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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文 譯文題目： Electromagnetic Engine 　　　　　 （電磁發(fā)動機(jī)） 學(xué)生姓名： 專　　業(yè)： 所在學(xué)院： 指導(dǎo)教師： 職　　稱：  Electromagnetic Engine Abstract – In this paper we are going to describe how to design and construct an electrically operated two cylinder engine i.e. Electromagnetic Engine. Our engine is totally different from ordinary IC Engine, because of the inventory advancement in operating principles. We have changed the operating principle of IC Engine by using electromagnetic effect instead of combustion of fossil fuels. This engine works on the principle of magnetic repulsion between two magnets. This electromagnetic engine consists of two magnets, one of them is an Electromagnet and other one is a Permanent Magnet. Permanent Magnet acts as piston and Electromagnet is located at the top of the cylinder instead of spark plug and valve arrangement in IC Engines. In this way this engine does not contain any spark plug and fuel injection system. The Electromagnet is energized by a battery source of suitable voltage and the polarities of electromagnet are set in such a way that it will repel the permanent magnet i.e. piston from TDC to BDC, which will result in the rotary motion of crank shaft. When the piston is at BDC the supply of Electromagnet is discontinued, the permanent magnet which was repelled to BDC will come back to its initial position i.e. TDC. This procedure completes one revolution of crank shaft i.e. our output work. Switching of electromagnet is controlled by cam and follower arrangement. The total power supplied by battery will be just to fulfill the coppper losses of winding and power required to magnetize the windings. I. INTRODUCTION This project is about to design electricity operated engine construction. In this engine there is no use of fuels like diesel and petrol. So this engine is operating on pure electricity coming from a battery source. An electromagnet is positioned on the top of the cylinder, while construction of engine is traditional. And piston is just a permanent magnet (Neodymium magnet). There is no combustion within the cylinder so design of piston and cylinder arrangement is simpler as compared to IC Engine. So the accuracy of dimensions is not a serious matter here. Although this engine can’t produces any flue gases which are harmful to the environment, because there is no combustion of fossil fuels in this engine. II. WORKING PRINCIPLE This engine works on the principle of magnetic repulsion between same poles of the two different magnets. When similar poles of two magnets come in contact with each other they will repail each other with equal and opposite force. This phenomenon of repulsion is used in this engine to create motion. The Electromagnet which is placed at the top of the cylinder of the engine repels the permanent magnet placed at the place of piston in IC Engine such a way that the magnetic force produced by the electromagnet repels permanent magnet. Piston i.e. Permanent magnet is connected to the crank shaft through connecting rod. This arrangement converts the reciprocating motion of piston into the rotary motion of the crank shaft. This is our useful work.An engine has a number of systems that help it do its job of converting fuel into motion. Most of these subsystems can be implemented using different technologies, and better technologies can improve the performance of the engine. Here's a look at all of the different subsystems used in modern engines: Valve train The valve train