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走向高考 · 英語(yǔ),路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮 吾將上下而求索,人教版(課標(biāo)卷地區(qū)) · 高考總復(fù)習(xí),寫作素能培養(yǎng),第三部分,第七講 寫好開頭和結(jié)尾， 實(shí)現(xiàn)升級(jí)策略,第二部分,俗話說(shuō)得好：好的開頭是成功的一半(Well begun is half done)；結(jié)尾好，一切都好(All is well that ends well)。一篇英語(yǔ)作文的開頭如果寫得好，就會(huì)給閱卷老師良好的印象，吸引他繼續(xù)讀下去；如果結(jié)尾又寫得好，就會(huì)進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化閱卷老師對(duì)你所寫作文的好感，從而給你的作文打高分。,一、如何寫好開頭 開頭一般來(lái)說(shuō)要做到開門見山，使讀者了解文章要談什么，最好能立刻引起讀者的興趣。下面介紹幾種常見的寫法： 1．背景法——說(shuō)明事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、背景等 Last Monday，my father said goodbye to my mother and me and went on a business trip. 上周一，我爸爸向媽媽與我告別，因?yàn)樗獬鲎錾狻?2．主題句法——提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或論據(jù)作為文章要闡明和論述的主題 Old people play an important role in our country，because they have experience，they are wiser，and they have enough time. 老年人在我們國(guó)家起著重要的作用，因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)驗(yàn)豐富，聰明智慧，時(shí)間充足。,3．問題法——用提出問題的方法來(lái)引出文章的內(nèi)容，以吸引讀者的注意力 Why do we go to university？Different people have different opinions. 我們?yōu)槭裁匆洗髮W(xué)？不同的人有不同的觀點(diǎn)。,4．引語(yǔ)法——摘錄或引用某些名人的名言或常見的習(xí)語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)作為文章的開端 There is an old English saying，“Gain time，gain life”． Then what is time？Time is a kind of thing that we can't see or touch，but we can feel it pass by. 有一個(gè)古老的英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)“贏得時(shí)間，就贏得生命”。 那么，時(shí)間是什么呢？時(shí)間是一種看不見、摸不著的東西，但是我們能感覺到它的流逝。,5．定義法——常見于對(duì)標(biāo)題下定義，然后通過舉例、邏輯推理等方法加以說(shuō)明 A good student is one who possesses good morality，sound health，perfect knowledge and various abilities. 一個(gè)好學(xué)生要擁有良好的品德、健全的身體、完美的知識(shí)和各種各樣的能力。,6．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)法——引用已經(jīng)證實(shí)的某些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字來(lái)引起話題 The fact that less than 5%of the British population graduate from universities may seem surprising，especially compared with the American percentage of over 30%. 英國(guó)人口中大學(xué)畢業(yè)生所占的比例不足5%的事實(shí)看上去很令人吃驚，尤其是和美國(guó)的超過30%的比率相比。,7．實(shí)例法——通過一個(gè)實(shí)例或現(xiàn)象引出話題 Nowadays，people in many big cities are complaining about heavy traffic.It has seriously influenced people's daily life and economic development. 現(xiàn)今，許多大城市的人們都在抱怨交通擁堵，它嚴(yán)重地影響了人們的日常生活和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。,用上述開頭法翻譯下列句子 1．上周日，我和同學(xué)們?nèi)チ讼闵焦珗@。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 2．眼下，街談巷議，人們的熱門話題總離不開“三貴”：買房貴、上學(xué)貴、看病貴。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________,3．當(dāng)有那么多方式可以與學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)溝通時(shí)，家訪還有必要嗎？ _________________________________________________ 4．正如諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō)的那樣“時(shí)間就是金錢”，是的，情況確實(shí)就是這樣。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 5．寵物是人們飼養(yǎng)并將其視為伙伴的動(dòng)物。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________,6．最近的研究表明，有50%的學(xué)生不吃早飯。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 7．目前，怎樣處理垃圾是我們城市面臨的一大問題。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________,答案：1.Last Sunday，my classmates and I went to Xiangshan Park.(背景法) 2．Nowadays it is often talked about that there are three things that people can't afford.It is expensive to buy houses，to pay for the children's education and to see the doctor.(主題句法) 3．Are home visits necessary when there are so many ways to communicate with students' parents？(問題法),4．As the saying goes，“Time is money.” Yes，it's indeed the case.(引語(yǔ)法) 5．A pet is an animal kept by a person as a companion.(定義法) 6．A recent study shows that 50% of the school kids don't have breakfast.(數(shù)據(jù)法) 7．How to deal with waste is a big problem for our city now.(實(shí)例法),二、如何寫好結(jié)尾 結(jié)尾有概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，升華主題的作用。主要有以下幾種寫法： 1．照應(yīng)開頭 Everyone enjoys beautiful things.And seeing sunrise may be one of the most unusual experiences in our life. 每個(gè)人都喜歡美好的事物，看日出也許是我們?nèi)松凶畈黄椒驳慕?jīng)歷中的一次了。,2．復(fù)述中心 We must protect the water as well as find ways to reuse it.If not，the last drop of water will be a teardrop. 