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wastes S.E. Saratov Federation November 25 Decembe influence posites produced with PVB. The characterization involved: elongation under rupture, water absorption, tensile strength and elastic provides a means to decrease environmental contamina- tion. Flat glass processing involves the generation of the lack of technological processes oriented towards its glass processing, usually produce both types of the aforementioned wastes or are located close by, it was applications. The best scheme is that for plants produc- ing both wastes, for example in the manufacturing of di?erent profiled rods, characterized with high mechan- ical properties stable in conditions of humid atmosphere and temperature changes. However, the presence of * Corresponding author. Tel.: +52 844 438 9600; fax: +52 844 438 9610. E-mail address: alexande@saltillo.cinvestav.mx (A.V. Gorokhovsky). Waste Management 25 0956-053X/$ - see front matter C211 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. wastes, like scrap of glass mirrors as well as strips of poly (vinyl) butiral film (PVB), from the manufacture of automobile windscreens (Garner, 1996) and safety architectural glass (Lievens, 1995). Clean PVB waste can be recycled on the basis of well-known technological processes; however, about 5–20% of this waste contains contamination, which precludes its recycling. Moreover, in developing countries there is little e?orts or possibility for the recycling of this type of waste. Additionally, waste from glass mirror production (scrap or mirrors not meeting standards) has to be disposed because of of interest to investigate the possibility of producing glass-polymer composites based on the complex utiliza- tion of such wastes that are inapplicable for recycling. The production of composites based on PVB wastes is especially attractive in developing countries, where their collection as well as transportation into the plants spe- cialized in PVB recycling is economically unprofitable. The high adhesion properties of the PBV to the soda- lime-silicate glass surface (Garner, 1996; Gopal et al., 1997) make the composite, based on PVB waste and milled glass, a promising material useful for di?erent modulus tests. The results showed that the composite containing 10 wt% of filler powder had the best properties among the com- positions studied. The influence of the time of exposure in humid atmosphere on the composite properties was investigated. It was found that the admixture of PVB iso-propanol solution to the scrap of glass mirrors during milling provided stabilization of the properties of the composites produced. C211 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The use of industrial wastes to produce composite materials is one of the current problems of industry; this utilization (Foss, 1997). The amounts of such waste can reach 10–15% of commercial production in di?erent plants. Taking into account that the plants oriented to flat Composite materials based on A.V. Gorokhovsky a, * , J.I. Escalante-Garcia L.P. Nikulina b , a Department of Engineering Ceramics, CINVESTAV Unidad Saltillo, Carr. b Department of Chemical Technology, Technological Institute of Russian Accepted 3 Available online Abstract Glass mirrors scrap and poly (vinyl) butiral waste (PVB) obtained rials to produce composites. The emphasis was on studying the doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2004.11.007 of flat glass processing a , G.Yu. Gashnikova b , Artemenko b Saltillo-Monterrey km13, AP 663, Saltillo, CP25000 Coahuila, Mexico State Technical University, Pl. Svobody 17, Engels 413100, 2004 r 2004 from flat glass processing plants were investigated as raw mate- of milled glass mirror waste contents on properties of com- (2005) 733–736 metal particles on the glass surface of milled glass mirror scrap as well as the use of PVB waste could negatively influence the exploitation properties and thus must be investigated. 2. Methodology of glass powder: (a) ‘‘fresh’’ dry milled, (b) dry milled and exposed to a humid atmosphere for a month, (c) milled with PVB alcohol solution and exposed to a hu- mid atmosphere for a month. The average tensile mechanical strength of the com- posite articles was measured by testing 18 specimens of each system using the ER-5046-5 Russian equipment. The Young modulus was measured following the tested properties decreased only during the first two months of exposure and then stabilized. The same e?ect Table 1 The properties of composites obtained by extrusion of samples made of separa (wt%) 2.7 7.4 734 A.V. Gorokhovsky et al. / Waste Management 25 (2005) 733–736 Properties Contents of glass powder 013 Young module (MPa) 2.3 2.5 Tensile strength (MPa) 6.8 5.2 Wastes of Saratovsteklo Inc. (Russia) were used for the experiments. The glass used to produce mirrors had the following chemical composition (wt%): 73.1 SiO 2 ; 1.1 Al 2 O 3 ; 8.6 CaO; 3.6 MgO; 13.6 Na 2 O. The mirror coating was formed by vacuum sputtering of stainless steel. PVB