consists of the valves and a mechanism that opens and closes them. The opening and closing system is called a camshaft has lobes on it that move the valves up and down, as shown in Figure 4. Most modern engines have what are called overhead cams. This means that the camshaft is located above the valves, as you see in Figure 5. The cams on the shaft activate the valves directly or through a very short linkage. Older engines used a camshaft located in the sump near the crankshaft. Rods linked the cam below to valve lifters above the valves. This approach has more moving part and also causes more lag between the cam's activation of the valve and the valve's subsequent motion. A timing belt or timing chain links the crankshaft to the camshaft so that the valves are in sync with thes pistons. The camshaft is geared to turn at one-half the rate of the crankshaft. Many high-performance engines have four valves per cylinder,and this arrangement requires two camshaft per bank of cylinders, hence the phrase ''dual overhead cams".The starting system consists of an electric starter motor and a starter solenoid. When you turn the ignition key,the starter motor spins the engine a few revolutions so that the combustion process can start. It takes a powerful motor to spin a cold engine. The starter motor must overcome. Because so much energy is needed and because a car uses a 12-volt electrical system, hundreds of amps of electricity must flow into the starter motor. The starter solenid is essentially a large electronic switch that can handle that much current. When you turn the ignition key, it activates the solenid to power the motor. III. CONSTRUCTION Construction of the electromagnet is similar to the IC Engine. It consists of one Electromagnet and one permanent magnet. Electromagnet is positioned on the top of the cylinder of engine, and permanent magnet is used as the piston in engine. Piston of the engine is connected to the crank shaft through connecting rod. Connecting rod is connected to the crank shaft by using gudgeon pin. The cam and follower arrangement is used to control the switching of electromagnets. The schematic diagram of Electromagnetic Engine is shown in fig. 1. Electromagnet: It is made of copper windings of suitable gauge. Turns of windings are kept as per magnetic field required. Consumption in wattage for electromagnet is only to fulfill its copper losses. Electromagnet will repel the piston consuming very less power. 2. Piston: It is made of a very strong Neodymium magnet. 3. Connecting rod: It is made of aluminium alloy. 4. Crank shaft: It is made of steel alloy. 5. Cam and follower: This is used here to control switching of the circuit for electromagnets. 6. Capacitors: They are here to balance the reactive power in electromagnets. 7. Switches: These are operated by cam and follower arrangement. And are normal DC circuit switches. 8. Crank case: It is made of aluminium alloy. IV. CONCLUSION: In this way we have designed an electromagnetic engine. It is different from motor, because the working principle is totally different as well as the power consumption is also very less. The only power consumed is the power consumed by electromagnet and electromagnet used here is to repel the permanent magnet. There is no extra power consumed by electromagnet to repel the permanent magnet. Movement of magnet doesn’t induce back electromotive force in windings of electromagnet. And hence nothing happens similar to electric motor here. Power to be produced at shaft of the engine is much more than the power to be consumed by electromagnet to