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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文
譯文題目： Mechanical Design
機(jī) 械 設(shè) 計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號(hào)：
專 業(yè)：
所在學(xué)院：
指導(dǎo)教師：
職 稱：
20xx年 2月 27日
Mechanical Design
John Ernst
Abstract
A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. The motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.
Keywords: Mechanical Design；Mechanisms Design Process；Application
1. The Design Progress
Designing starts with a need real. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously.
Done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, and then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen.?These?important?objectives?can?be?attained?only?by?analysis?based?upon?the?principles?of?mechanics,?such?as?those?of?static?for?reaction?forces?and?for?the?optimum?utilization?of?friction;?of?dynamics?for?inertia,?acceleration,?and?energy;?of?elasticity?and?strength?of?materials?for?stress?and?deflection;?of?physical?behavior?of?materials;?and?of?fluid?mechanics?for?lubrication?and?hydrodynamic?drives.?The?analyses?may?be?made?by?the?same?engineer?who?conceived?the?arrangement?of?mechanisms,?or,?in?a?large?company,?they?may?be?made?by?a?separate?analysis?division?or?research?group.?Design?is?a?reiterative?and?cooperative?process,?whether?done?formally?or?informally,?and?the?analyst?can?contribute?to?phases?other?than?his?own.?Product?design?requires?much?research?and?development.?Many?Concepts?of?an?idea?must?be?studied,?tried,?and?then?either?used?or?discarded.?Although?the?content?of?each?engineering?problem?is?unique,?the?designers?follow?the?similar?process?to?solve?the?problems.
?Product?liability?suits?designers?and?forced?in?material?selection,?using?the?best?program.?In?the?process?of?material,?the?most?common?problems?for?five?(a)?don't?understand?or?not?use?about?the?latest?application?materials?to?the?best?information,?(b)?failed?to?foresee?and?consider?the?reasonable?use?material?may?(such?as?possible,?designers?should?further?forecast?and?consider?due?to?improper?use?products.?In?recent?years,?many?products?liability?in?litigation,?the?use?of?products?and?hurt?the?plaintiff?accused?manufacturer,?and?won?the?decision),?(c)?of?the?materials?used?all?or?some?of?the?data,?data,?especially?when?the?uncertainty?long-term?performance?data?is?so,?(d)?quality?control?method?is?not?suitable?and?unproven,?(e)?by?some?completely?incompetent?persons?choose?materials.?
Through?to?the?above?five?questions?analysis,?may?obtain?these?questions?is?does?not?have?the?sufficient?reason?existence?the?conclusion.?May?for?avoid?these?questions?to?these?questions?research?analyses?the?appearance?indicating?the?direction.?Although?uses?the?best?choice?of?material?method?not?to?be?able?to?avoid?having?the?product?responsibility?lawsuit,?designs?the?personnel?and?the?industry?carries?on?the?choice?of?material?according?to?the?suitable?procedure,?may?greatly?reduce?the?lawsuit?the?quantity.??
May?see?from?the?above?discussion,?the?choice?material?people?should?to?the?material?nature,?the?characteristic?and?the?processing?method?have?comprehensive?and?the?basic?understanding.?
Finally,?a?design?based?upon?function,?and?a?prototype?may?be?built.?If?its?tests?are?satisfactory,?the?initial?design?will?undergo?certain?modifications?that?enable?it?to?be?manufacturedin?quantity?at?a?lower?cost.?During?subsequent?years?of?manufacture?and?service,?the?design?is?likely?to?undergo?changes?as?new?ideas?are?conceived?or?as?further?analyses?based?upon?tests?and?experience?indicate?alterations.?Sales?appeal.
2. Some?Rules?for?Design?
In?this?section?it?is?suggested?that,?applied?with?a?creative?attitude,?analyses?can?lead?to?important?improvements?and?to?the?conception?and?perfection?of?alternate,?perhaps?more?functional,?economical,?and?durable?products.??
