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Unit 1,Time-Conscious Americans,1,Guess the meaning of the italicised term in each sentence according to the context and your own experiences.,The government has budgeted for two bridges in the city. It is important to balance this year’s budget. The telephone line was dead. Wendy replaced the telephone handle. George has replaced Edward as the personnel manager.,2,We’ll have to replace the old computers with new ones. I tried to stop him, but he elbowed me out of the way. She elbowed her way through the crowd Increased interaction between the police and citizens will improve the rate of solving crimes.,3,Everyday the work begins with the ritual phrases of greeting. I start to read English aloud the first thing after I get up in the morning and that has become a ritual. The police are probing (into) trading, which breaks the law. My watch doesn’t tick because it is electronic.,4,A team from the United Nations will observe the election to be sure that it is fairly conducted. The company should be able to fulfill our requirements for product quality. Four weeks have elapsed since we left home.,5,Give synonyms for the words as many as you can,1. Acute: sensitive keen penetrating severe fine sharp 2. Abrupt: blunt brief brisk curt hasty short sudden unexpected 3. Convention: practice custom conference meeting routine 4. Surroundings: environment setting conditions situations circumstances,6,7,8. Competent: capable be equal to be up to able adequate experienced qualified effective,8,Homework,Learn the new words and expressions of the text by heart. Go over the text and write down the difficult points.,9,Language points:,past participle used as objective complement He did not wish it mentioned. He was about to enter the hall when he heard his name called.,10,Nominative absolute participle construction,1．Logic subject + present participle or with (without)+logic subject + present participle He groaned and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his nose. He passed by without anyone noticing him.,11,2．Logic subject + passive participle or with (without)+ logic subject + passive participle,The table being set, we began to dine. With all things being considered, he has done his best.,12,3．Logic subject + past participle or with (without)+ Logic subject + past participle,The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave. We sat face to face, without a single word said.,13,4．Logic subject + infinitive or with (without)+ logic subject + infinitive,Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. I now pay you half the sum, with the other half to be paid next week.,14,5．Logic subject + noun or with (without)+ logic subject + noun,He appeared, his hair a wreck. With his first shot a failure, Dyke fired again.,15,6．Logic subject + adjective or with (without)+ logic subject + adjective,He sat there, his face serious and his attention steady. With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it will rain presently.,16,7．Logic subject + adverb or with (without)+ logic subject + adverb,He lay on the floor face downward. He went out with no hat on.,17,8．Logic subject +prepositional phrase or with (without)+logic subject +prepositional phrase,He leaned on the wall, a pipe in mouth. With the whole meeting in uproar, the chairman abandoned the attempt to take a vote.,18,9.Logic subject of the nominative absolute participle construction,1．The storm having damaged everything, many became homeless. （通格名詞） 2．He being absent, nothing could be done. （主格代詞） 3．It being very stormy, she had to stay at home. （非人稱(chēng)代詞）,19,4．Himself still only a child, he had to rule over grown men. （反身代詞） 5．It having been proved that Mulroy was guilty, the judge passed sentence. （形式主語(yǔ)it+實(shí)際主語(yǔ)）,20,10. Grammatical role of the nominative absolute participle construction,The nominative absolute phrase expresses time, cause, condition, circumstances, etc. and is equal to an adverbial clause,e.g.,21,1.The dark clouds having disappeared (=When the dark clouds have disappeared), the sun shone again. （Time） 2．The door of the opposite parlour being then opened (=Because the door of the opposite parlour is then opened), I heared some voices. （Cause） 3．He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him (=because the whole class stared at him). （Cause）,22,4．Conciliation failing (=If conciliation fails), forces remains; but force failing (=if force fails), no further hope of conciliation is left. （Condition） 5．They had many talks with the native, the guide acting as (=and the guide acted as) interpreter. （Circumstances）,23,6．She went to the market, with her son following her (=and her son followed her). （Circumstances） 7．So much money having being spent (=Though so much money has been spent), we have not seen any good result. （Concession） 8．I read a novel, my wife sewing (=and my wife sewed) by my side. （Compound）,24,1.slave to/of sth: a person who is completely influenced or dominated by sth, e.g. a slave to drink, a slave to money, a slave to fashion We are slaves of the motorcar. 2.nothing but: only, e.g. He is nothing but a criminal. The report contains nothing but lies.,25,as if, as though,1. as if, as though所比較的如果是一種并非事實(shí)的設(shè)想，后面跟的從句須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，所比較的如果是（或很可能是）事實(shí)，則后面跟的從句須用直陳語(yǔ)氣，動(dòng)詞be, look, seem, 同as if, as though連用， 這時(shí)主句中的be, look, seem，常不看作聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，而看作表意動(dòng)詞（notional verb）。Compare:,26,a) He looks as though he had seen a ghost. b) It does look as if the very crisis is here. c) He looks as if he were going through a great crisis. d) He acts as if he is in love with her.,27,2. as if, as though引導(dǎo)無(wú)定形句（amorphous sentence），從反面來(lái)表示驚訝、不信任、憤慨等強(qiáng)烈感情。,For example: a) As though you didn’t know that? b) As if he would ever do such a thing!,28,3. as if, as though + to infinitive,for example: a) He shook his head as if (he wanted) to say “No”. b) He opened his lips as if to say something.,29,Metaphor,Metaphor means figurative language. It uses words to indicate something different from their literal meaning, that is: one thing is described in terms of another so as to suggest a likeness or analogy between them. The comparison in a metaphor is usually implicit.,30,For example: 1.Military glory is a bubble blown from blood. 2.The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure. 3.The hall way was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.,31,Take…personally:,l If you take sb.’s remarks personally, you are upset because you think that they are being critical about you in particular, e.g. You mustn’t take her negative comments of your plan personally.,32,present participle used as objective complement:,I shall have the machine running by the time you get back. The news left me wondering what would happen next.,33,whereas: in contrast, but; while,l e.g. 1. They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat. 2. We thought she didn’t like us, whereas in fact she was very shy. 3. Their country has plenty of oil, while (whereas) ours has none.,34,Weight: importance,e.g. Don’t worry about what he thinks, his opinion doesn’t carry much weight. The many letters of support added weight to the campaign.,35,Get sth./sb. doing sth: make sth./sb. do sth:,Can you get the old car going again? It’s not hard to get the boy talking; the problem is stopping him.,36,Rewrite the sentences using the patterns.,1. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. 2. We communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer---especially given our traffic-filled streets.,37,3. In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact. 4. The more important a task is, the more capital, energy, and attention will be poured into it in order to “get it moving”.,38,