waste was obtained from the poly- mer film B-17 produced by Monsanto. In Series 1 of the experiments, the filler was produced by dry ball milling of glass mirror scrap, in jars of alu- mina with balls of alumina, to reach a surface area of 4000 ± 100 cm 2 /g (controlled by LHM-8MD Russian equipment). The ground glass was then added to PVB waste molten at 115 C176C, the latter was previously ad- mixed with 0.5 wt% of poly (ethyl) silane (PES-5, Volzh- skii, Russia) to promote the blending of components and increase homogeneity of composition. The ratio of glass powder and molten PVB was varied in the range of 1–30 wt%. The mixtures obtained were used to pro- duce films by quenching, as well as rods by extrusion. It is well known that water vapor adsorption onto the surface of soda-lime-silicate glasses influences their adhesion to polymers (Kawaguchi and Pearson, 2003; Gu et al., 2000; Radhakrishnan and Unde, 1999). It has been shown (Soshko et al., 1989) that the admixtures of some organic polymers into the glass scrap during milling promoted the modification of the glass surface by the products of their thermo-mechanical destruction (Dhaliwal and Hay, 2000). For this reason, an addi- tional batch of Series 2 was prepared using composites made from the resulting material obtained after joint ball milling of glass mirrors scrap admixed with PVB waste dissolved at room temperature in iso-propanol (15% solution); the weight ratio of glass scrap and PVB–alcohol solution was 0.05. It was expected that the glass powder thus obtained would have enhanced hydrophobic properties and improved adhesion to PVB. To characterize such surface modification, the ob- tained fillers were investigated by TGA/DTGA (Perkin Elmer/Seiko Instruments, Japan) for the following types Relative elongation under rupture (%) 318 345 288 was displayed by the results presented in Table 2, show- ing the properties of composites obtained with the ‘‘fresh’’ and ‘‘old’’ (exposed in air for a month) glass powder. Such reduction in the exploitation properties observed, in agreement with published results (Keller and Mortelmans, 1999), can be attributed to the pro- cesses taking place on the surface of glass filler before the production of composites: adsorption (condensa- tion) of water vapor from the atmosphere, leaching of sodium ions, and crystallization of Na 2 CO 3 and NaH- te dry milling of glass 51015202530 2.9 4.3 3.8 2.7 2.5 2.3 7.9 11.2 8.4 8.5 7.0 5.4 E1875-00e1 ASTM standard using UZIS equipment (LETI, Russia). Taking into account the influence of environmental factors on the properties of materials produced, speci- mens of the two composites, prepared with the fillers of Series 1 and 2, were exposed for three months at 25 C176C in air (40% humidity); and the same mechanical tests, as previously described, were repeated to determine the range of variation in the main characteristics during exploitation. 3. Results and discussion The main characteristics of composites with di?erent contents of glass powder for Series 1, measured immedi- ately after their production, are presented in Table 1. The introduction of 1–10 wt% of glass powder into the matrix of PVB waste increased the mechanical strength of the composite (by 1.6 times) and decreased its relative elongation under the rupture (by 1.3 times). Further in- crease of glass powder contents decreased the exploita- tion properties. The influence of exposure to a humid atmosphere on the exploitation properties of the composite, made from Series 1 with 10 wt% of glass powder (highest mechani- cal properties), is presented in Figs. 1 and 2. All the 271 237 328 295 286 142 CO 3 as a result of the sodium ions interaction with dis- solved CO 2 . The presence of these crystals and adsorbed water onto the surface of glass filler decreased adhesion with PVB. At the same time, modification of the glass powder surface during the milling of glass mirrors scrap with PVB alcohol solution (Series 2) can increase the hydrophobic properties of the glass powder and stabilize the structure of the composite. A comparison of proper- ties for composites from Series 1 and 2 is shown in Figs. 1 and 2; an improvement and increased stability of prop- glass mirrors scrap with PVB waste, dissolved at room temperature in iso-propanol (15% solution), were ap- Temperature,?C 35 30 Characteristics 25 Relative elongation under a rupture 20 15 Tensile strength 10 5 Young modulus 0 0 50 100 150 Exposure, days Fig. 1. Influence of exposure to humid atmosphere on properties of composites produced with powder obtained from Series 1 (continuous lines) and Series 2 (dashed lines): relative elongation under a rupture (%·10 C01 ), tensile strength (MPa), Young modulus (MPa). A.V. Gorokhovsky et al. / Waste Management erties of the composite produced in Series 2 can be noted. 3 2.5 Sweling, wt.