To?stimulate?creative?thought,?the?following?rules?are?suggested?for?the?designer?and?analyst.?The?first?six?rules?are?particularly?applicable?for?the?analyst.?
(1)A?creative?use?of?need?of?physical?properties?and?control?process.?
(2)Recognize?functional?loads?and?their?significance.?
(3)?Anticipate?unintentional?loads.?
(4)?Devise?more?favorable?loading?conditions.?
(5)?Provide?for?favorable?stress?distribution?and?stiffness?with?minimum?weight.
(6)?Use?basic?equations?to?proportion?and?optimize?dimensions.?
(7)Choose?materials?for?a?combination?of?properties.?
(8)Select?carefully,?stock?and?integral?components.?
(9)Modify?a?functional?design?to?fit?the?manufacturing?process?and?reduce?cost.
(10)Provide?for?accurate?location?and?noninterference?of?parts?in?assembly.
?Machinery?design?covers?the?following?contents.?
(1).Provides?an?introduction?to?the?design?process,?problem?formulation,?and?safety?factors.?
(2).Reviews?the?material?properties?and?static?and?dynamic?loading?analysis,?Including?beam,?vibration?and?impact?loading.?
(3)?Reviews?the?fundamentals?of?stress?and?defection?analysis.?
(4)Introduces?fatigue-failure?theory?with?the?emphasis?on?stress-life?approaches?to?high-cycle?fatigue?design,?which?is?commonly?used?in?the?design?of?rotation?machinery.?
(5)?Discusses?thoroughly?the?phenomena?of?wear?mechanisms,?surface?contact?stresses,?and?surface?fatigue.?
(6)?Investigates?shaft?design?using?the?fatigue-analysis?techniques.
(7)?Discusses?fluid-film?and?rolling-element?bearing?theory?and?application.
(8)?Gives?a?thorough?introduction?to?the?kinematics,?design?and?stress?analysisof?spur?gears,?and?a?simple?introduction?to?helical,?bevel,?and?worm?gearing.?
(9)?Discusses?spring?design?including?compression,?extension?and?torsion?springs.
?(10)?Deals?with?screws?and?fasteners?including?power?screw?and?preload?fasteners.
?(11)?Introduces?the?design?and?specification?of?disk?and?drum?clutches?and?brakes.?
The?complete?design?of?a?machine?is?a?complex?process.?The?machine?design?is?a?creative?work.?Project?engineer?not?only?must?have?the?creativity?in?the?work,?but?also?must?in?aspect?and?so?on?mechanical?drawing,?kinematics,?engineering?material,?materials?mechanics?and?machine?manufacture?technology?has?the?deep?elementary?knowledge.?
One?of?the?first?steps?in?the?design?of?any?product?is?to?select?the?material?from?which?each?part?is?to?be?made.?Numerous?materials?are?available?to?today's?designers.?The?function?of?the?product,?its?appearance,?the?cost?of?the?material,?and?the?cost?of?fabrication?are?important?in?making?a?selection.?A?careful?evaluation?of?the?properties?of?a.?material?must?be?made?prior?to?any?calculations.?
Careful?calculations?are?necessary?to?ensure?the?validity?of?a?design.?In?case?of?any?part?failures,?it?is?desirable?to?know?what?was?done?in?originally?designing?the?defective?components.?The?checking?of?calculations?(and?drawing?dimensions)?is?of?utmost?importance.?The?misplacement?of?one?decimal?point?can?ruin?an?otherwise?acceptable?project.?All?aspects?of?design?work?should?be?checked?and?rechecked.??
