許廠莊煤礦1.2Mta新井設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD圖紙+文檔】,含CAD圖紙+文檔,許廠莊,煤礦,mta,設(shè)計(jì),cad,圖紙,文檔 翻 譯 部 分 英文原文 Mine Green Mining Hui-qi Shi Tiandi Science and Technology co. Ltd, Beijing 100013, China Abstract:With the mine development and utilization, the mine environment problems and subordinate geology disaster phenomenon it causes have been revealed gradually, some also lead to serious results. Therefore, the balanced relation of “resources mining - environmental protection - mining area sustainable development” is a very important topic of resource development in our country in the 21st century, named “green mining”. In accordance with this balanced relational mining area development pattern, it is called “the green mining area” pattern of the sustainable development. One of it’s core contents is to be aware of “green mining”. Keywords: Mine environment; Resources mining; Green mining 1. The brought forward of the green mining Nowadays, fossil fuels still occupy the dominant station in the world's energy structure, as shown in Figure 1. But as the expansion of industrial production and advancement of the industrial technique, the demand for energy is growing, at the same time the fossil energy resources have gradually depleted, and the unrestrained use of fossil energy has given rise to increasingly serious environment problems. Fig.1. the situation of the world energy At present, the problems of energy and environment have become the major focus of global concern, "sustainable development" has become a common theme in today's world. At the same time, environmental problems of mine have also attracted large concerns and attention of the international community. With the increasing depletion of fossil energy and the environment getting worse, carrying out the research of the technology of the green mine in the mining area, achieving a clean and efficient utilization of energy, the development and utilization of biomass energy has become a global issue. The father and the repair of the zoology in the mine area is an inevitable requirement in the mining industry of the world mining area, it will be an inevitable and important issue of the environment and the development of the world. Green mining "follows the economic cycle of the principles of green industry, which coordinates the formation of mining and the environment, it is a technology of exploitation which achieves the goal of "low production, high efficiency, low emissions". Green mining in the coal mining area is the only way for the healthy development of the coal industry, for it can prevent or reduce the adverse environmental impacts from coal mining as much as possible, so as to achieve the best economic and environmental benefits in the exploitation of coal resources. 2. The effect and the manifestation of the coal mining 2.1. Coal mining destroys water resource Fig.2. coal mining area subsidence induce serious soil erosion The destruction of water resource caused by the coal mining is mainly manifested in two aspects. On the one hand, it is in the process of the coal mining, because of man-made drainage and dewatering mining, the formation of the hydraulic fracture of the natural aquifer coal dewatering would result in the water level's drop significantly in a large area of the ground. A major mining area of water supply dried up, making surface of earth dry, that will destroy the natural landscape, the reduction of agricultural production, which can cause serious desertification and soil surface, shown in Figure 2.On the other hand, the exploitation causes the pollution of surface water and groundwater. Mine water, waste heap leaching of water, coal preparation waste water containing such as coal, rock flour suspended solids and soluble inorganic salts. In western of China, Huang-Huai area, the mine water has salinity highly, and high-sulfur coal mine in the South, mostly of acid mine drainage. Discharging the waste water into the surface river, sea and reservoirs, and others would lead to more serious pollution of water resources, lead to the earth's poor and causes vegetation pollution in the mining area, it has also affected the sustainable development of agriculture seriously. 