寢，入睡 get to sleep入睡（由于某種原因睡不著，想方設法入睡）fall asleep入睡（入睡的狀態(tài)）go to bed上床睡覺（不一定睡著） 知識點： 1． why ,what, where引導的特殊疑問句及其回答 1） 句型結構：Why/What/Where+一般疑問句？ 2） 語法功能：why用來詢問原因，what一般用來對物提問，另外what還用來對職業(yè)提問，如，What is he?他是做什么的？，where對地點提問。 2． kind的用法 kind of有點，稍微；a kind of一種；kinds of各種 kind 作形容詞，為“善良的，好心的”She is a kind woman.她是個善良的女人。 3． Other作形容詞時，為“其他的，另外的”，用做定語。后接不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式。 4． 年齡的表達方式 He is 12 years old. He is 12. His age is 12. 5. Isn’t he cute?此句為否定疑問句，表達一種贊賞，往往不需要對方回答，句末用降調。如，Isn’t the film very interesting?難道這部電影不是很有趣嗎？ Doesn’t he like watching TV?難道他不喜歡看電視嗎？ 【注意】在回答這種否定疑問句時，和漢語的習慣不同。如果是肯定回答，用yes開頭，如果是否定回答，用no開頭。但是翻譯成漢語時，yes或no要按其反意翻譯。如，Doesn’t he want to go there? Yes, he does.難道他不想去那里嗎？不， 他想去。 6.during在…期間，在某段時間內，如I like traveling during summer holidays. 我喜歡在暑假旅游。 7.at night & in the night at night意為“在夜里”“在晚上”“天黑時”，指在一天的部分時間，常常是下午6時至午夜這一段時間；in the night指“在夜里”指從天黑到天明這一整段時間。 8.also位于句中；either位于句尾，用于否定句；too也表示“也”，一般位于句尾。 9.第10頁的1要求記??；第9頁的3a要求記住。 10.關于?“l(fā)ike”的問句 1) Why do you like…?這是提問者問對方為什么喜歡某人或某物，直接尋求對方所說話的原因。-Why do you like the panda?你為什么喜歡熊貓？-Because it is very lovely.因為它很可愛。 2) Do you like doing..?這是提問者問對方習慣上喜歡什么，意為“你喜歡。。。嗎？”其中l(wèi)ike doing指喜歡干某事，相當于enjoy doing。-Do you like working in China?你喜歡在中國工作嗎？ 3) Do you like to do..?這是提問者問對方目前的一時愛好。其中l(wèi)ike to do指現(xiàn)在想干某事，相當于want to do。表示某種愿望。Do you like to have a cup of tea?你想喝杯茶嗎？ 4) How do you like…?這是用來詢問對方對某人或某物的看法，意為“你覺得。。。怎么樣？”How do you like…?相當于What do you think of…? How do you like China?你覺得中國怎么樣？ 5) What do you like?這是用來詢問對方一貫性的愛好，意為“你喜歡什么？”注意這一句式與What would you like?你想要什么？不同。Would like為一固定表達方式，用來詢問對方當時的意向。 -What do you like?你喜歡什么？-I like books.我喜歡書。 -What would you like?你想要什么？-I’d like some apples.我想要些蘋果。 6）What’s the weather like..?這句用來詢問天氣情況，意為“。。。天氣情況怎么樣？”此句可用How’s the weather like…?替換。 ◆unit 3 I’d like a large pizza. 目標語言：Order food 重點句型：I’d like a pizza. What would you like on it? Mushrooms,green pepers and onions,please. I’d like a large /medium/small pizza. What kind of pizza would you like? I’d like a pepperoni pizza, please. What size pizza would he like? He’d like a small pizza. What’s your address? It’s 223Green Street. I’d=I would he’d=he would they’d=they would 重點詞組：would like, green pepper, iced tea, orange juice, hot dog, at Pizza Express, house of pizza, as well as, a medium pizza 知識點： １．名詞的單復數(shù)形式 在英語中，名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，凡是能一個一個或一件一件數(shù)的人或事物，其名詞就是可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞可分為單數(shù)或復數(shù)兩種形式，表示一個人或事物的名詞用單數(shù)形式，表示兩個或兩個以上的人或事物的名詞用復數(shù)形式。名詞單數(shù)形式就是通常在課本單詞表或詞典中出現(xiàn)的形式。絕大多數(shù)復數(shù)形式是在單數(shù)名詞后加-s或-es構成。 名詞分可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞有復數(shù)形式?？