The?computer?is?a?tool?helpful?to?mechanical?designers?to?lighten?tedious?calculations,?and?provide?extended?analysis?of?available?data.?Interactive?systems,?based?on?computer?capabilities,?have?made?possible?the?concepts?of?computer?aided?design?(CAD)?and?computer-aided?manufacturing?(CAM).?How?does?the?psychologist?frequently?discuss?causes?the?machine?which?the?people?adapts?them?to?operate.?A?design?personnel’s?basic?responsibility?is?diligently?causes?the?machine?to?adapt?the?people.?This?certainly?is?not?an?easy?work,?because?certainly?does?not?have?to?all?people?to?say?in?fact?all?is?the?most?superior?operating?area?and?the?operating?process.?Another?important?question,?project?engineer?must?be?able?to?carry?on?the?exchange?and?the?consultation?with?other?concerned?personnel.?In?the?initial?stage,?designs?the?personnel?to?have?to?carry?on?the?exchange?and?the?consultation?on?the?preliminary?design?with?the?administrative?personnel,?and?is?approved.?This?generally?is?through?the?oral?discussion,?the?schematic?diagram?and?the?writing?material?carries?on.??
If?front?sues,?the?machine?design?goal?is?the?production?can?meet?the?human?need?the?product.?The?invention,?the?discovery?and?technical?knowledge?itself?certainly?not?necessarily?can?bring?the?advantage?to?the?humanity,?only?has?when?they?are?applied?can?produce?on?the?product?the?benefit.?Thus,?should?realize?to?carries?on?before?the?design?in?a?specific?product,?must?first?determine?whether?the?people?do?need?this?kind?of?product?.
Must?regard?as?the?machine?design?is?the?machine?design?personnel?carries?on?using?creative?ability?the?product?design,?the?system?analysis?and?a?formulation?product?manufacture?technology?good?opportunity.?Grasps?the?project?elementary?knowledge?to?have?to?memorize?some?data?and?the?formula?is?more?important?than.?The?merely?service?data?and?the?formula?is?insufficient?to?the?completely?decision?which?makes?in?a?good?design?needs.?On?the?other?hand,?should?be?earnest?precisely?carries?on?all?operations.?For?example,?even?if?places?wrong?a?decimal?point?position,?also?can?cause?the?correct?design?to?turn?wrongly.?
Good?design?personnel?should?dare?to?propose?the?new?idea?moreover?is?willing?to?undertake?the?certain?risk,?when?the?new?method?is?not?suitable,?use?original?method.?Therefore,?designs?the?personnel?to?have?to?have?to?have?the?patience,?because?spends?the?time?and?the?endeavor?certainly?cannot?guarantee?brings?successfully.?A?brand-new?design,?the?request?screen?abandons?absolutely?many,?knows?very?well?the?method?for?the?people.?Because?many?person?of?conservativeness?does?this?certainly?is?not?an?easy?matter.?A?mechanical?designer?should?unceasingly?explore?the?improvement?existing?product?the?method,?should?earnestly?choose?originally,?the?process?confirmation?principle?of?design?in?this?process,?with?has?not?unified?it?after?the?confirmation?new?idea.?
Human?life?can?not?be?separated?from?the?machinery,?it?is?everywhere,?but?for?the?mechanical?manufacturing,?production,?and?its?development?and?future,?we?know?little?about.?After?this?semester,?I?have?more?knowledge?and?understanding?of?the?profession?of?the?mechanical.?From?the?primitive?society?of?early?human?use?such?as?axes,?knives?and?other?simple?tools,?to?a?simple?lever,?pulley,?human?bicycles,?animal-Kip?Shum?car?tools,?developed?to?a?more?complex?hydraulic?drive,?wind-driven?Shuinian?and?windmills?morecomplex?machinery.?After?the?18th?century?British?Industrial?Revolution,?the?steam?engine,?internal?combustion?engines,?electric?motors,?mechanical?power?source?for?the?rapid?development?of?manufacturing,?transport,?human?beings?began?to?enter?the?modern?civilized?society.?The?20th?century,?the?computer?issuing?automatic?control?technology,?information?technology,?infectious?organic?combination?of?technology,?so?that?the?machinery?is?fully?modernized?phase.?Robotics,?CNC?machine?tools,?high-speed?delivery?vehicles,?heavy?machinery?and?the?large?number?of?advanced?machinery?and?equipment?to?accelerate?the?prosperity?and?progress?of?human?society,?humans?can?travel?into?space,?landing?on?the?moon,?you?can?explore?the?vast?depths?of?the?sea,?to?live?and?pass?below?the?surface?all?of?which?can?not?be?separated?from?the?machinery,?the?development?of?the?machinery?into?the?intelligent?stage.?Machinery?has?become?one?of?the?five?elements?of?production?and?services?of?modern?society.?The?history?of?the?development?of?the?mechanical?history?of?the?development?of?human?civilization.?