2.2. Coal mining results in the destruction of land resources The destruction of the land resources caused by the coal mining are displayed in two aspects ,on onehand, the surface subsidence and waste pressure account for mainly in the well works mining, on the other hand, the hurt and foreign direct dug dump pressure account for mainly in the open-pit mining, as shown in Figure 3.A large number of harmful gases such as SO2, CO2, H2S and nitrogen compounds, such as dust was discharged during the process of the spontaneous combustion of waste rock, which will pollute the air, result in acid rain, pollute water and land, inhibiting the growth of plants, endangering human health. (a) land damage caused by goaf subsidence (b) Anjialing open pit mining field Fig.3. destruction of the land resources induced by the coal mining 2.3. Produce the massive virulent noxious gases In the underground ore bed, there are massive virulent noxious gases, like CH4, CO, CO2, SO, SO2,H2S and so on. Because mines, loose and carries the massive dust row after the mine ventilation to the atmosphere. Approximately 10,000,000,000 m3 of CH4 is discharged into the atmosphere from the coal mining every year in our country, the emissions dust approximately 400,000 tons, not only this reason has caused the serious environmental pollution in the mining area , as shown in Figure 4. Moreover, this will lead to the consequence that hundreds of thousands of people may get pulmonary disease. 2.4. Traditional methods of exploitation create ecological and environmental problems (1) Coal mining causes the migration of the strata, it causes the water and the gas flowing in the rock layer and causes coal mine gas accident and the incidents of water bursting. At the same time, the gas is discharged into the atmosphere which will produce environmental pollution. Coal mining immediately influences ground water outflow, even causes the land desertification. According to the calculations, the coal mines the national average ton coal water price is 2 t, northern region 10 t, reaches 47 t high, the coal mine displacement has occupied the northern area karst water resources 19%, the use factor only account for 30%. (2) Coal mining causes the rock layer migration, then causes settlement of the surface and damage of the farmland and the building facilities. According to the statistical data, the destruction which because of the nation coal mining occupies land of 430,000 hm2, picks ten thousand tons coal collapse land 0.2 hm2 every time equally, every year increases the collapse approximately 20,000 hm2. Piles up under the building, the water body and railroad's coal resource reaches tens of billions t to be unable to mine, the cause mine pit discards ahead of time. (3) Coal mining forms bulk depositions in ground gangue, both takes the fertile farmland, and causes the environmental pollution. Already accumulated gangue 3,000,000,000 t, and was increased every year still by 1.5 ~ 200,000,000 t quantities. In the national 1500 hillocks has 140 in the spontaneous combustion, to the atmosphere, the land and the environment causes the serious pollution. (4) Along with our country mine pit mining depth's unceasing increase, the frequency which power disasters and so on underground pressure appearance and impact geostatic pressure occur increases, the intensity increases, endangers the mine pit the safety in production. Fig.4. coal mining induce air pollution 3. coal resource green mining technology system 3.1. Protect water mining technology The goal of protect water mining is to be conscious of water resources protection during the prevention and control of water inrush, carrying on conscious protection of water resources to make the disturbance to the hydrological environment of coal mining of mining disturbance less than the capacity of regiona hydrological environment. Research after mining the overburden breaking rule and the ground wate funnel's formation mechanism, as well as under each geological condition the mining period rock laye activity and the underground water percolation's relations, From all mining methods and ground groutin measures, etc., realizing the mine pit water resources protection and the comprehensive utilization. Ensure the selection of mining areas is a reasonable to remain suitable supposes the waterproofing (granulated substance) the coal (crag) the column and the application reasonable method of exploitation. 