我們必須保護(hù)水源，尋找再利用水的方法，如果不這樣做，最后一滴水將是人類的一滴淚水。 3．總結(jié)式 In a word，a friend in need is a friend indeed.May all of us treasure friendship. 總之，患難之交才是真正的朋友，愿我們所有人珍視友誼。,4．引用式 As the saying goes，every coin has two sides. 常言道，任何事情都有兩面性。 5．希望式 The Internet is now very important to me because it not only gives me a lot of fun but also it is very useful.I like it and hope you will like it too. 現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要，因?yàn)樗o我?guī)?lái)很多樂趣，而且非常有用，我喜歡它，希望你也喜歡它。,6．問題式 Will you join us in the next century？How romantic and fantastic it will be! 你愿意在下個(gè)世紀(jì)加入我們嗎？那將是多么浪漫和奇妙啊！,用上述結(jié)尾法翻譯下列句子 1．不同的旅行方式都能讓人們愉快，但我還是最喜歡乘火車旅行。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 2．從這次經(jīng)歷中，我了解到細(xì)心非常重要，尤其在考試時(shí)，我們?cè)鯓蛹?xì)心都不為過。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________,3．愛是給予，愛是關(guān)注他人，我將盡力把我所有的愛奉獻(xiàn)給他人。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 4．作為一名學(xué)生，我非常支持這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，因?yàn)樗苡幸饬x，對(duì)學(xué)生很有幫助，我希望此類活動(dòng)在將來(lái)能繼續(xù)開展下去。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________,5．找一個(gè)伙伴和我們一起去如何？這樣我們可以互相幫助并且在旅途中保持愉快。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 6．不管怎樣，有不同的文化，就有不同的習(xí)俗，如果你能“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗”，就會(huì)更好地享受這里的生活。 _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________,答案：1.Different ways of traveling can make people happy，but I like traveling by train most.(照應(yīng)開頭) 2．From this experience，I learned that being careful is very important and that we can't be too careful，especially in examinations.(總結(jié)式) 3．Love is giving and love is paying attention to others.I will do my best to give all my love to others.(復(fù)述中心),4．As a student，I am strongly for the activity because it is very meaningful and helpful.I hope that this kind of activity will continue in the future.(希望式) 5．How about finding a companion to be with us？So，we can help each other and be happy during the trip.(問題式) 6．Anyhow，different cultures，different customs.If you “Do as the Romans do when in Rome.”，you will enjoy more of your stay here.(引用式),附 錄： 常見開頭方式： as far as.is concerned對(duì)……而言，就……而論 as far as we know據(jù)我們所知 as everybody knows/as is known to all眾所周知 as the proverb says正如諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō) as the saying goes俗話說(shuō) as has been already discussed正如已經(jīng)討論過的 as has been mentioned above如上所述 however，the difficulty lies in.然而，問題在于……,I am greatly convinced that.我深信…… It is estimated/predicted that.據(jù)估計(jì)…… It is generally agreed that.大家通常認(rèn)為…… It is believed/thought that.人們認(rèn)為…… It is said that.據(jù)說(shuō)…… It is reported that.據(jù)報(bào)道…… It is well known that.眾所周知…… It must be admitted that.必須承認(rèn)的是…… It must be pointed out that.必須指出的是…… It must be emphasized that.必須強(qiáng)調(diào)的是……,It can be said with certainty that.可以肯定地說(shuō)…… It can't be denied that.不可否認(rèn)的是…… It goes without saying that.不言而喻/不用說(shuō)…… No one can deny that.誰(shuí)也不可否認(rèn)的是…… Now that we know that.既然我們知道…… There is no denying the fact that.不可否認(rèn)的是…… There is no doubt that.毫無(wú)疑問…… Therefore，we should realize that.因此，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)意識(shí)到……,to begin with首先 to tell the truth老實(shí)說(shuō) We must recognize the fact that.我們必須承認(rèn)…… What calls for special attention is that.需引起特別注意的是…… What we believe is that.我們相信的是…… when it comes to.當(dāng)提到…… with the develoment of.隨著……的發(fā)展,常見結(jié)尾方式： all in all總的來(lái)說(shuō) as a consequence/result結(jié)果 from this point of view就此而論 If we can do as mentioned above，there can be no doubt that.如果我們能做到如上所述，毫無(wú)疑問…… in a word/in brief/in conclusion/in general/in short/in summary總之；簡(jiǎn)言之 In this way，I believe that.如此，我相信…… last but not least最后但同等重要的,on the whole總的來(lái)看 Only with combined efforts can we.唯有通力合作我們才…… Therefore，we have the reason to believe that. 因此，我們有理由相信…… to sum up概括地說(shuō) We can，therefore，come to the conclusion that. 因此，我們可以得出如下結(jié)論…… We，therefore，can make it clear from the above discussion that.因此，從上面的討論中我們可以明白……,