蓴?shù)名詞復數(shù)的構成有如下規(guī)則： 　　 ①一般加-s，如：desk→desks 　　 ② s, x, ch, sh結尾加-es，如：bus→buses, watch→watches 　　 ③以 f, fe結尾，改f, fe為v，再加-es，如：leaf→leaves 　　 ④以“輔音字母＋y”結尾，改y為i，再加-es，如city→cities 　　 ⑤以“輔音字母＋o”結尾，加-es，如：tomato →tomatoes 　　 ⑥一般復合名詞，只將主體名詞變復數(shù)，如： boy student→boy students 　　 ⑦以 man, woman開頭和結尾的復合名詞，規(guī)則不同： 　　　 Frenchman→Frenchmen, woman teacher→women teachers 　　 ⑧不規(guī)則變化： foot→feet, child→children 　　　 單、復數(shù)同形的情況：sheep→sheep, Chinese→Chinese（中國人） 　　　 只有復數(shù)形式的情況： people, clothes, trousers ２what引導的問句 1）問姓名：What is your name?你叫什么名字？ 2）問職業(yè)：What’s your father?你爸爸是做什么的？ 3）問事物：What’s that on the desk?桌子上是什么？ 4)問顏色：What color is the rainbow?彩虹是什么顏色的？ 5）問號碼：What’s your phone number?你的電話號碼是多少？ ６）問尺碼：What size would you like?你想要多大號的？ ７）問地址：What’s your address?你的地址是什么？ ８）問種類：What kind of animals do you like?你喜歡什么樣的動物？ ３．情態(tài)動詞would的用法 １）用以提出建議或邀請。如，Would you like a sandwich?你想吃三明治嗎？ ２）與like, love連用表示教合意愿的做法。如，I’d love/like a coffee.我想喝杯咖啡。３）句式結構：would like sth.(名詞或代詞)想要某物=want sth. 　　　　　　　I ‘d like a pizza.我想要一份比薩餅。 　　　　　　　would like to do sth.想要做某事＝want to do I’d like to have supper.我想要吃晚飯。 　　　　　　　would like sb. to do.希望／想要某人做某事＝want sb. to do I’d like you to play with me.我想要你和我一起玩。 ４）含would like的陳述句變一般疑問句，直接把情態(tài)動詞would提前，Would you like/love…？比Do you want…？語氣委婉，常用于口語。對此問題的肯定回答一般為Yes, I’d like/love to,還可以是Yes, please./ All right./ Yes./Ok.等。 4．就餐用語全接觸 1) May I take your order? 2) What would you like to eat/drink? 3) I’d like to drink coffee without milk. 4) I’d like some meatballs. 5) Here is the bill.這是帳單。 6) Wait, let me have the bill.等一下，我來買單。 5．名詞所有格 英語中有些名詞加“'s”表示所有關系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為名詞所有格。名詞所有格的構成有如下規(guī)則： 　?、儆猩拿~一般加“'s”構成，以s結尾的復數(shù)名詞加“'”。 　　②無生命的名詞一般用“所有物＋of＋所有者”。 　　　a map of Japan 一幅日本地圖 　　　a door of the classroom 教室的門 　　　the name of the school 學校的名字 　　　the son of my friend 我朋友的兒子 　　　但請注意下列說法的不同含義： 　?、郾頃r間、距離、國家、城鎮(zhèn)、機構、團體、價格等的名詞，可用以上兩種方式構成所有格。 　?、懿⒘械拿~表各自所有，須在各詞詞尾分別加“'s”；表共同所有，須在后一個名詞詞尾加“'s”。 　　　Tom and Jack's car 湯姆和杰克的小汽車（兩人合用） 　　　Tom's and Jack's cars 湯姆和杰克的小汽車（兩人各有一輛）。 ◆unit 4 I want to be an actor. 目標語言：Talk about jobs 重點句型：What do you do? I’m a doctor. What does she do? She’s a doctor. What do you want to be? I want to be an actor. What does he want to be? He wants to be a blank clerk. Where does your sister work? She works at a hospital. Does she work in a hospital? No, she doesn’t. Does she work late? Yes, she does. Is it an exciting job? Yes, it is. 重點詞組：a girl of six years old六歲的女孩 an international call國際電話 as soon as possible盡可能快地 as well as possible盡可能好地 as…as…象。。。一樣 in a hospital在醫(yī)院里 in hospital（生?。┳≡? work with與…打交道，與。。。在一起工作 be late for遲到 go out出去 be afraid of害怕 wait for sb.等候某人 in the future在未來 in future從今以后 知識點： 1．“職業(yè)”的幾種詢問方式 1) 詢問某人現(xiàn)在從事何種職業(yè) a) What +do/does+某人+do? b) What+be+某人？ What do you do?你是做什么工作的？ What’s your brother? 你哥哥是干什么的？ 【注意】What+do/does+某人+do?句型有時還可以用來詢問某人經(jīng)常做什么事情。如，What do you do every evening?你每天晚上干什么？ 2）詢問某人現(xiàn)在的工作地 Where + do/does+主語+work? Where do you work?你在哪工作？I work in a factory.我在工廠工作。 【注意】當想確認對方的職業(yè)時，可用“Are you+職業(yè)？”如，Are you a doctor?你是醫(yī)生嗎？Yes, I am.是的。 3）詢問某人將來的工作 What do/does+某人+want to be? What do you want to be?你想要從事什么職業(yè)？I want to be a reporter.我想成為一名記者。 【注意】動詞后面加-er 或-r或-or,一般則變成從事這種動作的人，常見的形式有：write-writer,act-actor,run-runner.cook是兼類詞，表示“廚師”，cooker為“炊具”。 2．as的用法 1) Prep.作為 You must work hard as a student.作為一名學生你必須努力學習。 2) Conj.當。。。時候 As I was walking down the street, I met an old friend.我在街上走的時候，遇見了一位老朋友。 3) Conj.因為 As he is ill, he is away from school.因為他生病了，所以沒來上學。 【注意】as用于表示不是很重要的或眾所周知的理由時，語氣教弱；如果說話人強調某種理由時，則用because來表達。 4）prep.依照。。，如。。。常用來引導從句。 I will do as you say.我將按照你說的做。 5）as…as..象。。。一樣She is as tall as her mother.她和她媽媽一樣高。 3.名詞構詞法： -er: farmer, jumper -or: inventor, visitor -ist: scientist, artist -ess: actress, waitress -ese: Chinese ◆unit5 How was your weekend? 目標語言：talk about recent past events 重點句型：What did you do over the weekend? On Saturday morning, I played tennis. How was your weekend? It was great. For most kids, the weekend was a mixture of fun and work. 重點詞組：do homework做作業(yè) play soccer踢足球 clean the room打掃房間 go to the beach去海灘 ?go to the movies 去看電影 over the weekend=at the weekend=on the weekend在周末 study for the test準備考試 have a party舉行晚會 stay at home呆在家里 do some reading讀書 practice English練習英語 play the guitar彈吉他 on the afternoon of last Sunday在上個星期日下午 an interesting talk show有趣的談話節(jié)目 知識點： 1． 談論過去的事用語介紹： 1) –What did you do last night?-I watched TV at home. 2) –Where did you go last Sunday?-I went to the zoo. 3) –Whom did you visit yesterday?-I went to see my uncle. 4) –Did you read a book this morning?-No, I didn’t. I wrote a letter to my father. 在談論剛剛發(fā)生的事情就需要用一般過去時，這時謂語動詞用過去式形式，句中多有l(wèi)ast night, last month, last year, yesterday, two days ago, in1978等表示過去的時間狀語。 2． 一般過去時 1) 一般過去式的構成：規(guī)則動詞過去式的變化可速記為“直，去，雙，改”四字訣。 a) 一般情況下在動詞原形后直接加-ed.如，want-wanted b) 以不發(fā)音的字母e結尾的動詞，去掉e再加-ed，如，hope-hoped c) 重讀閉音節(jié)單詞需雙寫最后一個輔音字母再加-ed.如，stop-stopped d) 以輔音字母+y結尾的動詞變y為i,再加-ed.如，study-studied. 不規(guī)則動詞變化，要逐一熟記。Be動詞過去式有兩種形式，主語是第一，三人稱單數(shù)形式用was,其他人稱用were. 2) 一般過去時的形式 a) Be動詞過去式的句式。否定句是在was/were后面加not, was not=wasn’t/were not=weren’t。一般疑問句是把was/were提前并放到句首，要求首字母要大寫。 b) 實義動詞過去式的句式：肯定式：主語+動詞故去式+其它。如，They had a good time yesterday. 否定式：主語+did not+動詞原形+其他。如，They didn’t have a good time yesterday. 一般疑問句：Did+主語+動詞原形+其它？肯定回答：Yes,主語+did. 否定回答：No,主語+didn’t.如，Did they have a meeting two days ago? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t. 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+did+主語+動詞原形+其他？如，What time did you finish your homework? 