% 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Table 2 Properties of composites, made from Series 1 and with 10 wt% of glass powder, produced immediately after the milling and after one month of glass powder storage in air Property Type of glass powder applied One month after milling ‘‘Fresh’’ powder Young modulus (MPa) 3.8 4.3 Tensile strength (MPa) 8.2 11.2 Relative elongation before the rupture (%) 281 237 0 50 100 150 Exposure, days Fig. 2. Influence of exposure in humid atmosphere (dashed lines) and water (continuous lines) on weight of composite rods produced from Series 1 (d) and Series 2 (s). The obtained data of DTGA (Fig. 3) indicates that the ‘‘old’’ glass filler, in comparison with the ‘‘fresh’’ fil- ler obtained by dry ball milling, is characterized by the additional intensive peak at 350–420 C176C, related to the desorption of chemically adsorbed water (Hench, 1978; Gorokhovsky, 1988). At the same time, this peak is ab- sent for the filler milled jointly with the PVB solution in iso-propanol; moreover, the quantity of condensed water is much less. The additional peaks in the thermo- gram of this filler are related to the melting and thermal decomposition of PVB (Dhaliwal and Hay, 2000). Thus, it is possible to propose that the e?ect of stabilization of the mechanical properties, obtained for the composite produced on the base of glass powder with modified sur- face (Series 2), was achieved due to a decreased adsorp- tion of water vapor. The composite rods of di?erent profiles, produced by extrusion of the batch based on the PVB wastes and glassy filler (10 wt%), obtained by joint ball milling of Fig. 3. DTGA data obtained for di?erent types of filler: A – ‘‘fresh’’ dry milled, B – ‘‘old’’ dry milled, C – ‘‘old’’ milled with PVB alcohol solution. 1, 2 – desorption of condensed water, 3 – desorption of chemically adsorbed water, 4 – melting of PVB; 5, 6 – thermal decomposition of PVB and its derivatives formed by milling. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 DTG, microg/min 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 2 A B C 25 (2005) 733–736 735 plied in Salavatsteklo Co. (Salavat, Russia) to manufac- ture the double glazing blocks, as well as bases for the storage and transportation of glass sheets of high thick- ness (weight). 4. Conclusions Composite materials with attractive exploitation properties can be produced on the basis of typical wastes of flat glass processing: poly (vinyl) butiral ribbons and glass mirror scrap. The contents about of 10 wt% of glass powder results in composites with high and stable mechanical properties. The introduction of PVB alco- hol solution resulted in the stabilization of properties of the composites in the case of exposure to humid atmospheres. References Dhaliwal, A.K., Hay, J.N., 2000. The characterization of polyvinyl butyral by thermal analysis. Thermochimica Acta 391 (1–2), 245– 255. Foss, R.V., 1997. Recycling of architectural and automotive glass in Europe. With emphasis on Germany. In: Proc. of 6th International Conference on Architectural and Automotive Glass, Tampere, pp. 44–48. Garner, J., 1996. Automotive glass windscreen design and shaping. Glass Technology 37 (5), 151–152. Gopal, S., Ramchandran, R., Agnihotry, R.S.A., 1997. Polyvinyl butyral based solid polymeric electrolytes: preliminary studies. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cell 45 (1), 17–25. Gorokhovsky, A.V., 1988. About the nature of surface acidity of multi-component silicate glass. Fizika I Khimiya Stekla (Glass Physics and Chemistry) 14 (5), 739–743. Gu, W., Wu, H.F., Kampe, S.L., Lu, G.-Q., 2000. Volume fraction e?ects on interfacial adhesion strength of glass-fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Materials Science and Engineering A 277 (1– 2), 237–243. Hench, L., 1978. Physical chemistry of glass surfaces. Journal of Non- Crystalline Solids 28 (1), 83–105. Kawaguchi, T., Pearson, R.A., 2003. The e?ect of particle–matrix adhesion on the mechanical behavior of glass filled epoxies. Part 2. A study on fracture toughness. Polymer 44 (15), 4239–4247. Keller, U., Mortelmans, H., 1999. Adhesion in laminated safety glass – what makes it work. In: Proc. of 6th International Conference on Architectural and Automotive Glass, Tampere, pp. 353–356. Lievens, H., 1995. Wide web coating of complex materials. Surface and Coatings Technology 76–77 (Part 2), 744–753. Radhakrishnan, S., Unde, S., 1999. E?ect of substrate preconditioning on charge transport at the phthalocyanine–conducting polymer film interface. Thin Solid Films 347 (1–2), 229–232. Soshko, A.I., Shkarapata, Ya.E., Bolyuk, I.M., 1989. Influence of polymer containing compositions on the e?ectiveness of the mechanical treatment of glass. Glass Ceramics 65 (2), 15–16. 736 A.V. Gorokhovsky et al. / Waste Management 25 (2005) 733–736
本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))開題報(bào)告
論 文 題 目: 小型玻璃磨邊機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué) 院: 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 、班 級(jí): 學(xué) 生 姓 名: 指導(dǎo) 教師(職稱):
年 1 月 5 日 填
一、選題依據(jù)1、研究領(lǐng)域
20 世紀(jì) 80 年代以來,隨著交通、建筑、旅游等行業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展,人們對(duì)玻璃的需求量也越來越多,這就使得玻璃加工行業(yè)得到了快速的發(fā)展,玻璃的產(chǎn)量也迅速提升。
