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夾具設計的綜述
1 前言
機械加工工藝及夾具設計是全面綜合運用有關專業(yè)課程的理論和實踐知識進行加工工藝及夾具設計的一次重要實踐。機床夾具是在機床上裝夾工件的一種裝置，其作用是使工件相對于機床和刀具有一個正確的位置，并且在加工過程中保持這個位置不變。夾具不僅能保證工件的加工精度、提高加工效率，還能減輕工人的勞動強度、降低產品的制造成本、擴大機床的使用范圍。制造技術已經是生產、國際經濟競爭、產品革新的一種重要手段，所有國家都在尋求、獲得、開發(fā)和利用它。它正被看作是現(xiàn)代國家經濟上獲得成功的關鍵因素。
機械加工工藝規(guī)程是規(guī)定產品或零部件機械加工工藝過程和操作方法等的工藝文件，是一切有關工生產人員都應嚴格執(zhí)行、認真貫徹的紀律性文件。生產規(guī)模的大小、工藝水平的高低以及解決各種工藝問題的方法和手段都要通過機械加工工藝規(guī)程來體現(xiàn)。而機床夾具是在機床上用以裝夾工件的一種裝置，其作用是使工件相對于機床或刀具有個正確的位置，并在加工過程中保持這個位置不變。它們的研究對機械工業(yè)有著很重要的意義。
2 機械加工工藝及夾具設計的發(fā)展
2．1 發(fā)展歷史
從1949年以來，我國機械工業(yè)有了很大的發(fā)展，已經成為工業(yè)中產品門類比較齊全、具有相當規(guī)模和一定技術基礎的產業(yè)部門之一，其機械加工和夾具也有很大的發(fā)展，但是與工業(yè)發(fā)達國家相比，我們這方面的水平還存在著階段性的差距，主要表現(xiàn)在機械產品質量和水平不夠高，加工工藝過程不合理，夾具應用也比較少，使其加工工人勞動強度大，加工出來的產品也不理想。
2．2發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
現(xiàn)在，各工業(yè)化國家都把制造技術視為當代科技發(fā)展為活躍的領域和國際間科技競爭的主戰(zhàn)場，制定了一系列振興計劃、建立世界級制造技術中心，紛紛把先進制造技術列為國家關鍵技術和優(yōu)先發(fā)展領域。
機械加工工藝及夾具隨著制造技術的發(fā)展也突飛猛進。機械加工工藝以各個工廠的具體情況不同，其加工的規(guī)程也有很大的不同。突破已往的死模式。使其隨著情況的不同具有更加合理的工藝過程。也使產品的質量大大提高。制定加工工藝雖可按情況合理制定，但也要滿足其基本要求：在保證產品質量的前提下，盡可能提高勞動生產率和降低加工成本。并在充分利用本工廠現(xiàn)有生產條件的基礎上，盡可能采用國內、外先進工藝技術和經驗。還應保證操作者良好的勞動條件。但我國現(xiàn)階段還是主要依賴工藝人員的經驗來編制工藝，多半不規(guī)定工步和切削用量，工時定額也憑經驗來確定，十分粗略，缺乏科學依據，難以進行合理的經濟核算。
機床夾具最早出現(xiàn)在18世紀后期。隨著科學技術的不斷進步，夾具已從一種輔助工具發(fā)展成為門類齊全的工藝裝備。
國際生產研究協(xié)會的統(tǒng)計表明，目前中、小批多品種生產的工件品種已占工件種類總數(shù)的85％左右?，F(xiàn)代生產要求企業(yè)所制造的產品品種經常更新?lián)Q代，以適應市場的需求與競爭。然而，一般企業(yè)都仍習慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專用夾具，一般在具有中等生產能力的工廠里，約擁有數(shù)千甚至近萬套專用夾具；另一方面，在多品種生產的企業(yè)中，每隔3～4年就要更新50～80％左右專用夾具，而夾具的實際磨損量僅為10～20％左右。特別是近年來，數(shù)控機床、加工中心、成組技術、柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）等新加工技術的應用，對機床夾具提出了如下新的要求：
1）能迅速而方便地裝備新產品的投產，以縮短生產準備周期，降低生產成本；
2）能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件；
3）能適用于精密加工的高精度機床夾具；
4）能適用于各種現(xiàn)代化制造技術的新型機床夾具；
5）采用以液壓站等為動力源的高效夾緊裝置，以進一步減輕勞動強度和提高勞動生產率；
6）提高機床夾具的標準化程度。
2．3發(fā)展趨勢
長期以來，加工工藝編制是由工藝人員憑經驗進行的。如果由幾位工藝員各自編制同一個零件的工藝規(guī)程，其方案一般各不相同，而且很可能都不是最佳方案。這是因為工藝設計涉及的因素多，因果關系錯綜復雜。CAPP將是機械加工工藝的發(fā)展趨勢，它不僅提高了工藝設計的質量，而且使工藝人員從繁瑣重復的工作中擺脫出來，集中精力去考慮提高工藝水平和產品質量問題。
2．3．1夾具的發(fā)展趨勢
現(xiàn)代機床夾具的發(fā)展趨勢主要表現(xiàn)為標準化、高效化、精密化和柔性化等四個方面。
（1）標準化 機床夾具的目的就在于提高生產效率，這樣也就必使其具有標準化和通用化，而機床夾具的標準化與通用化是相互聯(lián)系的兩個方面。目前我國已有夾具零件及部件的國家標準：GB/T2148～T2259－91以及各類通用夾具、組合夾具標準等。機床夾具的標準化，有利于夾具的商品化生產，有利于縮短生產準備周期，降低生產總成本。