In?ancient?Chinese?mechanical?engineering,?invention?and?creativity?is?very?brilliant,?such?as?grinding?technology,?metal?smelting?technology.?China's?machinery?manufacturing?industry?developed?after?1949.?After?the?founding?of?new?China,?the?tremendous?achievements?of?China’s?economy?are?inseparable?from?the?progress?of?the?manufacturing?sector.?After?decades?of?struggle,?China's?manufacturing?components?with?considerable?scale?and?level?of?manufacturing?systems,?today?China?have?become?a?remarkable?manufacturing?country.?Machinery?manufacturing?industry?overall?scale?of?production?is?constantly?increasing,?machinery?manufacturing?is?more?than?100?industry,?8.57?million?enterprises?(large?enterprises?accounted?for?1%)?and?60,000?kinds?of?products?a?complete?range?of?industrial?system.?For?six?consecutive?years?in?China's?largest?export?commodity?status,?the?machinery?industry?production?capacity?is?2600?times?that?of?the?liberation?of?the?world?5,?the?machine?has?a?world,?vehicle?production?in?the?world?4.?
But?we?still?need?to?clearly?recognize?that?China?is?a?big?manufacturing?country,?far?from?being?a?manufacturing?powerhouse.?The?overall?size?of?the?added?value?of?product?technology?and?per?capita?labor?efficiency?is?far?better?than?the?United?States,?Japan?and?other?manufacturing?power.?Therefore,?the?task?of?development?of?China's?manufacturing?industry?a?long?way?to?go.?With?the?diversification?of?the?high-tech?development?and?social?needs?of?the?industrial?production?rapidly?toward?large-scale,?integrated?and?complex,?so?that?the?modern?industrial?machinery?industry?is?facing?new?opportunities?and?challenges,?and?more?emphasis?on?the?creativity?and?the?efficiency?of?the?workers.?Therefore?need?to?continuously?enhance?the?level?of?China's?Mechanical?Design?Manufacturing?and?Automation,?thereby?contributing?to?the?development?of?China's?machinery?manufacturing?industry.
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)
作者：John?Ernst
摘要
一臺(tái)機(jī)器是一種轉(zhuǎn)換傳輸機(jī)制和其他組件的組合。例如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),發(fā)電機(jī),車輛,吊機(jī),印刷機(jī),洗衣機(jī),和電影攝影機(jī)等。許多應(yīng)用到機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)的原理和方法也適用于制造的物品不是真正的機(jī)器。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)一詞用在了更廣泛的意義，不僅僅只是包括機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)。運(yùn)動(dòng)和結(jié)構(gòu)方面及規(guī)定保留和圍欄是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)要考慮的因素。機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域和其他工程領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用都需要機(jī)械設(shè)備，例如開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、器皿、攪拌機(jī)。
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關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)；機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)過程；應(yīng)用
第1章 設(shè)計(jì)過程
真正地開始設(shè)計(jì)，在耐久性、效率、重量、速度、成本上可能需要改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備，新設(shè)備之前可能需要做一個(gè)函數(shù)。如計(jì)算、裝配、或維修全部或者部分和客觀由人工做。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，應(yīng)該讓設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造，而不是（受制于）每一種約束。即使有許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也可以在設(shè)計(jì)早期時(shí)間，即在前面的計(jì)劃藍(lán)圖上修正。只有這樣，才不會(huì)停止創(chuàng)新的心態(tài)。通常情況下，必須提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后進(jìn)行比較。非常有可能在最后制定的計(jì)劃中，使用已經(jīng)被接受的一些想法。?