順應(yīng)這一趨勢(shì),論文選題為《小型玻璃磨邊機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)》,并對(duì)此開展對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域的研究。
2、論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作的理論意義和應(yīng)用價(jià)值
作為玻璃預(yù)處理生產(chǎn)線上的重要工序,玻璃磨邊是玻璃預(yù)處理的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備之一, 主要用于把切割成型的玻璃的邊緣磨制成所需要的形狀,以適應(yīng)不同應(yīng)用環(huán)境的需求。
由于目前數(shù)控機(jī)床研發(fā)水平的制約,絕大多數(shù)玻璃生產(chǎn)企業(yè)加工玻璃的精度和效率還有很大的提升空間。西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的玻璃生產(chǎn)企業(yè)在已有技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,已經(jīng)開始探索新的玻璃加工工藝,實(shí)現(xiàn)玻璃產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)新,從而有效降低成本,提高效益。玻璃生產(chǎn)加工正朝功能型、裝飾型、環(huán)保型、安全型等方向深入發(fā)展,這也是玻璃加工企業(yè)一直追求的目標(biāo)。
綜上所訴,論文工作的理論意義和應(yīng)用價(jià)值就在于通過對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),根據(jù)磨削原理進(jìn)行了玻璃磨邊機(jī)磨邊系統(tǒng)的力學(xué)特性分析,建立了玻璃磨邊機(jī)的有限元模型,在力學(xué)分析和模態(tài)分析的基礎(chǔ)上完成玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),從而提高了機(jī)床的整體力學(xué)性能和動(dòng)態(tài)特性。
3、目前研究的概況和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
3.1 國(guó)外研究現(xiàn)狀
隨著科技的進(jìn)步和社會(huì)的發(fā)展,國(guó)外的玻璃的生產(chǎn)加工已經(jīng)從過去單臺(tái)設(shè)備轉(zhuǎn)化成全自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線模式,這不僅提高了玻璃的生產(chǎn)加工效率,而且加工出的玻璃精度和質(zhì)量都有了極大的提高。玻璃發(fā)展的如此迅速歸功于玻璃加工設(shè)備的技術(shù)更新,而數(shù)控機(jī)床的迅猛發(fā)展離不開一大批專家學(xué)者的研究。由于很早就意識(shí)到玻璃所具有的獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì),國(guó)外的學(xué)者花費(fèi)了大量的人力、物力、財(cái)力進(jìn)行玻璃生產(chǎn)加工設(shè)備的研發(fā), 并取得了大量的科研成果。
美國(guó)的諾頓和艾倫合作制訂了選擇砂輪類別和砂輪輪速度的基本原則,提出將砂
輪進(jìn)行平衡,可以提高磨削效率和精度,并指出在磨削過程中需要實(shí)時(shí)的修整磨輪使用切削液。美國(guó)的奧爾登和英國(guó)的格斯特在磨削理論的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)磨削過程中砂輪的選擇、磨削用量設(shè)置、磨削力的大小等問題作了深入的研究??诒镜年P(guān)口八重吉和德國(guó)的施勒辛格爾等人在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步探討了影響磨削力的各個(gè)因素,從而推動(dòng)了機(jī)床檢測(cè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。在機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)分析方面,國(guó)外具有先進(jìn)的玻璃生產(chǎn)設(shè)備研發(fā)基礎(chǔ),對(duì)數(shù)控機(jī)床的研究起步較早,對(duì)機(jī)床機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的分析比較透徹,雖然還有進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的空間,但是現(xiàn)有的動(dòng)靜態(tài)研究方法已經(jīng)滿足當(dāng)前設(shè)備發(fā)展的需求, 由這些設(shè)備制造出的工件也能滿足現(xiàn)在的精度要求。利用有限單元法對(duì)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析在國(guó)外發(fā)展的也比較成熟,而且國(guó)外學(xué)者更重視把有限元法應(yīng)用在機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的輔助設(shè)計(jì)上,并且取得了大量的研究成果。U.Heisel 與 A.Feinauer 研究了在高速磨削過程中振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的原因,例如變化的切削載荷是如何影響振動(dòng)的,并在機(jī)床的模型上仿真了多種振動(dòng)對(duì)工件質(zhì)量的影響,最后利用切削試驗(yàn)對(duì)仿真結(jié)果進(jìn)行了修正[f}l。韓國(guó)的 Dai Hilty lee 和 Jung Do suh 等人通過有限元分析了高速銑床的滑塊結(jié)構(gòu), 并從中研發(fā)出一種新型的滑塊結(jié)構(gòu),這種夾層復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量輕、阻尼系數(shù)高【lob。西班牙的學(xué)者 MZatarain 分別采用 Nastran 和 I-deas 兩種軟件建立了立柱移動(dòng)式銑床的整機(jī)模型,不僅包括主軸箱、立柱、床身等關(guān)鍵部件,還考慮了它們之間接觸面
10
的影響,在此基礎(chǔ)上,MZatarain 對(duì)整機(jī)進(jìn)行了模態(tài)分析,通過幾種方案對(duì)比,選擇了較合理的結(jié)構(gòu)。Kennedy 和 Pancu 研究了如何才能精確的計(jì)算機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)固有頻率和阻尼比,為口后科研的應(yīng)用鋪平了道路。德國(guó)的 Bishop 通過自己多年的研究,在論文中從更深層的角度闡述了模態(tài)分析的原理,為后來的學(xué)者研究機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)態(tài)特性奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
3.2 國(guó)內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀
近年來,我國(guó)的玻璃行業(yè)發(fā)展的速度也比較快,玻璃加工企業(yè)的數(shù)量不斷增加, 企業(yè)規(guī)模也變得越來越大,作為玻璃加工企業(yè)的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備,玻璃磨邊機(jī)的市場(chǎng)需求將會(huì)越來越廣泛。但是就目前來看,國(guó)內(nèi)玻璃磨邊機(jī)研發(fā)力量薄弱,技術(shù)還不成熟,玻璃加工設(shè)備落后,自動(dòng)化程度低,生產(chǎn)的玻璃質(zhì)量與西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比差距甚遠(yuǎn),難以滿足我國(guó)玻璃加工行業(yè)快速發(fā)展的要求。而智能化自動(dòng)化程度相對(duì)較高玻璃磨邊機(jī),國(guó)內(nèi)機(jī)械生產(chǎn)水平還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能達(dá)到,所以仍然以從德國(guó)、意大利、瑞士等西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)的進(jìn)口為主,導(dǎo)致我國(guó)玻璃生產(chǎn)企業(yè)在設(shè)備上投入了大量資金,已經(jīng)沒有能力改進(jìn)或研發(fā)新,長(zhǎng)此惡性循環(huán)發(fā)展下去,使我國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)國(guó)外的玻璃設(shè)備生產(chǎn)企業(yè)依賴程度越來越高,當(dāng)設(shè)備出現(xiàn)故障的時(shí)候,我國(guó)的技術(shù)人員往往解決不了,又需要花高昂的費(fèi)用請(qǐng)國(guó)外的技術(shù)人員予以解決,這嚴(yán)重制約了我國(guó)機(jī)床裝備行業(yè)的發(fā)展。因此很多致力于振興我國(guó)機(jī)械行業(yè)的高等院校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)開始了探索,并取得了一定的科研成果。吉林大學(xué)的王龍山教授等經(jīng)過多年的研究,建立了砂輪磨削隨時(shí)間變化的數(shù)學(xué)模型,并利用計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)模擬了磨削的實(shí)際過程,為以后學(xué)者進(jìn)行磨削優(yōu)化、自動(dòng)控制等提供了必要的理論基礎(chǔ)。長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)的王穎淑等將砂輪上的磨粒進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化,研究它的切削狀態(tài),由此建立了外圓縱向磨削系統(tǒng)的力學(xué)模型,這為仿真外圓縱向磨削過程、實(shí)現(xiàn)磨削過程的自動(dòng)控制提供了必要條件。