（2）高效化 高效化夾具主要用來減少工件加工的基本時間和輔助時間，以提高勞動生產率，減輕工人的勞動強度。常見的高效化夾具有自動化夾具、高速化夾具和具有夾緊力裝置的夾具等。例如，在銑床上使用電動虎鉗裝夾工件，效率可提高5倍左右；在車床上使用高速三爪自定心卡盤，可保證卡爪在試驗轉速為9000r/min的條件下仍能牢固地夾緊工件，從而使切削速度大幅度提高。目前，除了在生產流水線、自動線配置相應的高效、自動化夾具外，在數(shù)控機床上，尤其在加工中心上出現(xiàn)了各種自動裝夾工件的夾具以及自動更換夾具的裝置，充分發(fā)揮了數(shù)控機床的效率。
（3）精密化 機床夾具的精度會直接影響到零件的加工精度，而隨著機械產品精度的日益提高，勢必相應提高了對夾具的精度要求。精密化夾具的結構類型很多，例如用于精密分度的多齒盤，其分度精度可達±0.1"；用于精密車削的高精度三爪自定心卡盤，其定心精度為5μm。這些精密化的夾具為以后零件加工的精度提供了保證。
（4）柔性化 機床夾具的柔性化與機床的柔性化相似，它是指機床夾具通過調整、組合等方式，以適應工藝可變因素的能力。工藝的可變因素主要有：工序特征、生產批量、工件的形狀和尺寸等。具有柔性化特征的新型夾具種類主要有：組合夾具、通用可調夾具、成組夾具、模塊化夾具、數(shù)控夾具等。為適應現(xiàn)代機械工業(yè)多品種、中小批量生產的需要，擴大夾具的柔性化程度，改變專用夾具的不可拆結構為可拆結構，發(fā)展可調夾具結構，將是當前夾具發(fā)展的主要方向。
2．3．1機械加工制造技術的發(fā)展趨勢
（1）特種加工 它是指一些物理的、化學的加工方法，如電火花加工、電解加工、超聲波加工、激光加工、離子束加工等。特種加工方法的主要對象是難加工材料的加工，如金剛石、陶瓷等超硬材料的加工，其加工精度可達分子級加工單位或原子級加工單位，所以它又常常是精密加工和超精密加工的重要手段。特種加工與傳統(tǒng)加工相結合的復合加工有較大的發(fā)展前途。
（2）快速成形 利用離散、堆積成形概念，可將一個三維實體分解為若干二維實體制造出來，再經堆積而構成三維實體。
（3）精密工程 它包括精密加工的超精密加工技術、微細加工和超微細加工技術、微型機械和納米技術等方面。當前，以納米技術為代表的超精密加工技術和以微細加工為手段的微型機械技術有重要意義，它們代表了這一時期精密工程的方向。
（4）傳統(tǒng)加工工藝的改造和革新 這一方面的技術潛力很大，如高速切削、超高速切削、強力磨削、超硬材料磨具的出現(xiàn)都對加工理論的發(fā)展、加工質量和效率的提高有重要意義。另一方面，舊設備的改造和挖潛，如普通機床改造成數(shù)控機床等，對機械工業(yè)的發(fā)展和提高是不容忽視的。
3 簡單的評述
綜上，機械加工藝及夾具隨著科技的發(fā)展都使計算機技術、數(shù)控技術、控制論及系統(tǒng)工程與制造技術的結合為制造系統(tǒng)，形成現(xiàn)代制造工程學。而物料流、能量流、信息流是組成制造系統(tǒng)的三個基本要素?，F(xiàn)代加工都為集成化的系統(tǒng)加工，這雖減輕了工人的勞動強度，但同時對工人的知識水平要求較高。這需要我們全方位的認知現(xiàn)代科技知識。因此，在以后的學習中需要我們全方位的學習其各個相關領域的知識，不能只注重一點，為將來的人才戰(zhàn)略提出了新的要求。
英文翻譯：
Overview of the fixture design
1 Introduction
????Machining process and fixture design is a comprehensive process and fixture design is an important practical use of theoretical and practical knowledge of the relevant professional courses. Machine tool fixture is a device for clamping the workpiece on the machine, its role is so that the workpiece to have a correct position relative to the machine and tool, and to maintain this position unchanged in theprocess. The fixture can not only guarantee the accuracy of the workpiece processing, improve processing efficiency, but also reduce the labor intensity of workers, reducing the manufacturing costs of products, expanding the use of the machine. Manufacturing technology production, international economic competition, an important means of product innovation, all countries seeking to acquire, develop and exploit it. It is being seen as a key factor in the success of the modern state economy.
