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代詞,代詞分類,考點梳理,一、人稱代詞 人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分，主格在句中作主語、表語等成分，賓格在句中作動詞、介詞賓語、同位語等成分，有時也可作表語。不僅指人，也可指物，有人稱和數(shù)的變化。,人稱代詞，物主代詞和反身代詞,,【注意】在連詞than和as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中常常省略從句，只保留人稱代詞，人稱代詞作主語時要用主格，在口語中也常用賓格；但當人稱代詞后有動詞時就必須用主格。如： My sister speaks English as well as me/I. (口語中常用me) My sister speaks English as well as I do. (此時只能用I),二、物主代詞 1．物主代詞分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞，必須與所指的名詞在人稱、數(shù)和性別方面保持一致。如： The waiters offered their food to the homeless man. 【注意】單數(shù)陽性名詞和單數(shù)陰性名詞連用作主語時，如果前面有every，each修飾，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，代詞用his。如：,2. 形容詞性物主代詞相當于形容詞，只能作 名詞或動名詞的定語。 e.g. This is our classroom. Would you mind my opening the window?,Each boy and each girl wants to lend his raincoat to the soldiers.,3. 名詞性物主代詞相當于“形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞”，可單獨作主語、賓語、表語。此外，名詞性物主代詞還可與名詞及of連用，構(gòu)成雙重所有格。如： This is her coat. Mine is over there. Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.,三、反身代詞 1. 反身代詞通常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave等動詞和by, for, to, of等介詞后作賓語。如： He was left at home by himself the whole day yesterday.,2. 反身代詞可以作主語的同位語，主要起加強 語氣的作用，意為“親自，本人，親身”。 e.g. The teacher and pupils mended the road themselves. 3. 反身代詞可以在be, feel, look, seem等系動詞 后作表語，表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。 e.g. —You look pale. What’s wrong with you? —I’m not feeling myself today, not serious, though.,注意(1)反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。 (正) I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。 (誤) Myself drove the car. (2) 在由and, or, nor連接的并列主語中，第 二個主語可用反身代詞，特別是myself 作主語。 e.g. Charles and myself saw it. (3) 在不強調(diào)的情況下，but, except, for等介 詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞均可。 e.g. No one but myself/me is hurt.,4. 反身代詞的習(xí)慣搭配 介詞+反身代詞 for oneself 為自己；親自地 to oneself 對自己；獨用 of oneself 自動地 by oneself 獨自地,(2) 動詞＋反身代詞 dress oneself 自己穿衣 make oneself at home 不要客氣 seat oneself=be seated 就坐 teach oneself 自學(xué) come to oneself 蘇醒 devote oneself to = be devoted to 致力于 enjoy oneself 過得愉快，玩得高興 help oneself to 自行取用，請自便,accustom oneself to=be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于 amuse oneself 消遣，自娛 behave oneself 表現(xiàn)良好 apply oneself to sth. 致力于 explain oneself 說明自己的意圖 express oneself 表達自己的思想 abandon oneself to 沉迷于，放縱,一、指示代詞 1. 指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有時也用this；指下文將要提到的事物，常用this或these。如： He said I was lying, and that was unfair. (that指代上文He said I was lying) What I want you to remember is this：Practise makes perfect. (此句中this指代下文，不能換為that),指示代詞，相互代詞和疑問代詞,2. that/those可作定語從句的先行詞，但 this/these不能；其中those可指人，但that 不能。如： She has known that which she wanted to know. I admire those who are always helping others. (those作定語從句的先行詞，指人),二、相互代詞 相互代詞是表示相互關(guān)系的代詞，只有each other和one another兩個詞組，都表示“互相，相互”。 1. each other和one another在句中可以作動詞或 介詞的賓語。如： Let’s help each other and learn from each other. They looked at one another and laughed. 2. 作定語時each other和one another須用 所有格，表示“彼此的”。如：,,We said hello to one another’s/each other’s family. 三、疑問代詞 1. 疑問代詞后接-ever的用法。 (1) whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever 表泛指，意為“無論……”。如： You have our support, whatever you decide. Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize. I don’t want to see them, whoever they are.,(2) 置于疑問代詞后，用于加強語氣。如： Whatever do you mean? Whoever heard of such a thing!,2. 疑問代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要由所代表的人或事 物的單復(fù)數(shù)形式來確定，如果不清楚代表的 人或物是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)，則謂語動詞多用單 數(shù)形式。who/what/which作主語時，謂語動 詞既可以用單數(shù)形式，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 如： What he needs most is his mother’s love. What we need are good books.,一、復(fù)合不定代詞 1. 