通用形狀和少數(shù)幾個(gè)部件的尺寸變得明顯，分析就可以從開始中解脫出來。這種分析可以作為它的目標(biāo)“滿意”或“卓越”的性能，以及安全性和耐久性與最小重量，以及具有競爭力的成本。最佳比例和尺寸將尋找每個(gè)極加載部分，連同之間的一個(gè)平衡點(diǎn)的若干優(yōu)點(diǎn)組件，材料和它們的加工選擇。這些重要的目標(biāo)達(dá)到，只有通過后，根據(jù)力學(xué)原理，如反應(yīng)部隊(duì)和靜態(tài)摩擦的最佳利用，分析應(yīng)力材料彈性和強(qiáng)度的慣性，加速度和能源的動(dòng)力和撓度，材料的物理性能和潤滑和水力驅(qū)動(dòng)器的流體力學(xué)。分析可以由相同的工程師安排或者在一個(gè)大公司，他們可以由一個(gè)獨(dú)立的分析或研究小組。設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)反復(fù)和合作的過程，不論是做正式的或非正式的，分析師能有助于其他階段，而不是他自己的。產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)需要大量的研究和發(fā)展。必須研究一個(gè)想法很多的概念，嘗試，然后或者使用或丟棄。雖然每一個(gè)工程的內(nèi)容的問題都是獨(dú)特的，設(shè)計(jì)者遵循類似的程序去解決問題。
產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟的設(shè)計(jì)師和強(qiáng)度材料選型中要使用最優(yōu)方案。在材料的過程中，最常見的問題有五個(gè)：（a）不理解或不使用最新的申請材料的最佳信息；（b）未能預(yù)見到，并考慮合理利用材料（盡可能設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測，并考慮由于使用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品在近幾年中，許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟中，產(chǎn)品的使用和傷害原告指控制造商，并贏得了決定）；（c）全部或部分使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)據(jù)，尤其是在長期的不確定性的性能數(shù)據(jù)是這樣；（d）質(zhì)量控制方法是不適合的和未經(jīng)證實(shí)的；（e）由一些完全不稱職的人選擇材料。通過對上述五個(gè)問題分析，可獲得這些問題沒有充足的理由存在的結(jié)論。為避免這些問題，對這些問題的研究分析表明出現(xiàn)方向。盡管使用了最好的選材方法不能夠防止產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和行業(yè)進(jìn)行選材根據(jù)適當(dāng)?shù)某绦?，可大大降低訴訟的條件?
從上面的討論中可以看到，人們應(yīng)該選擇材料的材料性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)及處理方法有全面而基本的理解。?
最后，設(shè)計(jì)基于功能，一個(gè)樣機(jī)可以被建立。如果它是令人滿意的測試，初步設(shè)計(jì)將接受一定的修改，使它能夠以較低的成本生產(chǎn)一定的數(shù)量。在接下來的幾年的生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)，設(shè)計(jì)可能要進(jìn)行構(gòu)思的變化或新思想的進(jìn)一步分析表明基于試驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的主因銷售的吸引力。
第2章 一些設(shè)計(jì)的規(guī)則
這一節(jié)里，我們建議，通過創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度，分析可以引起重要性的提高，也可引起多樣性，或者功能性，經(jīng)濟(jì)性和耐用產(chǎn)品的完善和備用。?
為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，以下規(guī)則是設(shè)計(jì)師和分析師的建議。首六個(gè)規(guī)則是特別適用于使用分析師。?
（1）一個(gè)創(chuàng)造性的使用需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程；???
（2）識(shí)別功能負(fù)荷及它們的意義；???
（3）預(yù)期無意的負(fù)載；???
（4）設(shè)計(jì)更有利的加載條件；?
（5）提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和剛度和最低重量；???
（6）使用基本方程比例和優(yōu)化尺寸；???
（7）選擇材料的結(jié)合性能；???
（8）選擇小心，股票和整體部件；
（9）修改功能設(shè)計(jì)以適應(yīng)市場；?