在機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)分析方面,東南大學(xué)倪曉宇、易紅等利用有限單元法對(duì)大型數(shù)控機(jī)床床身進(jìn)行力學(xué)性能分析和動(dòng)態(tài)特性分析,并根據(jù)漸進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化算法(ESO)對(duì)機(jī)床床身結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化,使 ESO 方法在機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化方面得到了很好的應(yīng)用。內(nèi)蒙古工業(yè)大學(xué)的楊明亞利用三維建模軟件建立了數(shù)控磨床立柱結(jié)構(gòu)的有限元模型,利用有限元分析 ANSYS 對(duì)立柱部分進(jìn)行了模態(tài)分析,得到了立柱前五階固有頻率和振型。浙江大學(xué)現(xiàn)代制造工程研究所的楊曉京運(yùn)用 ANSYS 軟件對(duì) XM538 數(shù)控銑床的基座結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),比較了四種結(jié)構(gòu)形式的基座的動(dòng)態(tài)特性,提出在 XM538 數(shù)控銑床中選用內(nèi)側(cè)加強(qiáng)筋基座結(jié)構(gòu),可以大大提高機(jī)床機(jī)械性能。東南大學(xué)的伍建國(guó)等在對(duì) K15280B 數(shù)控加工中心床身動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)試的基礎(chǔ)上,建立數(shù)控加工中心的有限元模型,并對(duì)其床身結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了靜態(tài)特性和動(dòng)態(tài)特性的分析,找到了現(xiàn)有數(shù)控加工中心在設(shè)計(jì)中存在的缺陷和不足,并從多個(gè)角度對(duì)加工中心進(jìn)行了改進(jìn),經(jīng)過對(duì)比分析得到了結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)最合理的方案。東北大學(xué)張耀滿在CK5132 立式數(shù)控車削加工中心的研制過程中,在機(jī)床原有的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)分析,根據(jù)分析結(jié)果對(duì)機(jī)床進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì),從而提高數(shù)控機(jī)床的動(dòng)態(tài)性能,并與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析,驗(yàn)證結(jié)果的合理性。西安工業(yè)大學(xué)朱育權(quán)通過 ANSYS 軟件建立CL 140 數(shù)控機(jī)床的實(shí)體模型,采用四面體單元對(duì)模型進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格劃分,得到了數(shù)控機(jī)床的前三階固有頻率和振型,根據(jù)對(duì)比分析找到了避開各階激振頻率的方法,有效的 提高了數(shù)控機(jī)床的抗振性能。
綜上所述,盡管國(guó)內(nèi)外許多學(xué)者對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究,并成功指導(dǎo)了工程實(shí)踐,但仍然存在值得深入研究的問題。
(1)目前雖然已有部分專家學(xué)者對(duì)磨削理論進(jìn)行了研究,但主要是針對(duì)金屬材質(zhì)的工件,對(duì)玻璃、橡膠等非金屬材質(zhì)的工件研究較少。
(2)對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)仍然采用經(jīng)驗(yàn)法,將各零部件盲目組裝,沒有考慮設(shè)備的振動(dòng)性能以及局部的強(qiáng)度和剛度,影響了機(jī)床的整體性能。
(3)對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)等數(shù)控機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)從力學(xué)角度或振動(dòng)角度孤立的分析,沒有將它們有機(jī)結(jié)合共同指導(dǎo)數(shù)控機(jī)床的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化。
因此,本文在綜合分析國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合具體的工程實(shí)際,針對(duì)目前玻璃磨邊機(jī)研究存在的問題,對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)性能、模態(tài)特性和結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化等方面進(jìn)行了深入的研究。
二、論文(設(shè)計(jì))研究的內(nèi)容1.重點(diǎn)解決的問題
為達(dá)到預(yù)期目的,論文(設(shè)計(jì))研究中應(yīng)重點(diǎn)解決的問題有:
(1) 給出磨邊機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方案
(2) 根據(jù)磨削力校核相關(guān)構(gòu)件強(qiáng)度
(3) 計(jì)算分析及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的選擇
(4) 給出裝配圖和實(shí)體模型圖
2. 擬開展研究的幾個(gè)主要方面(論文寫作大綱或設(shè)計(jì)思路)
針對(duì)論文(設(shè)計(jì))研究的問題,擬開展研究的主要思路如圖所示:
3. 本論文(設(shè)計(jì))預(yù)期取得的成果
通過對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架的力學(xué)分析,預(yù)期實(shí)現(xiàn)的成果如下;
(1) 利用數(shù)值分析軟件得出磨邊機(jī)工作時(shí)磨輪受力的曲線圖;
(2) 利用三維建模軟件建立玻璃磨邊機(jī)的實(shí)體模型;
(3) 依據(jù)分析結(jié)果對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)力學(xué)性能進(jìn)行校驗(yàn);
(4) 分析玻璃磨邊機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)特性,確定玻璃磨邊機(jī)的臨界轉(zhuǎn)速;
(5) 研究力學(xué)性能析和模態(tài)特性分析的結(jié)果,建立玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)的參
數(shù)化模型,選擇合適的設(shè)計(jì)變量、目標(biāo)函數(shù)和約束條件,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)變量進(jìn)行靈敏度分析,確定各個(gè)輸入輸出參數(shù)的優(yōu)先級(jí);
(6) 歸納總結(jié)研究結(jié)論,提出相應(yīng)改進(jìn)措施。
三、論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作安排
1. 擬采用的主要研究方法(技術(shù)路線或設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù));
有限元分析是使用有限元方法來分析靜態(tài)或動(dòng)態(tài)的物理物體或物理系統(tǒng)。在這種方法中一個(gè)物體或系統(tǒng)被分解為由多個(gè)相互聯(lián)結(jié)的、簡(jiǎn)單、獨(dú)立的點(diǎn)組成的幾何模型。在這種方法中這些獨(dú)立的點(diǎn)的數(shù)量是有限的,因此被稱為有限元。
有限元分析法(FEA)已應(yīng)用得非常廣泛,現(xiàn)已成為年創(chuàng)收達(dá)數(shù)十億美元的相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)。即使是很復(fù)雜的應(yīng)力問題的數(shù)值解,用有限元分析的常規(guī)方法就能得到。通過本科四年的學(xué)習(xí),以及對(duì)機(jī)械領(lǐng)域的綜合技術(shù)的一定了解,擬采用有限元分析的方法對(duì)兆瓦級(jí)風(fēng)電系統(tǒng)齒輪主軸進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)特性分析,完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目。
2. 論文(設(shè)計(jì))進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
論文起始周
計(jì)劃內(nèi)容
第 1 周
根據(jù)題目要求,編寫論文摘要
第 2 周
研究現(xiàn)有玻璃磨邊機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu),給出設(shè)計(jì)初步方案
第 3 周
結(jié)合設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù),對(duì)主要零部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),并畫出二維圖
第 4 周
電機(jī)選擇及強(qiáng)度校核
第 5 周
給出磨邊機(jī)裝配圖
第 6 周
完善結(jié)構(gòu),盡可能小型化便攜式
第 7 周
給出實(shí)體模型圖
第 8 周
完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書初稿,并完成設(shè)計(jì)圖紙要求
第 9 周
翻譯外文文獻(xiàn),并完善論文
第 10 周
完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文,完成答辯 PPT
四、需要閱讀的參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 孫國(guó)文. 玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)特性分析與優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[D].武漢理工大學(xué),20 14.
[2] 趙息平. 立式玻璃磨邊機(jī)磨削力測(cè)試分析與研究[D].北方工業(yè)大學(xué),2013.
