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大學(xué)生跨文化交際中的障礙和能力的培養(yǎng) A brief analysis of the application of body language in cross-cultural Communication Specialty: English Name: Student ID: Advisor: College of Foreign Languages Nov , 2013 Acknowledgements In writing this paper, I want to thank all my teachers ,for their teaching and kind support, their continuous encouragement and massive help during these years. To the my twenty six classmates who helped me with my research, for their enthusiastic participation;To my friends in shijiazhuang, beijing, Liverpool, Western Ontario encouragement and great support. Second, I would like to express my heartfe lt gratitude to professors Fu Tianjun, my advisor who spent much of his precious time discussing with me and helping me to narrow the topic at the initial stages, as well as showing great concern for my progress. I am deeply indebted for his assistance in helping me to accomplish this study. Without his encouragement and specific guidance, the completion of this thesis would have been impossible. In addition, he has been very kind to me whenever I confronted problems during the project. Also, I hereby express my sincere gratitude to my classmates and roommates, who helped me to do the data collection I needed for this project. They have generously offered their help at the preparatory stage during this study. Finally, I thank the subjects whose cooperation and participation contributed to the very basis for this research work. Abstract In the 21st century, as the economic and cultural exchanging of all countries becomes more and more frequent, there appear more obstacles caused by the differences of language and culture. In intercultural communication, one of the most useful ways to deal with the obstacles is to master the meaning of body language. However, even if we understand the meaning of some general body language, there are also some difficulties to master because even the same body language has great differences in different culture background and have different social functions. This article devotes to a comparison and contrast of body language in different cultures in terms of eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions and touch. Using body languages wrongly makes you fail in interpersonal communications, which would cause conflict in international communication. So what are the differences of the same body language in different country? How to apply body language correctly? In this essay, after borrowing and studying the experience of the forefathers, the author analyzes the various usages and functions of body language in different culture background. It aims to illustrate the differences and similarities of body language and put forward the principles of reducing barriers in communication so as to achieve efficient communication and to avoid misunderstanding. Key Words: intercultural communication; cultural difference;body language; 摘 要 21世紀(jì)， 隨著國際經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流的加深，由于語言，文化的差異而產(chǎn)生的障礙隨時都可能存在，在跨文化交際中，消除障礙的最有效的方法就是了解身勢語的含義。然而即使我們對常用的身勢語有所了解，我們?nèi)匀幻媾R著一些困難，身勢語含義千變?nèi)f化，即使同一身勢語在不同的文化背景都有不同的含義，行使著不同的社會功能。本文致力于從目光語，手勢語，身體姿態(tài)，面部表情，體觸語方面對不同文化的身勢語進(jìn)行對比。錯誤地用身勢語不僅會使我們在跨文化交際中失敗，而且會造成和外國朋友之間的沖突，所以怎樣正確地使用身勢語，怎樣理解身勢語的差異都非常重要，該篇論文中作者在借鑒前人成果的基礎(chǔ)上分析了各種身勢語在不同文化背景下的用法和功能。目的在于通過列舉身勢語的文化差異與共性，并提出交際中遵循的原則，從而促進(jìn)有效交流,避免誤解。 關(guān)鍵詞：跨文化交際；文化差異；身體語言 Table of contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………… i Abstract in English ………………………………………………………………………………ii Abstract in Chinese ……………………………………………………………………………iii Chapter one Introduction……………………………………………………………………3 1.1 Significance of study 1.2 Structure of this paper Chapter Two Literature Review………………………………………… 3 2.1. Concept of Body Language…………………………………………………………3 2.2. Classification and Functions of Body Language………………….4 2.3. Examples of Body Language………………………………………………………..6 2.4. Necessities of Body Language in Intercultural Communication………………….8 Chapter Three The Differences of Body Language in Various Countries.10 3.1. Eye Contact…………………………………………………………………........10 3.2. Smile………………………………………………………………………….....12 3.3. Body Distance…………………………………………………………………....13 3.4. Touch……………………………………………………………………………..14 3.5. Gestures…………………………………………………………………………..16 Chapter Four The Similarities of Body Language and Their Reasons..…19 4.1. The Similarities of Body Language………………………………………………..19 4.2. The Causes Resulting in the Similarities of Body Language ……………….........20 4.3. The Principles of Reducing Barriers in Communication………………………….20 Chapter Five Conclusion…………………………………….......21 References………………………………………………………………………….. .21 Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Significance of study In modern society, most countries in the world communicate with each other frequently, and at the same time, the people speaking different languages have different cultural background, way of living, faith of religion,? personal values and so on, which take intervene to the communication of people coming from different country. When a Chinese meet an American friend, would kissing each other be offensive for the Chinese? If two young friends of the same sex walk with their arms around each other’s shoulders would English-speaking people regard this as being proper? Does nodding head mean ‘yes’ and shaking means ‘no’ in all cultures? I’m afraid nobody can give a positive or negative answer about the above questions, because the same behavior in different culture has different meanings. Language is one of the gifts of human being. It lets us share our experiences, helps us learn from others, and allows us to communicate across time, But language is only one of the ways we communicate, Gestures and body language communicate as effectively as words, maybe even more effectively, we can use body language to gather information from our surroundings too. The more you understand body language and its affect on others, the better you will be in communicating with co-workers, bosses, clients, and others you encounter during the day. By making simple adjustments to your posture, facial expressions and mannerisms, you can improve the way others view you. In fact, in some respects our primary means of understanding each other are two things we have in common with the rest of the animal world: our eyes and our bodies. Without gestures, our world would be static and colorless “A psychologist proposed a formula: the total impact of message = 7% verbal 38% vocal 55% facial expressions and behavior.”