repel permanent magnet. V.INFLUNCE AND DEVELOPMENT Considering the serious depletion of fuels and the modern vehicle’s ability to clean toxic heat, vehicle electrification has become a practical problem. A main problem in the production of electric cars is weak production autonomy and the huge cost, in this case, the whole machine with a systematic analysis of converter to limit the speed of the vehicle fixed for this model integrated with an energy recovery system is used to reduce the consumption of vehicles. Its control strategy is applied between the current vector electromotive force, thus reducing the energy consumption of the economy.In the last several decades the awareness of environmental pollution has increased significantly. Taking into account that one of the largest long-term threats to human health is exposure to chemical products which affect Earths atmosphere, numerous investigations have been performed in order to eliminate existing and prevent potential environmental pollutants, particularly in the processes of energy generation. It has been found that metals or alloys which form hydrides in a reaction with hydrogen, can be used in a variety of applications, such as heat pumps, thermal storage systems, as catalysts, fuel cells, nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries, thus significantly reducing environmental pollution. However, the development of Chinese new energy automobile industry still faces many challenges, especially the insufficient investment of the core technology field, . And it has not yet formed a perfect system of technology innovation .The commercialization of new energy automotive progressed at a slow pace. The new energy automotive products in high cost, the key technology has not developed, the new energy automotive industry is still in the initial stage and other problems that exist in enterprises, such as inadequate investment, local protectionism and other specific issues. Some scholars have found the effect of path dependence unavoidably exists in the process of new energy automotive industry development, And will lead automobile industry to lock in traditional technical and institutional development path. Under this background, it is an important research topic of how to improve operating efficiency of the new energy automobile enterprise and how to enhance the competitiveness of new energy automobile industry. Based on the above background, firstly, this article starts from view of operating efficiency, and use s super efficiency DEA model to measure the operating efficiency of the new energy automotive listing corporation. Secondly, the further research is to study the dynamic change of total factor productivity (TFP) of new energy automobile industry listing corporation by using the Malmquist index method. The purpose is to find out the factors that influent the operating efficiency of new energy automobile enterprises. Thereby to improve the operating efficiency, enhance the overall competitiveness, and promote the development of new energy automotive industry. With the government’s strong support and promotion, the new energy automobile industry is booming. In recent years, scholars at China and abroad have made lots of research on the new energy automotive industry from different angles according to different research purposes. Nevertheless, these researches mainly focus on qualitative research on the development of new energy vehicle technology and industrialization namely. The research of quantitative research on the new energy automobile industry and enterprises is