[3] 鄭曉麗. 立式玻璃磨邊機(jī)關(guān)鍵部件有限元分析及優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[D].北方工業(yè)大學(xué),20 13.
[4] 徐宏海,趙息平.立式玻璃磨邊機(jī)砂輪組件力矩傳遞特性測(cè)試分析[J].機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造,2012(11):211-213.
[5] 孔德帥,羅學(xué)科,徐宏海.立式磨邊機(jī)磨頭機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)態(tài)性能分析[J].機(jī)電工程,201 1,28(07):802-805.
[6]趙毅忠,祝本明.新型玻璃磨邊機(jī)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)[J].兵工自動(dòng)化,2010,29(08):85-86. [7]許海峰,唐偉強(qiáng),聶世濤,周靖.一種玻璃磨邊機(jī)及其多功能夾具的設(shè)計(jì)[J].機(jī)械 設(shè)計(jì)與制造,2010(03):240-241.
[8] 蔡小林,周會(huì)成,陳吉紅.新型數(shù)控玻璃磨邊機(jī)的開發(fā)[J].機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造,2007
(12):103-105.
[9] 李敬兆.S7-200PLC 實(shí)現(xiàn)的智能玻璃磨邊機(jī)研究[J].安徽理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2005(02):45-49.
[10] 張錫珍.新型玻璃磨邊機(jī)試制成功[J].建材工業(yè)信息,1992(20):11. [11]Jian Hu,Zhan Jin Wang,Bin Duan,Gang Yan Li. Optimization Design Meth od for Body Frame of Vehicular Glass Edge Grinding Machine Based on Goal
-Driven Optimization[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,2549(345).
[12]Bing Deng,Guo Qiang Shen. The Application of Fuzzy PID Control Algor ithm in Variable Frequency Speed Regulation System of Glass Edge Grindin g Machine[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2015,3675(697). [13]BELLI, MARCO, GERVASONI, MASSIMILIANO. Machine for grinding the edge s of plates of glass, marble, and stone materials in general, with integ rated drilling/milling unit[P]. :EP2687327,2014-01-22.
[14]Belli, Marco, Gervasoni, Massimiliano. Machine for grinding the edge
s of plates of glass, marble, and stone materials in general, with integ rated drilling/milling unit[P]. :EP2687327,2017-03-22.
[15]BELLI, MARCO, GERVASONI, MASSIMILIANO. Machine for grinding the edge s of plates of glass, marble, and stone materials in general, with integ rated drilling/milling unit[P]. :EP2687327,2014-01-22.
附:文獻(xiàn)綜述
文獻(xiàn)綜述
詳細(xì)閱讀參考文獻(xiàn)后,對(duì)各個(gè)文獻(xiàn)的研究成果及局限性進(jìn)行了如下歸納。文獻(xiàn) 1
1. 研究成果:
(1) 玻璃磨邊機(jī)磨邊系統(tǒng)力學(xué)特性分析。調(diào)研了全自動(dòng)玻璃預(yù)處理生產(chǎn)線, 在研究了玻璃磨邊機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成和工藝流程,在此基礎(chǔ)上從簡(jiǎn)化的單個(gè)磨粒的切削狀態(tài)出發(fā),建立了玻璃磨邊機(jī)在工作過程時(shí)系統(tǒng)力學(xué)模型,利用數(shù)值分析軟件 Matlab 得出磨邊機(jī)工作時(shí)磨輪受力的曲線圖,為后文進(jìn)行玻璃磨邊機(jī)的有限元分析提供力學(xué)支撐。
(2) 建立了玻璃磨邊機(jī)的有限元模型。利用三維建模軟件 Pro/E 建立了玻
璃磨邊機(jī)的實(shí)體模型,研究了建模軟件與有限元軟件之間的數(shù)據(jù)接口和格式轉(zhuǎn)換,將 Pro/E 與 ANSYS 無縫連接,而后把簡(jiǎn)化后的玻璃磨邊機(jī)模型導(dǎo) ANSYS Workbench 中,經(jīng)過單元選擇、材料定義、網(wǎng)格劃分完成玻璃磨邊機(jī)有限元模型的建立。
(3) 玻璃磨邊機(jī)實(shí)體模型的有限元分析。在磨削系統(tǒng)力學(xué)模型和磨輪受力
曲線的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架進(jìn)行力學(xué)性能分析,得出磨邊機(jī)極限工況下的變形圖和應(yīng)力圖,根據(jù)分析結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)有磨邊機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。在模態(tài)分析理論的基礎(chǔ)上,利用 ANSYS Workbench 軟件對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)特性分析,根據(jù)提取的前六階頻率和振型,研究磨輪電機(jī)的臨界轉(zhuǎn)速。
(4) 玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。在玻璃磨邊機(jī)力學(xué)性能分析和模