（10）提供準(zhǔn)確的位置和不干預(yù)各部分的裝配；?
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)包括以下內(nèi)容：?
（1）介紹了設(shè)計(jì)過程，制定問題，安全的因素；?
（2）綜述了材料的性質(zhì)，靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)載荷分析（包括梁、振動(dòng)和沖擊載荷）；???
（3）綜述了應(yīng)力和損傷分析基礎(chǔ)。?
（4）介紹了fatigue-failure理論重點(diǎn)high-cycle疲勞設(shè)計(jì)方差方法，也就是一般用于旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)。?
（5）討論了徹底的磨損機(jī)理的現(xiàn)象；
（6）調(diào)查軸設(shè)計(jì)，利用疲勞分析技術(shù)。
（7）討論了流體膜和滾動(dòng)元件軸承的理論和應(yīng)用?
（8）給出了一個(gè)全面地介紹了直齒圓柱齒輪的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)，設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)力分析，?并簡單介紹螺旋錐，環(huán)面蝸桿傳動(dòng)。?
（9）討論彈簧設(shè)計(jì)，包括壓縮，擴(kuò)展和扭轉(zhuǎn)彈簧。??
（10）包括電源螺釘和預(yù)緊緊固件用螺釘和緊固件的優(yōu)惠活動(dòng)。?
（11）介紹了磁盤和鼓離合器和制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)范。?
一臺(tái)機(jī)器的完整的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程。本機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。項(xiàng)目工程師不僅要在工作中有創(chuàng)造力，而且還必須對機(jī)械制圖，運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)，工程材料，材料力學(xué)，機(jī)械制造技術(shù)等方面有著深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。任何產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的首要步驟之一，是從每個(gè)部分作出選擇材料。今天的設(shè)計(jì)師提供許多材料。產(chǎn)品的外觀，材料成本和制造成本的作用是重要的選擇。仔細(xì)評估的一個(gè)屬性。材料必須作出之前的任何計(jì)算。?
仔細(xì)計(jì)算是很有必要的，可以保證設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。如有任何部分的失敗，這是合乎情理的，要知道在原本設(shè)計(jì)上就是有缺陷的。檢查的計(jì)算(和圖紙尺寸)是極為重要的。一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)位會(huì)毀了另一個(gè)可接受的項(xiàng)目。各方面的設(shè)計(jì)工作中應(yīng)檢查和核對。?
計(jì)算機(jī)是一種工具，幫助機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師，以減輕繁瑣的計(jì)算，并提供擴(kuò)展現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)的分析。基于計(jì)算機(jī)能力，互動(dòng)系統(tǒng)取得了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）的概念。心理學(xué)家如何經(jīng)常討論適應(yīng)他們操作的機(jī)器的人的原因。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器適應(yīng)人。這當(dāng)然不是一件容易的工作，因?yàn)榭隙]有給所有的人，其實(shí)說的所有是最優(yōu)越的經(jīng)營面積和經(jīng)營過程中另一個(gè)重要的問題，項(xiàng)目工程師必須能夠進(jìn)行其他有關(guān)人員的交流與協(xié)商。在初始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員進(jìn)行的初步設(shè)計(jì)與管理人員的交流和咨詢，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這通常是通過口頭討論，示意圖和書面材料進(jìn)行。?
假如前面的敘述，這臺(tái)機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)是人類需要生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品，肯定的發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和技術(shù)知識(shí)本身并不能帶來優(yōu)勢，人類只有當(dāng)他們的應(yīng)用程序可以生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的利益。因此，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)前，必須先確定是否人們需要這種產(chǎn)品。?
必須把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)新能力進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，系統(tǒng)的分析和制定產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的好機(jī)會(huì)。抓項(xiàng)目的基本知識(shí)，必須熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式是更為重要的。只是服務(wù)的數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以完全決定一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)需要。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行所有操作。例如，即使地方錯(cuò)了一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置，也可以導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)把正確的設(shè)計(jì)。?