Mechanical process planning is the process of the specified products or components machining process and methods of operation and other documents, all relevant work production personnel should be strictly enforced, conscientiously implement the disciplinary file. The size of the production scale, technology level of a variety of process issues, methods and means to go through the machining process specification to reflect. Machine tool fixture is a device used for clamping the workpiece on the machine, and its role is to enable the workpiece relative to the correct location of the machine or tool, and in the process to maintain this position. Their research on the machinery industry has very important significance.
The development of the two machining process and fixture design
2.1 history of the development
????Since 1949, China's machinery industry has been greatly developed and has become a relatively complete industrial products, with one of the considerable size and some technology-based sectors, machining and fixture also has a great development, but industrial developed countries, the level of our stage gap, mainly in the quality and level of mechanical products is not high enough, the machining process is unreasonable, fixture applications is relatively small, its processing workers in labor-intensive, processing out of the product is not satisfactory.
2.2 Development of
????Now, industrialized countries have manufacturing technology as the development of modern science and technology to the main battlefield of the active area and in the international technology competition to develop a series of revitalization plan, the establishment of the center of world-class manufacturing technology, have advanced manufacturing technology as a key national technologies and priority areas of development.
????Machining process and fixture with the development of manufacturing technology is also advancing rapidly. Machining process to the specific circumstances of each plant, the processing procedures are very different. Breakthrough in previous years, the death mode. It as the situation different with a more reasonable process. Also greatly improve the quality of the product. Development of processing technology, although according to reasonable development, but also to meet their basic requirements: the premise of ensuring product quality, maximize productivity and reduce processing costs. Domestic and foreign advanced technology and experience and, as far as possible on the basis of full use of the existing production conditions of the factory. It should also ensure good working conditions for the operator. Present stage still mainly rely on the experience of the craft workers to the preparation process, most do not require working steps and cutting, fixed working hours rule of thumb to determine, very rough, the lack of scientific basis, it is difficult to make reasonable economic accounting.
The machine tool fixtures first appeared in the late 18th century. With the continuous progress of science and technology, the fixture has evolved from a tool developed into a complete range of process equipment.
Association for the Study of international production statistics show that now, about 85 percent of the workpiece varieties of small batch production of many varieties accounted for the total number of workpiece types. The modern production requires a variety of products manufactured by the enterprise often replace old ones, in order to meet market demand and competition. However, most enterprises are still accustomed to a large number of traditional special fixture, usually in the factory with medium production capacity, about thousands or even ten thousand sets of special fixtures; the other hand, multi-product production enterprise, every 3 to 4 years is necessary to update 50 to about 80% of special fixtures, fixture wear only about 10 to 20 percent. In recent years, CNC machine tools, machining centers, group technology, flexible manufacturing system (FMS) application of new processing technologies, the machine tool fixture the following new requirements:
1) can quickly and easily equip the commissioning of new products, to shorten the cycle of production preparation, reduce production costs;
2) clamping a workpiece with similar characteristics;
3) high-precision jigs and fixtures for precision machining;
4) can be applied to new jigs and fixtures for a variety of modern manufacturing technology;
5) efficient clamping device, hydraulic station power source in order to further reduce labor intensity and improve labor productivity;
6) Increase the degree of standardization of the machine tool fixture.