態(tài)特性分析的基礎(chǔ)上,建立了以變形量為目標(biāo)函數(shù),低階頻率、質(zhì)量、最大應(yīng)力為約束,主機(jī)架截面寬度、厚度、高度為設(shè)計(jì)變量的優(yōu)化模型。根據(jù) GOE 法研究磨邊機(jī)各個(gè)輸入輸出參數(shù)的靈敏度,確定了它們的優(yōu)先級(jí),利用 ANSYS Workbench 中的 Design Exploration 模塊完成主機(jī)架的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。
2. 局限性
(1) 建立的玻璃磨邊機(jī)磨削系統(tǒng)力學(xué)模型在進(jìn)行計(jì)算時(shí)許多參數(shù)都是取的
經(jīng)驗(yàn)值,可以考慮將力學(xué)模型與實(shí)驗(yàn)相結(jié)合,通過兩者結(jié)果的對(duì)比對(duì)力學(xué)模型參數(shù)及時(shí)進(jìn)行修正。
(2) 玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行模態(tài)分析時(shí),外界的激振頻率只考慮了磨
輪電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速,將磨輪電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速應(yīng)該遠(yuǎn)離磨邊機(jī)固有頻率作為重要的約束條件實(shí)現(xiàn)了主機(jī)架的優(yōu)化。實(shí)際上磨邊機(jī)工作時(shí)外界的激振頻率還有很多,學(xué)者可以深入研究其他影響磨邊機(jī)動(dòng)態(tài)特性的因素。
(3) 本文對(duì)玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)的有限元分析是在常溫下進(jìn)行的,實(shí)際
上磨邊機(jī)工作時(shí)由于磨削、電機(jī)高速旋轉(zhuǎn)等因素會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量熱,這些熱量對(duì)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的影響也是不可忽略的,因此玻璃磨邊機(jī)主機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)的熱力藕合分析還有待進(jìn)一步的研究。
文獻(xiàn) 2
1. 研究成果
(1) 通過在電機(jī)軸末端設(shè)置推力球軸承,負(fù)載力矩經(jīng)軸套傳遞到砂輪電機(jī)軸的磨削力矩傳遞率達(dá)到 98%,而且恒定不變,比不加推力球軸承時(shí)高出 20%。負(fù)載力矩與傳遞到電機(jī)軸上的力矩之間具有良好的線性關(guān)系,能夠滿足工程測(cè)試對(duì)傳感器信號(hào)線性度的要求。因此,可以通過在砂輪電機(jī)定位軸套上粘貼電阻應(yīng)變片的方式,制作應(yīng)變式力矩傳感器,測(cè)量玻璃磨邊加工過程中的磨削力矩。
(2) 以階梯軸套為彈性元件,在軸套的外表面粘貼兩組電阻應(yīng)變片,制作了通過多
點(diǎn)接觸導(dǎo)電滑環(huán)為測(cè)量電橋供電和傳遞測(cè)試信號(hào)的應(yīng)變式磨削測(cè)力儀。對(duì)磨削力儀進(jìn)行標(biāo)定、磨削力模擬測(cè)試和精度檢測(cè),結(jié)果表明電機(jī)軸末端加推力球軸承后,切向磨削力 FT 和徑向磨削力 Fn 的傳遞率分別為 97%和 70%,比不加推力球軸承提高了 20% 測(cè)力儀測(cè)量誤差小于 5%該測(cè)力儀具有結(jié)構(gòu)精巧,成本低廉,安裝和拆卸方便,不需要改裝玻璃磨邊機(jī)、可在正常生產(chǎn)條件下測(cè)量磨削力等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
2. 局限性
(1) 磨削力試驗(yàn)過程中,僅考慮了砂輪線速度,玻璃進(jìn)給速度,玻璃倒角。對(duì)磨削力的影響,沒有考慮到玻璃厚度,砂輪粒度和砂輪振動(dòng)對(duì)磨削力的影響。
(2) 未對(duì)磨削力測(cè)試信號(hào)的動(dòng)態(tài)特性作進(jìn)一步分析研究文獻(xiàn) 3
1. 研究成果
(1) 根據(jù)機(jī)架、支撐架和夾送輥的實(shí)際受力情況,對(duì)機(jī)架、支撐架和夾送輥分別進(jìn)行了有限元靜力分析,分析得出:機(jī)架的最大應(yīng)力值為 21.4Mpa,最大變形為 0.173 mm;支撐架的最大應(yīng)力值為 34.3Mpa, 最大變形為 0.186mm; 夾送輥的最大應(yīng)力值為68.3Mpa,最大變形為 0.670mm。由分析結(jié)果可知,機(jī)架、支撐架和夾送輥均能夠滿足強(qiáng)度和剛度要求,但是在材料利用上都存在很大的浪費(fèi)。
(2) 以提高機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)的材料利用率為目的,對(duì)機(jī)架進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)與分析。改進(jìn)方法是保持機(jī)架原有的結(jié)構(gòu)形式不變,將機(jī)架原本的空心方管尺寸 100X 100X5 mm 替換為 92X92X5 mm。進(jìn)后機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)的有限元靜力分析結(jié)果表明,改進(jìn)后機(jī)架的最大應(yīng)力值為 25.6Mpa,最大變形為 0.247mm,不僅仍然能夠滿足強(qiáng)度和剛度要求,而且比改進(jìn)前的機(jī)架節(jié)省材料 12.43%,達(dá)到了節(jié)約材料的目的。
(3) 以提高支撐架結(jié)構(gòu)的材料利用率為目的,對(duì)支撐架進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)與分析。改進(jìn)措施是保持支撐架的結(jié)構(gòu)形式不變,將支撐架原有的 100X100X5 的空心方管替換為92X92X5 mm 的空心方管、將 100X50X5 mm 心矩形管替換為 90X40X5 mm 的空心矩形管。改進(jìn)后支撐架結(jié)構(gòu)的有限元靜力分析結(jié)果表明, 改進(jìn)后支撐架的最大應(yīng)力值為56.4Mpa,最大變形為 0.262nnn,不僅仍然能夠滿足強(qiáng)度和剛度要求,而且比改進(jìn)前的支撐架節(jié)省材料 18.24%,達(dá)到了節(jié)約材料的目的。