3） 一般過去時的用法： a) 主要用于過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。My father worked in Shanghai last year. b) 表示故去經(jīng)常或反復發(fā)生的動作，常與?often,always等表示頻度的時間狀語連用。I often went to school on foot. c) 與when等連詞引導的狀語從句連用。 When he got home, he had a short rest. 4)表示一般過去時的時間狀語： a moment ago剛才 yesterday morning, last night, last week, the day before yesterday前天, just now剛才 3．Over的用法 1）over the weekend中的over意思是“在…期間”相當于during. 2)over表示“在…正上方“不接觸物體表面；on表示“在..上面”物體是可以接觸到的.over的反義詞under. 3)over也表示”超過,多于”相當于more than 4)all over the world這里的over是”遍及”的意思. 5)over there中的over是 “越過,在那邊” 4. “do some+動名詞”結構,表示 “做….,干….,進行…..”其中動名詞作賓語. 如,do some washing 洗衣服 5. practice doing練習做某事 6.介詞on, in, at都表示時間. On用于某日的時間前; in用于某年或某月的時間前;at用于幾點的時間前. ◆unit 6 Where are the jazz music? 目標語言:ask for and give directions inside a building 重點句型:Where’s the classical music? Go upstairs and turn right.It’s next to the jazz music. Where’s the dance music? Go straight and turn left. It’s between the pop and the country. What’s Bob’s favorite kind of music? His favorite music is classical Who’s Carla’s favorite group? Her favorite group is Boys from Brazil. Do you like the Latin Sound? No, I don’t. They’re awful. Where’s the dance music section? I don’t know. 重點詞組:in front of, and so on, turn left, go upstairs, next to, between…and…,a kind of, on the right, have fun 知識點: 1問路的句式小結： 1）“特殊疑問句”類句型 d) Excuse me. Where is the …,please? e) Excuse me. Which is the way to the…,please? f) Excuse me. How can I get to the…, please? 2)“一般疑問句”類句型 g) Could/Can you tell me how I can get to the…? h) Could /Can you tell me the way to the…? i) Could/Can you tell me how to get to the…,please? j) Could /Can you tell me which is the way to the…? k) Excuse me. Is this the right way to the…? l) Excuse me. Do you know the way to the…? 2談論喜歡的歌手,歌曲和音樂組合 1) –Do you like music? -Yes, I like music very much/a lot/a little. -No, I don’t like music at all. 2)- Are you interested in folk songs(民歌)? -Yes, I am. 3) – Are you fond of music? - Yes, I am. 4)- What’s your favorite kind of music? - American country music.(美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂) 5)-Who is your favorite music group? -Backstreet Boy. 6)- What do you think of Tian Zhen’songs? - I think they are wonderful. 3.表示位置的幾個詞 1) next to “……的旁邊,緊接著” 2) between…and…在…和…之間,between指兩者之間 3) among在…中間,指三者以上 4) in front of在…前面,指在(本部分之外)的前面; in the front of指在(本部分之內)的前面. 5) at在某個具體的地點 6) outside在…之外 outside the gate在門外 4 afraid 的用法 Afraid是形容詞,一般在句中用作表語,不能用作定語。意思是 “擔心,害怕,恐怕,恐懼”.afraid常用于以下三種句式: 1) be afraid of sb or sth.或be afraid of doing sth.表示害怕某人或某事,后接動名詞，表示怕做某事,只是陳述一個事實,不帶感情色彩. 2) be afraid to do sth.后接動詞不定式,往往指主觀上怕去做某事,側重表示 “因為擔心后果嚴重而不敢也不愿做某事”如,Lily is afraid to go out at night. 3) I’m afraid…我恐怕..當聽了對方所說的話,而不能滿足對方的意愿時,為了使語氣較為委婉,常用此語.如,Can you help me with my English? I’m afraid not.