修飾不定代詞的形容詞應(yīng)后置。 e.g. Is there anything wrong with my car? 2. 復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞往往用 第三人稱單數(shù)形式。,不定代詞,3. 復(fù)合不定代詞構(gòu)成的固定短語： anything but根本不，一點也不 nothing but只不過 do nothing but 只有，除……之外什么事也不做 have something/nothing to do with 與……有/無關(guān) something of有點，有幾分,二、全部否定與部分否定 由some和any構(gòu)成的不定代詞的用法與some和any的用法基本一致。all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every＋名詞”都表示全部肯定；no one, none, nobody, nothing, not.any以及“no＋名詞”都表示全部否定； 但當not出現(xiàn)在含有全部肯定的不定代詞的句子中，不管not在它們之前還是在它們之后都表示部分否定。此外not與總括性副詞如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等連用時也表示部分否定。,e.g. All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem. (all表示 全部肯定，none表示全部否定) Such a thing can’t be found everywhere. (“not＋everywhere”表示部分否定) The exam is very easy, but not all of the students can pass it. (“not＋all”表示部分否定),三、both, either, neither, each, all, none both表示兩者都，具有肯定含義；either表示兩者中的任何一個；neither表示兩者都不；each表示兩者或兩者以上的每一個；all表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可籠統(tǒng)地表示“一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定，與of連用或用來回答how many / much的提問。,【考例】It’s an either-or situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do _____. A. others B. either C. another D. both,D,四、another, other, the other, others, the others another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不確定的另一個；other表示“另外的人/物，別的人/物”；the other指兩者中的另一個；others = other +名詞，泛指“別的人或物”；the others指“一定范圍內(nèi)其余的人或物”，如果被指代的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，則用the rest。,【考例】In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in _____, knives and forks. A. another B. others C. both D. all,B,一、it作人稱代詞 在特定的環(huán)境中，it也可指人，如指嬰兒、性別不詳或身份不明的人。 e.g. The baby stopped crying as soon as it saw the woman. —Who is it? —It’s me.,it的用法,二、it作形式主語或形式賓語 it可以作形式主語或形式賓語而把真正的主語或賓語后置。 1. 用it作形式主語的主語從句結(jié)構(gòu) (1) It＋系動詞＋形容詞＋that從句 It is necessary/important/surprising/strange ＋that從句，從句中謂語動詞常用“should＋動詞原形”形式，且should可省略。,(2) It＋系動詞＋名詞＋that從句 It is a pity/a shame/good news/a fact/an honour/a wonder/no wonder/our duty＋that從句。 e.g. It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success. (3) It＋不及物動詞＋that從句 It seems/happened/turned out /occurs/ appears＋that從句。 e.g. It happened that he was out when I called on him.,(4) It＋系動詞＋過去分詞＋that從句 It is said/reported/announced/believed/ thought/well known/hoped/pointed out/ found out/suggested/ordered/advised/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that從句。 e.g. It’s said that they have succeeded in carrying out this experiment.,【注意】在“It is suggested/advised/ordered/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句要用虛擬語氣，即謂語動詞用“should＋動詞原形”，should可省略。 e.g. It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying English.,(5) 其他句型，如It doesn’t matter./It makes no difference.等。 e.g. It doesn’t matter what you wear, as long as you look neat and tidy. It makes no difference to me whether you go or not.,2. it作形式賓語的情況 (1)動詞find, feel, think, consider, make, believe 等后有賓語補足語時，則需要用it作形式賓 語，把作為真正賓語的that從句后置。 e.g. We make it a rule that we get up at six every day. We all think it important that we should protect the environment from being polluted.,(2) 有些動詞接賓語從句時，需在動詞和從 句間加it。這些動詞有：hate, appreciate, take, owe, have等。 e.g. I take it that you will agree with us. (3) “動詞＋介詞＋it＋that”結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的有 see to, depend on, rely on等。 e.g. I will see to it that everything is ready on time.,三、it可用在強調(diào)句型It is/was.that.中。 e.g. It was in the street that I met him yesterday.,【注意】it作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句的區(qū)別：it作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)(特別是謂語較短時)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。