(4) 為了提高材料的利用率和降低立式玻璃磨邊機(jī)的制造成本,通過將夾送輥的聚氨酚橡膠層壁厚 9 mm 改為 5m,將鋼管的壁厚 15mm 改為 10mm 的方式對(duì)夾送的結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn)設(shè)汁。在對(duì)改進(jìn)后的夾送輥結(jié)構(gòu)有限元靜力分析后得知,改進(jìn)后夾送輥的最大應(yīng)力值為 85.4Mpa 最大變形為 0.838mm,不僅仍然能夠滿足強(qiáng)度和剛度要求,而且比改進(jìn)前的夾送輥節(jié)省材料 29.35%,達(dá)到了節(jié)約材料的目的。
2. 局限性
(1) 僅對(duì)支撐架、機(jī)架和夾送輥進(jìn)行了有限元靜力分析,若要更準(zhǔn)確驗(yàn)證其是否具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度,應(yīng)對(duì)支撐架、機(jī)架和夾送輥?zhàn)鲆恍┯邢拊獎(jiǎng)討B(tài)分析。
(2) 在對(duì)支撐架、機(jī)架和夾送輥的有限元靜力分析完成后,憑借經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行
了改進(jìn)。在以后的工作中,可以利用 ANSYS 優(yōu)化工具,通過設(shè)定具體的優(yōu)化參數(shù)對(duì)支撐架、機(jī)架和夾送輥進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。
(3) 僅從仿真角度和理論角度對(duì)支撐架、機(jī)架和夾送輥的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行有限元靜力分析、對(duì)下磨頭傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和玻璃傳送系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),缺少通過試驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證分析結(jié)果的正確性這一環(huán)節(jié)。在后續(xù)研究中,可以適當(dāng)增加試驗(yàn)環(huán)節(jié)。
文獻(xiàn) 5
1. 研究成果
(1) 通過合理的模型簡(jiǎn)化和單元類型的選擇,本研究 建立了三維有限元實(shí)體模型, 利用彈簧阻尼單元 COMBIN14 模擬了結(jié)合部的特性,得出在考慮上磨頭 機(jī)構(gòu)的絲杠
螺母軸承和導(dǎo)軌結(jié)合面情況下的上磨頭機(jī) 構(gòu)整體的動(dòng)態(tài)特性,得到前 1 階 ~ 5 階固有頻率分別 在 33、 44、 97、 105、 119 Hz 附近,并與剛性連接的情況 作對(duì)比分析得出,結(jié)合面對(duì)高階固有頻率的影響較為 顯著,振型上主要表現(xiàn)在局部結(jié)構(gòu)的振型。
(2) 本研究還通過諧響應(yīng)分析模擬了上磨頭實(shí)際工作 時(shí)的狀態(tài),得出頻率在 30 ~
45 Hz 之間砂輪中心 Z 方 向的諧響應(yīng)振幅最大,這是造成磨邊不均勻現(xiàn)象的原 因之一。
文獻(xiàn) 6
研究成果
新型玻璃磨邊機(jī)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)技術(shù)已應(yīng)用與多數(shù)口徑炮彈紫東合膛設(shè)備中,具有成本低,對(duì)工作環(huán)境要求不高,易于控制的特點(diǎn)。該技術(shù)已投入實(shí)際批量生產(chǎn),不僅大大減輕了工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,還提高了大口徑炮彈的裝配檢測(cè)的技術(shù)水平和安全性,解決了生產(chǎn)過程中存在的安全,質(zhì)量和效率等問題,具有較好的推廣利用價(jià)值。
文獻(xiàn) 7
研究成果
講逆向工程與數(shù)值模擬技術(shù)相結(jié)合,作為一種新模具修復(fù)手段。以原始樣件進(jìn)行逆向測(cè)量,將重構(gòu)所得CAD 模型作為原始凹模型面,運(yùn)用有限元方法進(jìn)行沖壓成型模擬和分析,進(jìn)而成功復(fù)制出原始產(chǎn)品。避免了模具無法修復(fù)而報(bào)廢的情況。
文獻(xiàn) 8
研究成果
新型數(shù)控玻璃磨邊機(jī)集成了 CAD/CAM, 目前主要可以磨削 以下幾種玻璃形狀: 若干段直線段構(gòu)成的凸多邊形, 若干段圓弧 構(gòu)成的非凹封閉曲線, 若干段直線與圓弧構(gòu)成的非凹封閉形, 橢 圓以及其它具有確定函數(shù)關(guān)系的非凹曲線。該類型的磨邊機(jī)適 合磨削數(shù)碼相機(jī)、手機(jī)的玻璃顯示屏等尺寸不大的玻璃。
文獻(xiàn) 9
研究成果
方圓玻璃機(jī)械廠生產(chǎn)的玻璃磨邊機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)了智 能控制 ,使玻璃的磨削精度和磨削速度均得到顯著 提高 ,玻璃花邊的磨削質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)品檔次均得到明顯 改善 ,進(jìn)料速度: 0. 5 m /min~ 5 m /min 無級(jí)可調(diào) , 以直角花邊為例: 直邊最大磨削量達(dá) 3 mm、磨削 誤差小于 0. 05 mm、棱角最大磨削寬度可達(dá) 2. 5 mm、棱角角度為 45° 、玻璃板厚度為 3~ 12 mm,產(chǎn) 品深受用戶歡迎。由于產(chǎn)品開發(fā)時(shí)間和 PLC 功能 的限制 , 未將基于神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)變結(jié)構(gòu)控制應(yīng)用到該系 統(tǒng)中 ,作者正在 LPC2214 上開發(fā) ,以期盡快應(yīng)用到 實(shí)際中去 ,進(jìn)一步提高系統(tǒng)控制精度和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。
文獻(xiàn) 10
研究成果
把萬向球式工作臺(tái)面改成氣墊桌式,。臺(tái)面上貼上橡膠條,膠條間隔貼成肋狀氣孔打在膠條上,肋間的槽可順利的排水,排渣,經(jīng)使用效果良好。
臺(tái)面可按大玻璃規(guī)模制造,中間站人的位置可適當(dāng)凹進(jìn),這樣就兼顧多種規(guī)格。磨小規(guī)格玻璃時(shí)因漏氣面積大,玻璃浮不起來,可在氣箱中加蝶形閥,使氣流集中于使用區(qū),風(fēng)機(jī)要適當(dāng)大一些。
這種玻璃磨邊機(jī)克服了原萬向球式工作臺(tái)手磨磨邊機(jī)的許多缺點(diǎn)。萬向球式工作
臺(tái)臺(tái)面不但不易調(diào)平,而且又容易松動(dòng),球架易生銹,轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)不靈活,球的材質(zhì)難選, 易給玻璃造成擦傷,是玻璃表面失光。