當不同意對方的建議,邀請,陳述時,我們可以用I’m afraid not;反之用I’m afraid so. ◆ unit 7 What does he look like? 目標語言: Describe people’s appearance 重點句型: What does your friend look like? She has a medium build and she has long hair. He is tall. He is heavy. He has curly hair. He is medium height. He is thin. She has long hair. She is short. She has a medium build. She has short hair. He has a beard. He wears glasses. He has a mustache. He has blonde hair. He is bald. She always wears a red dress and white shoes. 重點詞組:look like, straight hair, medium build, short hair, curly hair, long hair, blonde hair,brown hair,tell jokes 知識點: 1. 動詞的時態(tài)-----一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài) 在英語中,不同時間發(fā)生的動作和情況,要用不同的動詞形式表示.這種不同的動詞形式叫做動詞的時態(tài).我們初級階段接觸到的動詞的時態(tài)主要有: 一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài), 一般過去時態(tài), 一般將來時態(tài),現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài),過去進行時態(tài),現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),過去完成時態(tài). 判斷一個句子使用什么時態(tài)主要看這個句子中的動詞,其次看句子中的副詞和時間狀語. 在這講中我們先來學習一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài). 一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法: l. 表示經(jīng)?；蛘叻磸桶l(fā)生的動作. 如: 我每天吃午飯. I have lunch every day. 還表示現(xiàn)在存在的一種狀態(tài). 如：我姐姐是一位老師．My sister is a teacher. 一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)經(jīng)常與often（經(jīng)常）sometimes（有時）always（總是）usually（通常）等副詞連用，也經(jīng)常與every day（每天）, every week（每周）, every month（每月）, every term（每學期）, every year（每年）, once a week （一周一次），twice a year（一年兩次）等時間狀語連用。 一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)分為be 動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時和實義動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時。 1） be動詞包括am，is，are. 中文為"是"， 這三個詞的用法要隨著主語的變化而變化。 "am" 用于第一人稱單數(shù)（I）; "is" 用于第三人稱單數(shù)（he，she，it）; "are "用于第一人稱復數(shù)（we），第二人稱單數(shù)和復數(shù)(you), 第三人稱復數(shù)（ they）。 可以記住以下順口溜： am管 "我"， is管"，她，它，他"， are管"大家"。 2） 一般疑問句和否定句 I am a teacher. (我是一位老師) You are his friend.（你是他的朋友） She is a nurse.（她是一名護士） 以上三個句子都是肯定句. 此.類句子變成疑問句和否定句時,有些地方的語序和漢語不同,需特別注意.變?yōu)橐蓡柧鋾r,把be 動詞"am，is，are" 放在句首,回答時也要使用be動詞；變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r,把表示否定的not 放在 "am is are" 的后面, 其中可以簡寫為：is not---- isn't are not---- aren't， am not 沒有簡寫形式。 . 如：Am I a teacher? Yes, I am. (No, I am not.) Are you his friend? Yes, you are. (No, you are not.) Is she a nurse? Yes, she is. (No, she is not.) 注意：如果are not, is not放在句尾時，不能使用簡寫，必須寫出整個單詞。 否定句為：I am not a teacher. You are not his friend. She is not a nurse. 3）如果句子的動詞不是be 動詞 "am is are" 而是其他實義動詞, 疑問句和否定句要借助于助動詞"do"或者 "does"， 也就是說be 動詞和實義動詞原形不能同時使用。 這里的 "do"，"does" 本身沒有什么意義，只是幫助構成疑問句和否定句. 一般疑問句讀時必須用降調. "do"和 "does"的使用要隨著人稱的變化而變化。請看下面兩組句子，注意區(qū)分他們的共同點和不同點。 