(徐小丹.跨文化交際中的非言語交際.黑龍江社會科學(xué)，2004) It is clear without body language we can’t finish our informational exchange. Body language, like verbal language can express emotions, exchange ideas and deliver information. So we must know the cultural differences of body language to achieve efficient communication. 1.2 1.3 Purpose of study Translation “means to reproduce the message in another language.”(Nida, 1999) But translation is not simply the act of transferring the meaning of a text from one language into another one, it is a complex and fascinating task that requires much effort. The author of the paper believes that translation is not only the media of two languages, but also the bridge of two cultures. It is the culture reappearance. Tourism text is an information type style or “vocative” style (Jia, 2004). It is full of descriptions, exotic features and folk cultures of the country of destination. Tourism text deals with the concept of culture, history and geography (Zheng, 2007). Therefore, tourism translation has to transfer the meaning and culture in the language. This requires that the translator should read the text carefully and research the meaning of culture. The translator should not only have a very high attainment of culture, but also have the skills of English communication. In addition, various translation strategies are indispensable. As two important strategies in the fields of literature translation and classic translation, domestication and foreignization have aroused fierce discussion. But the author of this paper uses the two strategies in one of the pragmatic translation, that is, tourism translation. Through the study in this paper, the author strives to find a good application of domestication and foreignization in the tourism translation. By the proper and useful application of the two strategies, the tourism texts could be translated better, and the culture and customs could be transmitted better. As a result, it will further the progress of the tourism translation and enrich the pragmatic translation theories. 1.4 Structure of this paper In this paper, the author discusses the features of tourism texts and puts forward the principles of the application of domestication and foreignization in tourism translation. Chapter one is a brief introduction of the study. In this chapter, the author explains the progress and importance of tourism, and further shows the significance of the tourism translation. The study in this paper will make contribution to the furtherance and progress of tourism translation; enrich the tourism translation theories as well as the development of the tourism. This is exactly the significance of the study. In chapter two, the author of the paper makes a literature review. The author reviews the previous study of tourism translation. Many researchers have studied the tourism translation. Some study the definition, status and standard of tourism translation; some study the features of various styles of tourism texts; some deal with the culture factors. Jin Huikang even puts forwards the nativation and alienation (domestication and foreignization) in IC, which especially deserves further study. Therefore, the author continued the study in this field. Chapter three analyses the features of tourism texts. From four aspects, the author summarizes the lexical features, syntactic features, stylistic features and culture features of the tourism texts. English tourism texts and Chinese tourism texts have their own characteristics, but the author discusses the general features of the tourism texts on the whole. In chapter four, according to the features of tourism text, the author of the paper introduces the strategies of domestication and foreignization firstly. The readers could have a general outline of the two strategies. Next, the author explains the situations where we could use the strategy of domestication in tourism translation. Third, the author discusses the situation where to use the strategy of foreignization in tourism translation. Chapter five is the conclusion. In this chapter, the author puts forward the major findings and suggestions of the study. We could use the strategy of domestication in terms of grammar, sentence structure and the expressing habits. But when we deal with cultural factors or customs in tourism translation, we could use the strategy of Foreignization to maintain the exotic features of the destination country, so as to achieve the goal of the translators. In addition, the author puts forward the limitations of the study. 1. Introduction In modern society, most countries in the world communicate with each other frequently, and at the same time, the people speaking different languages have different cultural background, way of living, faith of religion,? personal values and so on, which take intervene to the communication of people coming from different country. When a Chinese meet an American friend, would kissing each other be offensive for the Chinese? If two young friends of the same sex walk with their arms around each other’s shoulders would English-speaking people regard this as being proper? Does nodding head mean ‘yes’ and shaking means ‘no’ in all cultures? I’m afraid nobody can give a positive or negative answer about the above questions, because the same behavior in different culture has different meanings. Language is one of the gifts of human being. It lets us share our experiences, helps us learn from others, and allows us to communicate across time, But language is only one of the ways we communicate, Gestures and body language communicate as effectively as words, maybe even more effectively, we can use body language to gather information from our surroundings too. The more you understand body language and its affect on others, the better you will be in communicating with co-workers, bosses, clients, and others you encounter during the day. By making simple adjustments to your posture, facial expressions and mannerisms, you can improve the way others view you. In fact, in some respects our primary means of understanding each other are two things we have in common with the rest of the animal world: our eyes and our bodies. Without gestures, our world would be static and colorless “A psychologist proposed a formula: the total impact of message = 7% verbal 38% vocal 55% facial expressions and behavior.”(徐小丹.跨文化交際中的非言語交際.