3.2. Measures to reduce the sink (1) Backfill mining The backfill mining is backfill the mining goals by useing the foreign materials, including the scoop up last bit of water granulated substance backfill, the waste filling and so on. (2) Banding mining Strip mining is currently under the control of the building of surface coal mining subsidence, which is most widely used. Banding mining is currently the main technical way to control the surface subsidence when coal mining under the building in our country. And the technical way is widespread. The banding mining principle is the coal bed which must mine divides the quite regular banding to carry on mining, picks one, and keeps one, the banding virgin coal support overburden which the use retains, thus the reduced cap rock settlement, controls the surface the migration and the distortion, serves the ground protection purpose. (3) Delamination mining On the gently inclined angle thick coal seam, using the way of tilted layered mining, layered submining programs can reduce the impact of ground-level structures from the surface submersion ,when we slice mining ,we should control the thickness of each stratified, So that the deformation of the surface caused by the exploitation does not exceed the surface deformation allowed. (4) Coordinated mining When mining thick coal seam, we should have a reasonable design the spacing of mining of various working surfaces, the mutual position and the mining sequence, cause to achieve a counter-balance or a part counter-balance mutually of the mine the surface which a coal bed (working surface) produces to distort and mine the surface which another coal bed (working surface) produces to distort ,in order to reduce the mining-induced surface deformation to achieve the goal of protect the ground built structures. This technology must maintain certain wrong distance, therefore it is difficult to organize production. (5) Overburden rock's abscission layer note thick liquid The technology of overburden rock's abscission layer belt high pressure note thick liquid to slow down the surface's subsidence is Drilling through the ground to the top of mined-out area of separation of overlying strata with high-pressure injection of liquid filling material, to take control of the subsidence of overlying strata, so as to achieves the goal of control the surface subsidence . 3.3. Coordinated mining technologies of coals and gas According to the differences of the mine method of coal bed methane ,the source of the pressure of gas's and the mine method of the pressure gas ,we have constructed the technical system chart of“a total of coal and coal-bed methane mining” , as shown in Figure 5. 3.4. The processing of the gangue in the mine One problem of green mining technologies is the processing of the mine shaft gangue. The first step is to strengthen the maintenance technology of the coal lane, so as to create less or no waste rocks. With the increase of the mining depth, rocks Lane's digging will be inevitable, therefore the gangue will not be taken out of wells, it can be used as filling material. Thus, there is a technology and the system question a gangue down-the hole treatment underground, the key is the cost of it. Another problem is whether the gangue can be disposed on the ground for recycle waste, for example, change it into the building material, the hydraulic fill and so on .After all, the processing of the gangue on the ground is simpler than underground treatment. Fig.5. technology system of coal and gas coordinate mining 3.5. Gasification technology of coal underground The gasification of the coal underground is refers to the process of obtain combustible gas at the coal storage sites directly, That is changing solid minerals into gaseous fuel through thermo-chemical process on the ground , then ejected at the ground from the drill hole platoon, supplying the users. It is a kind of Comprehensive green mining technology. 