,it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句用來對句中某一個成分加以強調(diào)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is/was＋被強調(diào)部分＋that.”。在正式英語中，無論強調(diào)什么部分，都要求用連詞that，但是在一般情況下，如果被強調(diào)的主語是“人”，也可用who。值得注意的是，當被強調(diào)部分是狀語時，只能用that，不要誤用when，where，how等。be動詞的時態(tài)，可以隨著that從句時態(tài)的不同而變化。強調(diào)句型中去掉It is/was和that后，句子仍然完整，而it作形式主語的句子則不能。,e.g. It is I who am setting off for London next week. It was at six o’clock that we arrived at the mountain village. It was at the hotel room that the gentleman had stayed.,四、it的特殊用法 1. 指代時間、距離、自然現(xiàn)象(天氣)等。 e.g. It is half past two now. (指時間) It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital. (指距離) A lovely day, isn’t it? (指天氣),2. 指環(huán)境情況等。 e.g. It is very noisy at the moment. 3. 用于某些習(xí)語搭配。 make it 及時趕到；成功完成 catch it 受處罰，被責罵,I. 選用下面內(nèi)合適的代詞并用其正確形式填空（每個單詞限用一次）。 neither, none, either, nothing, those, another, itself, something, I, that, it 1. The cells of the body, especially _____ of the brain, can live only several minutes without circulating blood. 2. They both smiled; ________ seemed likely to be aware of my absence for long. 3. He whispered so softly that _____ but Julie heard him.,鞏固練習(xí),those,neither,none,neither, none, either, nothing, those, another, itself, something, I, that, it 4. There were glasses of champagne and cigars, but not many of ________ were consumed. 5. —Would you get me a cup of coffee? —________ one? 6. The furniture was rather old; he’d obviously picked it up for ________. 7. When you introduce me to the company, could you please say _________ for me? 8. I like ____ when a book is so good that you can’t put it down.,either,Another,nothing,something,it,neither, none, either, nothing, those, another, itself, something, I, that, it 9. The cost of renting an apartment downtown is higher than ________ in any other area of the city. 10. Scientists have discovered remarkable new evidence showing how the body rebuilds _____ while we sleep. 11. Then the driver stood up and asked, “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh dear! It’s ________.”,that,itself,mine,II. 選擇題 1. —Have you figured out how much the tuition is in American universities? —$19, 000, or ______ like that. A. anything B. everything C. nothing D. something 2. Frankly speaking, _______ of them knew what the other was doing that morning. A. none B. neither C. some D. all,3. Her dog is funny and lovely, but I don’t think I have enough time to keep ______. A. this B. one C. it D. that 4. Many parents made ______ their daily routine to get out for a walk in the evening. A. this B. it C. that D. what,5. What’s troubling us are not the burdens of our schoolwork but the ways we handle _____. A. this B. it C. us D. them 6. The basic design of the car is very similar to ____ of earlier models. A. that B. it C. this D. one,,7. — Jack said you got a unique watch for your birthday. —Yes. Maybe it is not to the taste of _____ but I like it. A. anyone B. none C. everyone D. nobody 8. I need some carbon paper badly, but there is ________ at hand. A. none B. no one C. nothing D. not anything,9. —Excuse me, I want to have my car repaired, and I want to go to the nearest garage. —I know where ________ is. Come on, and I’ll show you. A. it B. the one C. that D. one,1. Susan made _____ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself. A. that B. this C. it D. her 2. Good families are much to all their members, but _____ to none. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing,3. I’d appreciate _____ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. A. it B. you C. one D. this 4. She’d lived in London and Manchester, but she liked _____ and moved to Cambridge. A. both B. neither C. none D. either,5. You can ask anyone for help. _____ here is willing to lend you a hand. A. One B. No one C. Everyone D. Someone,