2.3 Development Trend of
Over the years, the machining process planning is carried out empirically by the craft workers. By several craft their own preparation process specification of the same parts, its programs are generally of the same, and probably not the best option. This is because the process design involves many factors, the complexity of the causal relationship. CAPP will be the development trend of the machining process, it not only improves the quality of the process design and process to extricate itself from a tedious repetitive work, concentrated effort to consider raising the level of technology and product quality issues.
2.3.1 fixture development trends
Development trends of the modern machine tool fixture mainly four aspects of standardization, efficiency, precision and flexibility.
(1) The purpose of the standardization of machine tool fixture is to improve production efficiency, so that he will make with the standardization and universal standardization and generalization of the machine tool fixture two aspects are interrelated. National standards of China has a fixture parts and components: GB/T2148 ~ T2259-91, and a variety of universal fixture, modular fixture standards. Standardization of jigs and fixtures, commercial production of the fixture, to shorten the production preparation period, reducing the total cost of production.
(2) efficient efficient fixture mainly used to reduce the the workpiece basic time and auxiliary time, to improve labor productivity, reduce labor intensity. Efficient common folder with automated fixtures, high-speed jig and fixture clamping force device. For example, the electric vise clamping the workpiece in a milling machine, the efficiency can be increased about five times; on a lathe using high-speed three-jaw self-centering chuck, to ensure that the jaws are still firmly under the conditions of the test speed is 9000r/min to clamp the workpiece, so that the cutting speed is greatly improved. In addition to efficient, automated fixture in the production lines, automatic line configuration on the CNC machine tools, especially in the machining center fixture of a variety of automatic workpiece clamping and automatic replacement of the fixture device, give full play to the CNC machine tools efficiency.
(3) the accuracy of precision machine tool fixture will directly affect the machining accuracy, with the increasing accuracy of mechanical products, is bound to a corresponding increase in the precision of the fixture. Precision fixture structure type, for example, the precision of multi-gear, its indexing accuracy up to ± 0.1; for precision turning, precision jaw self-centering chuck, centering accuracy of 5μm These precision fixture to provide a guarantee for the accuracy of the later parts processing.
(4) the flexibility of the flexible machine tool fixture and the flexibility of the machine, it refers to the ability to machine fixture by way of adjustment, combined to suit the process variables. Variables of the process are: process characteristics, production volume, the workpiece shape and size. The new fixture types with flexible features: modular fixture, universal adjustable clamp, group fixtures, modular fixtures, CNC jig. In order to meet the needs of the many varieties of modern mechanical industry, small and medium volume production, expand the degree of flexibility of the fixture to change the special fixtures
2.3.1 machining manufacturing technology trends
(1) special processing it refers to some physical, chemical processing methods, such as electrical discharge machining, electrochemical machining, ultrasonic machining, laser processing, ion beam processing. The main object of the special processing method is the processing of difficult materials, such as diamond, ceramics and other superhard materials processing, and its precision up to molecular level processing units, or atomic-scale processing units, so it is often the precision machining and ultra precision machining an important tool. Special processing and processing a combination of composite processing have a greater future development.
(2) rapid prototyping using discrete accumulation of forming the concept of a three-dimensional entities can be decomposed into a number of two-dimensional entity created by the accumulation of a three-dimensional entities.
(3) precision engineering, including precision machining of ultra-precision processing technology, micro-machining and ultra-fine processing technology, micro-mechanical and nano-technology. At present, ultra-precision processing technology as the representative of nanotechnology and micro-mechanical technology as a means of micromachining is important, they represent the direction of the precision engineering of this period.
(4) the transformation and modernization of the traditional processing technology in this field potential, such as high-speed cutting, ultra-high-speed cutting, strong grinding, abrasive superhard materials processing theory of development, processing, quality and efficiency The increased significance. On the other hand, the transformation of the old equipment and tapping the potential, such as general machine tools transformed into CNC machine tools, the development and improvement of the machinery industry can not be ignored.
3 comments
In summary, the machining process and jig With the development of science and technology, computer technology, CNC technology, control dealt with systems engineering and manufacturing technology combined with manufacturing systems, the formation of the modern manufacturing engineering. Material flow, energy flow, information flow is the three basic elements that make up the manufacturing system. Modern processing for the processing of integrated systems, which reduce the labor intensity, but at the same time require a higher level of knowledge of the workers. This need our full range of cognitive modern scientific and technological knowledge. Therefore, in the future learning needs our full range of learning its various related fields of knowledge, can not focus only on the proposed new requirements for future human resources strategy.
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