I go to school every day. He goes to school every day. I don't go to school every day. He doesn't go to school every day. Do you go to school every day? Does he go to school every day? Yes, I do. (No, I don't) Yes, he does. (No, he doesn't) 這兩組句子中，由于人稱的不同，句子的結構也不同，具體如下： 當主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，肯定句為：主語+動詞的s形式+賓語 否定句為：主語+助動詞doesn't+動詞原形+賓語 疑問句為：Does+主語+動詞原形+賓語 肯定回答和否定回答也要使用助動詞does. 注：第三人稱單數(shù)用了 does 后面就不用動詞的s形式了,而用動詞原形. 動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài), 除了第三人稱單數(shù)(he she it) 外,其余都用動詞原形。當主語是其他人稱時，肯定句為：主語+動詞原形+賓語 否定句為：主語+助動詞don't+動詞原形+賓語 疑問句為：Do+主語+動詞原形+賓語 肯定回答和否定回答也要使用助動詞do. 注：變?yōu)橐蓡柧?要在句首加"do" ; 變?yōu)榉穸ň? 要在動詞前面加"do not", 可以簡寫為 "don't". 2. 一般現(xiàn)在時，第三人稱單數(shù)作主語時，動詞的變化規(guī)則。 1） 一般在動詞后加-s詞尾。如，come-comes live-lives 2） 在以ch, sh ,s, x, 或o結尾的詞后要加-es, 如， teach-teaches catch-catches wish-wishes wash-washes miss-misses guess-guesses mix-mixes fix-fixes go-goes do-does 3） 以“輔音+y”結尾的詞，先變y為I 再加es,如， Try-tries study-studies reply-replies fly-flies 3look的用法 1) look like看起來象，其中l(wèi)ike 是介詞。如，He looks like his father. 2) look at看。。如，Look at the blackboard. 3) look the same看起來很像。如，Lucy and Lily look the same. 4) look for尋找.如，They are looking for the lost child. 5) look over（醫(yī)生）檢查The doctor is looking over the old woman. 6) Look up抬頭看；（在詞典或參考書中）查找 He’s looking up at the picture. 4. 詞語辨析 Wear意為“穿著，戴著”，表示穿，戴的狀態(tài)。而put on意思為“穿上，戴上”，表示穿，戴的動作。 5． stop doing sth停止做某事； stop to do停下來去做某事 6． remember to do sth 記著要去做某事；remember doing sth.記著（已經(jīng)）做過某事;remember sth/sb記得某物或某人 7． 復合形容詞構詞法 1) 形容詞+動詞-ing,如，Our teacher is easy-going. 2) 名詞+過去分詞，如，This is a man-made satellite. 3) 數(shù)詞+名詞（單數(shù)），如，a ten-year-old boy 【注意】復合形容詞中的名詞要用單數(shù)。 4) 數(shù)詞+名詞（+ed）如，a three-legged table一張三條腿的桌子。 5) 形容詞+名詞 如，This is a full-time job. 6) 形容詞+名詞（+ed）如，He’s a warm-hearted person. 8．a little和 a bit都可以用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞，作定語。a bit在修飾名詞時必須在后面加上介詞of，如，a bit of water一點水，而用a little則說成a little water ◆unit8. What is John like? 目標語言：Describe people’s personalities 重點句型：Do you know Tim? He’s the tall kid with short hair. What’s he like? He’s very serious. Who’s that? That’s Mike. He can talk like our teacher. Why do you like him? He looks so serious. 重點詞組：want to do, live in, live on, listen to, like dong/to do, come from, be friendly to sb., for example, and so on, as … as, tell a story to sb, tell sb a story 知識點： 1 “What does he look like?”用來詢問相貌特征; “What is he like?”則是用來詢問特征。 在英語中，形容一個人的性格特征，常用下列形容詞:shy, friendly,serious, funny, smart, foolish, outgoing, easygoing, moody, generous, polite, kind, warm-hearted, (熱心腸的)， hard-working(努力的)，quiet 2．What引起的不同類型的疑問句 1) What is this?這是什么？英語中，對某一物體提出詢問時，常用this指代“這個東西”，用that指代“那個東西”。如，What’s this? It’s a pen. 【注意】what is可以縮寫為what’s, it is可以縮寫為it’s. 2) What is sb. like?某人是個什么樣的人？此句型用來詢問某個人的品質 ?；卮饡r，用描述人物品質特征的形容詞。如，What is h