4. The significance of the green mining in the mining area (1) The exploitation of green mining requires the improvement of the technology level. China's coal industry haven’t even as a whole, following the path of extensive development for a long time, intensive level of production is very low. The exploitation and innovation of multi-dimensional and multi-angle arethe necessary requirement for Green mining. (2) Green mining systems require the efficient use of products. Greenpeace demands the exploitation of resources in a broad perspective within the framework of the coal mining area, water, coal-bed methane, land, coal gangue, as well as in other nearby deposits, and other resources available, we should minimize the negative impact on the environment while in the pursuit of the best economic and social benefits while. (3) The green mining requests a comprehensive evaluation of the enterprises, considering the ecological environment. Exploitation of the large green uses the way of ecological system to look on and evaluate the economic activities of enterprises, to achieve sustainable development of the ecological system. Which requests them to pursue their own economic benefits, it also requests them to take full account of the social and environmental benefits. 5. Conclusions In the early 1980's, It was called in the United Nations that: it is necessary to study the basic relations of the natural, the social, the ecological, the economic as well as the process of the use of natural resources, so as to ensure the sustainable development of the world." At this point, "sustainable development" caused widespread concern in all walks of life and identity on a global scale, our government have also put the sustainable development into the Agenda of 21st. in the near future, the economic cycle (Recycling Economy) refers to follow the natural ecosystems of material circulation and energy flow to follow the law of economic reconstruction, economic activities will be highly efficient and orderly organization as a "resource utilization - the green industry - renewable resources" closed Material-energy cycle feedback processes, to maintain the economic production of low quality, low-waste, so that the impact of economic activity on the natural environment damage to a minimum. It is different from the traditional economy of "high production, high emissions," but to achieve the goal of sustainable development which is "the exploitation of low-and high use, low emissions". With the development and utilization of mines, environment problems of mines and a variety of secondary geological disasters caused by it has gradually revealed, and some also have brought out serious results. As a result, keeping the balance of relations of the "exploitation of resources - environmental protection - the mining area of sustainable development," is the global issues in exploitation of resource facing with us, It is the coal resources "green mining" that in line with the balance of relations between the mining area development model, It is "green mining" which is one of the core content to achieve a "green mining." known as the sustainable development model. Green mining in the mining area is the only way for the development of mining area ,it is the only way to ensure the sustainable development ,It is a new technique benefits for generations. 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Mining causes the water-bearing stratum dehydrates to the surface submersion influence. coal field geology and the exploration, in 2000 the 5th issue. 中文譯文 煤礦綠色開采技術(shù) 史輝齊 （天地科技有限公司，北京100013，中國(guó)） 摘要：隨著礦山資源的開發(fā)和利用，礦山環(huán)境問題及其地質(zhì)災(zāi)害現(xiàn)象日益顯著，其原因已逐漸顯露，有的問題還可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重后果?；诖?，“礦山資源開采—環(huán)境保護(hù)—礦區(qū)可持續(xù)發(fā)展”之間的平衡關(guān)系，是我國(guó)礦山資源開發(fā)過程中的一個(gè)非常重要的主題，按照這種平衡關(guān)系的礦區(qū)發(fā)展格局，在21世紀(jì)隨著礦山資源的不斷開發(fā)的前提下，相關(guān)學(xué)者提出了“綠色開采”的概念。這種被稱為“綠色礦區(qū)”可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式的核心內(nèi)容之一便是要意識(shí)到“綠色開采”的重要性。 關(guān)鍵字：礦山環(huán)境；資源開發(fā)；綠色開采 1 綠色開采技術(shù)的提出 如今，化石燃料在世界能源結(jié)構(gòu)中仍然占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，如圖1所示。