rare, needless to say the research of new energy automotive industry business performance of the company. Although the new energy automotive industry in China has made positive progress, as a strategic emerging industry, the listing corporations are at the initial stage overall. In order to enhance the operational efficiency of new energy automobile enterprises, promote the long-term development of new energy automotive industry. Based on the empirical analysis results, this paper proposes the following suggestions from government, industry and enterprises perspective. The government should strengthen regulation policy, establish and improve the system of technology innovation. The government should introduce relevant policies to encourage the construction of infrastructure of new energy automobile and reduce the new energy input costs. Moreover, the government should improve the efficiency of the whole management of new energy automobile companies, so that to enhance the overall competitiveness of new energy automobile industry and promote the development of new energy automotive industry. VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We thank to all our professors to make us able to research on such topic VII. REFERENCE [1] IC engine – P.C. SHARMA [2] Electrical technology – B.L.Thereja [3] Electrical Machine Design – A.K.Sawhney [4] Theory Of Machine – Tata Mcgraw Hill 電磁發(fā)動機(jī) 摘要:在這個文章里我們要描述怎樣設(shè)計與實施一個電控雙缸發(fā)動機(jī)。由于工作原理我們的發(fā)動機(jī)和普通發(fā)動機(jī)完全不同。我們已經(jīng)通過使用電磁感應(yīng)取代化石燃料來改變了內(nèi)燃機(jī)的工作原理。這個發(fā)動機(jī)通過兩磁體之間的磁排斥原理進(jìn)行運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。這個電磁發(fā)動機(jī)有兩個磁體組成，一個是電磁鐵一個是永久磁鐵。永久磁鐵作為活塞，電磁體位于氣缸頂部來代替火花塞和閥的位置。用這種方式，這個發(fā)動機(jī)不包含任何火花塞及燃油噴射系統(tǒng)。電磁體由一個合適的電壓和電池電源通電極電磁鐵設(shè)置而成，它會使永磁活塞從上止點(diǎn)到下止點(diǎn)，從而導(dǎo)致曲柄軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)活塞在下止點(diǎn)時，電磁鐵電源停止，被排斥至下止點(diǎn)的永久磁鐵會回到它的起始位置，即上止點(diǎn)。完成一次曲軸的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的過程，也就是我們的動力來源。電磁鐵的開關(guān)由凸輪和從動件控制，由電池提供的總能量會徹底傳遞到銅繞組，能量需要磁化繞組。 一：引言 這個課題是關(guān)于設(shè)計電力發(fā)動機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)。這臺發(fā)動機(jī)沒有使用柴油汽油這種燃料。所以這種發(fā)動機(jī)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)來自電池電源的純電。相對傳統(tǒng)發(fā)動機(jī)不同的是這種發(fā)動機(jī)電磁鐵放置在氣缸的頂部，并且活塞是一個永久磁鐵（釹磁鐵）。由于如此設(shè)計的活塞氣缸內(nèi)不會有燃燒。氣缸的設(shè)置跟傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)燃機(jī)一樣簡單，所以對尺寸的精確度要求不高。所以這種發(fā)動機(jī)不會產(chǎn)生對環(huán)境有害的氣體，因為沒有任何化石燃料的燃燒。 二：工作原理 發(fā)動機(jī)通過兩不同磁鐵之間同極相斥的原理進(jìn)行運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)兩磁體同極相遇時，它們會互相排斥并產(chǎn)生大小相等方向相反的力。這種排斥現(xiàn)象就被運(yùn)用到發(fā)動機(jī)中來創(chuàng)造動力。放置在氣缸頂部的電磁鐵排斥傳統(tǒng)發(fā)動機(jī)活塞位置的永磁鐵，如此下來電磁鐵跟永磁鐵互相排斥?；钊?，即永磁鐵通過連桿連接到曲柄軸。這種設(shè)置將往復(fù)運(yùn)動轉(zhuǎn)換為活塞到曲柄軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動，這對我們非常有用。一個發(fā)動機(jī)有多項體系以幫助它完成其工作的燃料轉(zhuǎn)換。大部分的子系統(tǒng)可以采用不同的技術(shù)實施，更好的技術(shù)，可以提高發(fā)動機(jī)的性能。我們來看一看在各個不同的子系統(tǒng)中使用的現(xiàn)代發(fā)動機(jī)： 氣閥機(jī)構(gòu) 該閥由氣閥以及打開和關(guān)閉它們的機(jī)械裝置組成。打開和關(guān)閉的機(jī)構(gòu)被稱為凸輪軸。凸輪軸圓形突出物帶動閥門上升和下降，如圖4： 最現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)動機(jī)有所謂的頂置凸輪軸。這意味著凸輪軸位于閥門的上方，正如你所看到的圖4.該凸輪上由軸直接啟動閥門或通過一個很短的聯(lián)接。舊發(fā)動機(jī)用凸輪軸固定在靠近曲軸的油箱上。桿連接凸輪從下至上直到升降閥超過閥門。這種做法在凸輪帶動閥門以及閥門的并發(fā)運(yùn)動時使更多的部件運(yùn)動，同樣引起更多的延遲。定時皮帶或定時鏈講曲軸連接到凸輪軸，以便于活塞同步。凸輪軸是以曲軸一半的速度運(yùn)行，許多高品質(zhì)的發(fā)動機(jī)有每個汽缸有4個閥門，這安排要求兩個凸輪軸一排。因此，用短語表達(dá)為“ 雙頂置凸輪軸”。起動系統(tǒng)包括一個電動馬達(dá)和電磁起動器。當(dāng)你啟動點(diǎn)火鍵時，起動馬達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)動發(fā)動機(jī)，使燃燒過程得以展開。它需要一個強(qiáng)大的發(fā)動機(jī)，以自旋冷發(fā)動機(jī)。