???一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員要敢于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法是不適合的，使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)榛ㄙM(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力的肯定不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，請求屏幕絕對放棄許多，深知人民的方法。穩(wěn)妥許多人因?yàn)檫@肯定不是一件容易的事。的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的方法，要認(rèn)真選擇原來，在這個(gè)過程中的設(shè)計(jì)過程中確認(rèn)的原則，并沒有統(tǒng)一后確認(rèn)的新思路。?
如今人類的生活已經(jīng)離不開了機(jī)械，它無處不在，但對于機(jī)械的制造，生產(chǎn)及其發(fā)展和未來，我們卻知之甚少。經(jīng)過這學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)，我對機(jī)械這個(gè)專業(yè)有了更多的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解。?
從原始社會(huì)早期人類使用的諸如石斧、石刀等最簡單的工具，到杠桿、轆轤、人力腳踏車、獸力汲水車等簡單工具，發(fā)展到較復(fù)雜的水力驅(qū)動(dòng)，風(fēng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)的水碾和風(fēng)車等較為復(fù)雜的機(jī)械。18世紀(jì)英國的工業(yè)革命以后，以蒸汽機(jī)、內(nèi)燃機(jī)、電動(dòng)機(jī)為動(dòng)力源的機(jī)械促進(jìn)了制造業(yè)、運(yùn)輸業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，人類開始進(jìn)入現(xiàn)代化的文明社會(huì)。20世紀(jì)電子計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳染技術(shù)的有機(jī)結(jié)合，使機(jī)械進(jìn)入完全現(xiàn)代化階段。機(jī)器人、數(shù)控機(jī)床、高速運(yùn)載工具、重型機(jī)械及其大量先進(jìn)機(jī)械設(shè)備加速了人類社會(huì)的繁榮和進(jìn)步，人類可以遨游太空、登陸月球，可以探索遼闊的大海深處，可以在地面以下居住和通行所有這一切都離不開機(jī)械、機(jī)械的發(fā)展已進(jìn)入智能化階段。機(jī)械已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)的五大要素之一。機(jī)械的發(fā)展史也是人類文明的發(fā)展史。?
在古代的中國機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域的發(fā)明與創(chuàng)造也是非常輝煌的，如磨制技術(shù)，金屬的冶煉技術(shù)等。而中國機(jī)械制造業(yè)主要是1949年后發(fā)展起來的。新中國建立后，我國經(jīng)濟(jì)取得的巨大成就也是和制造業(yè)的進(jìn)步分不開的。經(jīng)過幾十年的奮斗，我國制造業(yè)已經(jīng)構(gòu)件了具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模和水平的制造體系，當(dāng)今中國已成為舉世矚目的制造大國。機(jī)械制造業(yè)總體生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷加大，機(jī)械制造是有100多個(gè)行業(yè)、857萬個(gè)企業(yè)（大型企業(yè)占1%）及6萬多種產(chǎn)品門類齊全的工業(yè)體系。連續(xù)6年保持我國第一大類出口商品地位，機(jī)械工業(yè)生產(chǎn)能力是解放前的2600倍，居世界第5位，機(jī)床擁有量居世界第1位，汽車產(chǎn)量居世界第4位。?
但我們?nèi)孕枨宄卣J(rèn)識(shí)到我國是制造業(yè)大國，遠(yuǎn)不是制造業(yè)強(qiáng)國?？傮w規(guī)模、產(chǎn)品技術(shù)附加值和人均勞動(dòng)效率遠(yuǎn)不如美國、日本等制造業(yè)強(qiáng)國。所以，發(fā)展我國制造業(yè)的任務(wù)任重而道遠(yuǎn)。隨著高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展和社會(huì)需求的多樣化，工業(yè)生產(chǎn)迅速走向大規(guī)模、集成化和復(fù)雜化，從而使現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)特別是機(jī)械工業(yè)面臨新的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)，更強(qiáng)調(diào)勞動(dòng)者的創(chuàng)造性和工作效率。因此需要不斷加強(qiáng)我國的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化的水平，從而促進(jìn)我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展。