為了擴(kuò)大工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和工業(yè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，對(duì)能源的需求越來越大，已逐漸枯竭的化石能源資源的同時(shí)，化石能源的無節(jié)制使用，已經(jīng)引起了日益嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題。 圖1 世界能源利用結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖 目前，能源和環(huán)境問題已成為全球關(guān)注的主要焦點(diǎn)，“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”已成為當(dāng)今世界的一個(gè)共同的主題。礦山環(huán)境問題吸引了大量相關(guān)學(xué)者的關(guān)注和國(guó)際社會(huì)的關(guān)注?；茉慈找婵萁摺⒌V區(qū)環(huán)境越來越差，開展礦區(qū)綠色開采技術(shù)研究，實(shí)現(xiàn)清潔能源和高效利用，生物質(zhì)能源的開發(fā)和利用已成為一個(gè)全球性問題。礦區(qū)生態(tài)修復(fù)是世界礦區(qū)采礦業(yè)發(fā)展過程中的必然要求，這將是不可避免的共同問題。 綠色開采技術(shù)“遵循循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)，尋求采礦和環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的原則，這是一個(gè)‘低生產(chǎn)、高效率、低排放’開采技術(shù)要最求的最終達(dá)目標(biāo)”。在礦區(qū)進(jìn)行綠色開采是煤炭工業(yè)健康發(fā)展的唯一途徑，它可以防止或減少采礦對(duì)環(huán)境造成的不良影響，從而在煤炭資源的開采的同時(shí)達(dá)到最好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和環(huán)境效益。 2 煤炭開采對(duì)環(huán)境造成的影響和表現(xiàn) 2.1煤炭開采與水資源破壞 圖2 采煤形成塌陷區(qū)導(dǎo)致水土嚴(yán)重流失 煤炭開采所造成的水資源破壞主要表現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面。一方面，它是在煤炭開采過程中，因排水和脫水開采形成的，在煤炭開采過程中影響自然含水層水的賦存狀態(tài)，引起含水層水位下降、地下水流失、含水層破壞。而主要礦區(qū)的供水枯竭，導(dǎo)致地球表面干旱，嚴(yán)重破壞自然景觀，減少農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量，也可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的土地荒漠化和土地表面鹽堿化，如圖2所示。另一方面，煤炭開采導(dǎo)致地表水和地下水的污染。礦井井下排水或生產(chǎn)用水中多含有重金屬或其它污染物，如選煤廢水中含有大量的煤、巖粉懸浮固體、可溶性無機(jī)鹽等物質(zhì)。在中國(guó)西部，黃淮地區(qū)，礦井水含鹽量高，含硫量高，南方大多煤礦排出的水則多是酸性的。而當(dāng)?shù)V井排放的廢水流入地表河流、湖海、水庫(kù)中，將導(dǎo)致更嚴(yán)重的水資源污染，造成礦區(qū)植被污染，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展嚴(yán)重嚴(yán)重影響。 2.2煤炭開采與土地資源破壞 （a）煤礦地下開采采空區(qū)塌陷造成的損害 （b）山西平朔安家?guī)X露天煤礦土地塌陷造成的損害 圖3 由煤炭開采引起的土地資源的破壞 由煤炭開采造成土地資源的破壞，主要表現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面。一方面，煤礦地下開采或煤礦露天開采導(dǎo)致地面沉陷從而嚴(yán)重破壞土地資源，如圖3所示。另一方面，煤礦生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的大量煤矸石堆積在土地上，除了占用大量土地外，在煤矸石自燃的過程中，產(chǎn)生大量的有害氣體如二氧化硫、二氧化碳、硫化氫和氮的化合物嚴(yán)重污染空氣，而有害氣體形成的酸雨會(huì)二次污染水和土地，抑制植物的生長(zhǎng)，危害人體健康。 2.3煤炭開采產(chǎn)生大量的有毒有害氣體 在煤礦開采過程中，會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的有毒有害氣體，如甲烷、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、二氧化硫、硫化氫等，并且在采礦過程中通過礦井通風(fēng)也會(huì)有大量的粉塵排入大氣中，如圖4所示。在我國(guó)的煤炭開采過程中，每年平均約有10,000,000,000立方米的甲烷排放到大氣中，粉塵排放每年約400,000噸，為此不僅已造成嚴(yán)重的礦區(qū)環(huán)境污染，此外，，成千上萬的人也可能因此會(huì)患上各種肺部疾病。 圖4 由煤炭開采引起空氣污染 2.4傳統(tǒng)的煤炭開采方法導(dǎo)致多種生態(tài)和環(huán)境問題 （1）煤炭開采引起地層的移動(dòng)，引起礦體中水和瓦斯的賦存狀態(tài)，從而造成煤礦突水事故和瓦斯事故的發(fā)生，與此同時(shí)，煤礦生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的大量有毒有害氣體被排放到大氣中，產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染。煤礦開采影響地下水的賦存情況，往往會(huì)影響整個(gè)礦區(qū)的地下水水位及水量甚至?xí)?dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的土地荒漠化。據(jù)計(jì)算，全國(guó)平均噸煤耗水量是2 t，北部地區(qū)10 t，部分地區(qū)高達(dá)47 t，在北方地區(qū)煤礦用水量占整個(gè)礦區(qū)水資源量的19％ ，但水的利用率僅為30%。 （2）煤炭開采導(dǎo)致的巖層移動(dòng)，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致土地表面塌陷破壞農(nóng)田和建筑設(shè)施。根據(jù)相關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，在中國(guó)，因煤炭生產(chǎn)造成的各種土地破壞面積共達(dá)43萬公頃，按每采10萬噸煤塌陷土地0.2公頃計(jì)算，每年中國(guó)將會(huì)增加約20,000公頃的土地塌陷面積，加上建筑物下、水體及鐵路下的壓煤資源量達(dá)十億美元，因無法開采使得部分煤礦提前報(bào)廢。 （3）煤礦生產(chǎn)形成的大量煤矸石堆積在土地上，既占用了大片肥沃的農(nóng)田，又因煤矸石自燃造成嚴(yán)重環(huán)境污染。截至目前，中國(guó)煤礦生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)積累了煤矸石3,000,000,000噸，并且每年會(huì)以1.5—200,000,000 噸的速度增加。在全國(guó)1500座矸石山中有140座已經(jīng)發(fā)生自燃顯現(xiàn)，給當(dāng)?shù)卮髿夂屯恋卦斐蓢?yán)重的環(huán)境污染。 （4）隨著我國(guó)礦井開采深度的不斷增加，礦震等災(zāi)害和由礦山壓力引起的增加的沖擊地壓頻率增大，強(qiáng)度增強(qiáng)，嚴(yán)重地危及礦井安全生產(chǎn)。 3 煤礦綠色開采技術(shù)體系 3.1 保水開采技術(shù) 保護(hù)水資源開采的目標(biāo)是要有保護(hù)水資源的意識(shí)，根本在于預(yù)防和控制突水，自覺保護(hù)水資源的自我承載能力，使煤礦開采擾動(dòng)小于水的自我承載能力確保水文環(huán)境的平衡狀態(tài)。研究采后上覆巖層的破壞規(guī)則和地下水下降漏斗的形成機(jī)制以及每個(gè)地質(zhì)條件下開采期巖石關(guān)鍵層的活動(dòng)規(guī)律和在地下水滲透的關(guān)系，選擇合理有效的采礦方法和有效的地面相關(guān)措施等等，留設(shè)適當(dāng)?shù)姆浪ㄉ埃┟海◣r）柱，實(shí)現(xiàn)礦井水的資源保護(hù)和綜合利用。 3.2 減沉開采技術(shù) （1）充填采煤法 充填采煤法包括利用一些國(guó)外的材料進(jìn)行井下采空區(qū)或井下部分區(qū)域的充填、根據(jù)水砂的一定比例關(guān)系回填采空區(qū)以及矸石充填等。 （2）條帶開采技術(shù) 條帶開采普遍用于地表采煤塌陷區(qū)下采煤、建筑物下采煤。條帶開采是目前的用來控制地下采煤時(shí)