該起動馬達(dá)必須克服活塞環(huán)所造成的所有內(nèi)部摩擦，汽缸的壓縮壓力剛巧是產(chǎn)生再壓縮沖程，能源需要伴隨凸輪軸打開和關(guān)閉閥門。因為這么多的能源需要，因為汽車使用12伏電氣系統(tǒng)，數(shù)百安培的電力必須流入起動發(fā)動機(jī)。該起動機(jī)電磁基本上是一個大的電子開關(guān)，可處理大部分電流。當(dāng)您打開點(diǎn)火關(guān)鍵，它會激活螺線管電力馬達(dá)。 三：結(jié)構(gòu) 電磁發(fā)動機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)類似于內(nèi)燃機(jī)，由一個電磁鐵和一個永久磁鐵組成。電磁鐵放置在發(fā)動機(jī)氣缸頂部，永久磁鐵用作發(fā)動機(jī)活塞。發(fā)動機(jī)活塞通過連桿連接到曲柄軸。連桿通過活塞銷連接到曲軸。凸輪和從動件用來控制電磁鐵的開關(guān)。下圖為電磁發(fā)動機(jī)的示意圖 1 電磁鐵：它是由合適的銅繞組做成的。銅繞組的匝數(shù)由每個磁場的需要決定。電磁鐵的功率消耗只取決于銅損，電磁鐵排斥活塞損耗更低。 2 活塞：由一個非常強(qiáng)大的釹磁鐵做成。 3 連桿：由鋁合金制成 4 曲軸：由鋼合金制成 5 凸輪和從動件：用來控制電磁鐵線路的開關(guān) 6 電容：它們用來平衡電磁鐵的能量反應(yīng) 7 開關(guān)：它們由凸輪和從動件執(zhí)行，并且是正常的直流電路開關(guān) 8 曲軸箱 ：由鋁合金制成 四 結(jié)論： 用這種方式我們就設(shè)計出了一臺電磁發(fā)動機(jī)。它與汽車發(fā)動機(jī)不同因為工作原理完全不同于并且能耗也非常少，唯一的能量消耗是電磁鐵與用來排斥永磁鐵之間的能量消耗，并且它們之間沒有額外的能量消耗。磁鐵的運(yùn)動不會引起電磁鐵之間的反電動勢，所以這一點(diǎn)跟汽車發(fā)動機(jī)是截然不同的。發(fā)動機(jī)軸上產(chǎn)生的力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于電磁鐵之間互相排斥產(chǎn)生的損耗。 五 影響： 考慮到石油燃料的嚴(yán)重枯竭和現(xiàn)代車輛尾氣的清理能力，車輛的電氣化成為了一個實際問題。生產(chǎn)電力汽車的一個主要問題就是薄弱的生產(chǎn)自主權(quán)和巨大的成本，在這種情況下，整個電機(jī)以一種系統(tǒng)的分析方法所設(shè)想的轉(zhuǎn)換器來限制車輛的速度固定為這種造型集成了一個能量回收系統(tǒng)用來減少車輛的消耗。其控制策略是施加電流矢量間的電動勢，從而減少能源消耗的經(jīng)濟(jì)。 六 發(fā)展 在過去的幾十年里，人們對環(huán)境污染的認(rèn)識越來越強(qiáng)。明顯的，由于對人類健康的最大威脅之一就是暴露于影響地球大氣的化學(xué)產(chǎn)品。為了消除能源發(fā)電過程中現(xiàn)有的以及潛在的環(huán)境污染物，大量的調(diào)查結(jié)果表明金屬或合金形成的氫化物與氫氣反應(yīng)可以用于各種各樣的領(lǐng)域，例如熱泵、熱儲存系統(tǒng)、催化劑、燃料電池、金屬氫化物充電電池。這些能夠大大減少環(huán)境的污染。然而中國新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展仍然面對很多挑戰(zhàn)，尤其是核心技術(shù)領(lǐng)域投資不足，至今還沒有形成一個完善的體系，關(guān)鍵技術(shù)還仍未發(fā)展，汽車新能源技術(shù)仍在企業(yè)的初始階段存在許多問題，如投資不足，地方保護(hù)主義和其它具體問題。研究者已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)這條路線的發(fā)展將會不可避免的存在于汽車新能源技術(shù)的發(fā)展，并會使汽車鎖定在傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)與制度這條道路。因此如何提高新能源汽車的運(yùn)行效率將成為新能源汽車企業(yè)提高競爭力的一種方式?；谶@種背景，優(yōu)先從運(yùn)行效率的角度出發(fā)，利用超效率DE A模型來衡量新能源汽車上市公司的經(jīng)營效率。目的是為了找出影響新能源汽車企業(yè)經(jīng)營效率的分析因素，從而提高工作運(yùn)營效率，提升整體競爭力，促進(jìn)新能源汽車企業(yè)的發(fā)展。如今，隨著政府的大力支持和推廣，新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。最近多年來，國內(nèi)外的學(xué)者對新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)根據(jù)不同的研究目的從不同的角度進(jìn)行研究，當(dāng)然這些研究主要集中在定性研究的發(fā)展，即新能源汽車的技術(shù)化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化。對新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)和企業(yè)的定向研究是極為罕見的，而不是說尋找新能源汽車業(yè)績的公司。新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)涉及多家企業(yè)，樣本來自上海深圳證券市場的汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)模塊。雖然新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)作為戰(zhàn)略性新興企業(yè)在中國取得了積極的發(fā)展，但是為了提高新能源汽車企業(yè)的運(yùn)營效率，促進(jìn)其長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展，根據(jù)分析結(jié)果提出以下建議，從政府產(chǎn)業(yè)企業(yè)的角度：隨著企業(yè)投入巨大成本研發(fā)和市場培育政府應(yīng)加強(qiáng)管制政策，建立和完善創(chuàng)新體系。一方面政府應(yīng)建立合理的財稅政策來減少金融負(fù)擔(dān)，另一方面要建立合理的投資體制，整合資本資源和技術(shù)再投資；在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施方面，政府應(yīng)出臺相關(guān)政策鼓勵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，對于新能源汽車企業(yè)而言要降低新能源投入成本。此外政府應(yīng)提高新能源汽車公司整體管理效率以提升新能源汽車企業(yè)的整體競爭力使其全面發(fā)展。最后新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)可以建立產(chǎn)業(yè)聯(lián)盟并且可以整合優(yōu)勢資源，加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的連接和合作，整個新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈均衡發(fā)展，可以培養(yǎng)核心競爭力，促進(jìn)新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)全面發(fā)展 七 鳴謝： 我們對所有的教授致以謝意，讓我們能夠順利的研究這個課題 八 參考： 【1】 內(nèi)燃機(jī)-P.C.夏爾馬 【2】 電氣技術(shù)-b.l.thereja 【3】 電機(jī)設(shè)計-a.k.sawhney 【4】 機(jī)械原理-Tata Mcgraw Hill