黑龍江社會科學(xué)，2004) It is clear without body language we can’t finish our informational exchange. Body language, like verbal language can express emotions, exchange ideas and deliver information. So we must know the cultural differences of body language to achieve efficient communication. 2. The Differences of Body Language in Various Countries 2.1. Eye Contact As saying goes “The eyes are the windows of the soul”. That is to say, we can read one’s mind through his/her eyes. Eye language can express complicated feelings and it is an important way to judge the intimacy of communicators. People from English speaking countries have more eye contact when they are in conversation. According to American tradition, communicators must gaze at each other. “But there are many rules about eye language: Whether to look at the other communicator or not; when it is the time to look at them, how long we can look at; who we can look at and who we can’t; they all imply different meanings in communication.” In Juliet’s Faster’s book Body Language, there is a paragraph that can explain the problem. “Two strangers sit face to face in the dinning room in a train; they can introduce themselves to each other. When they are eating, they can talk anything else. They also can avoid eye contact and do not show interest in each other. A writer described this situation in an article “They look over the menu again and again, play with knives and look at their nails. It seems that they look at them for the first time. If their eyes meet, they will turn away immediately and look out of the window.” (1) Americans pay great attention to the time and the way of eye contact. In common conversation, they will look at each other about one minute and then they will look away. If two Americans gaze at each other, which indicate they are intimate. In North America, the children there have learned to look at the other communicator directly. If they don’t, they are regarded lack of enthusiasm or confidence. They believe the saying “Never trust a person who can’t look you in the eyes.” (2) If two Arabians are in conversation, they will look at each other warmly. Because they think eyes are the key of their existence. But in American eyes, they think this behavior is unsuitable or a homosexual behavior. The educated Englishmen believe direct eye contact with our communicators is gentlemanly. But Swede use eye language more often than Englishmen. And the French especially like to look attentively at the other communicators with admiration. Japanese often look at the other communicator’s neck when they are in conversation. They believe eye contact is impolite. And Chinese consider gazing people is an unfriendly behavior and it is a challenge. Some South American Indians used to look at different directions when they are talking. In the Middle East, it is considered extremely provocative for a woman to let a man catch her eyes, let alone, return his gaze. (3) Another example, Americans have a trip to a village and the local people stare at them. They are annoyed and think the local people are rude. In fact, it is normal in the village. They are just curious. American social psychologist Michael Argyle found out: People who like each other have more eye contact than people who dislike each other. In communication, looking down frequently can indicate submissiveness or embarrassment. Looking away constantly may express dissatisfaction. Females are likely to communicate with more eye contact, especially among females. But too long eye contact will cause embarrassment. Most people feel uneasy and uncomfortable under the strong staring. When people always stare at us, we will feel we are threatened or suspect their sincerity. From what is mentioned above we can conclude that different cultural background has a great influence on body language. And eye language also reflects different cultures and believes. So we need to observe and compare and contrast carefully so as to improve cultural exchange and to blend well. 2.2. Smile Smiles are an important facial expression. They show interest, excitement, empathy, concern; they create an upbeat, positive environment. Smiles can, however, be overused. Often, men smile when they are pleased; women smile to please. You know which is the most powerful! To gain and increase respect, first establish your presence in a room, then smile. It is far more professional than to enter a room giggling or all smiles. Smile indicates pleasure, either that you are generally happy or are enjoying the other person’s company or that you are amused by something in particular, such as a joke. A full smile engages the whole face, particularly including the eyes, which crease and twinkle. Smiling with lips only is often falsehood, where the person wants to convey pleasure or approval but is actually feeling something else. This false smile is known as the Duchene smile, after the scientists who first described it in 1862. False smiles also tend to last for longer. A genuine smile is often asymmetric and usually larger on the right side of the face. A false smile may be more symmetrical or larger on the left side of the face. Lowering the jaw to show a D-shaped mouth can be a false smile as it is easy to do. It may also be a deliberate signal of amusement and an invitation to laugh. Smiling without opening the mouth, and particularly with lips firmly pressed together, may indicate embarrassment about unsightly teeth. It may also be a suppression of words (I can see the funny side, but I'm not going to comment.).A half-smile, on one side of the face, may indicate cynicism, sarcasm or uncertainty (Sorry, I don't buy that idea.).Smiling is also a sign of submission as the person effectively says “I am nice and not a threat”. Smiling in some cultures indicates a question or that you want the other person to speak. When people talk about smile it means friendliness and happiness in most situations, but a tribe of Saudi Arabia thinks smile is the expression of unfriendly. If a boy wants to fall in love with a girl there, don’t smile; a smile can blow him off. In China and English-speaking country, smiles stand for friendliness and happiness. However, in some special occasions, especially when people feel embarrassed, Chinese the Western people can disgust people’s smile. One story can tell us the different cognition about smiles between Chinese and English-speaking countries. A Chinese couple held a party in their home and invited a foreign friend, but the foreign friends broke up a glass with a heavy hand, so he felt very sorry and embarrass, but the Chines