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Period Four Grammar：Adverbial clauses with-ing,3．動(dòng)詞-ing形式位置比較靈活，可以置于句首、句中或句末，有時(shí)用逗號(hào)分開，有時(shí)也不用，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，用作原因、條件時(shí)，常位于句首；用作方式、結(jié)果、伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常位于句末。 4．當(dāng)動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，我們可以用-ing形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、伴隨狀語(yǔ)等。 5．獨(dú)立成分作狀語(yǔ)， 有些動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響，稱作獨(dú)立成分。,二、基本用法 1．用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于when或while引導(dǎo)的從句。Turning around( ＝When she turned around)，she saw an ambulance driving up. 她轉(zhuǎn)過身，看見一輛救護(hù)車開了過來(lái)。,2．用作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于as，since，because引導(dǎo)的從句。 Seeing nobody at home(＝ Because she saw nobody at home), she decided to leave them a note. 看到?jīng)]人在家，她決定給他們留一張便條。 3．用作方式、伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用狀語(yǔ)從句替換，但可以改成并列句。 She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.(伴隨)＝She sat at the desk and read a newspaper.她坐在桌邊看報(bào)紙。 4．用作條件狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于if, unless引導(dǎo)的從句。 Working hard(＝If you work hard)，you’ll succeed. 如果你努力工作，你就會(huì)成功。,5．用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于so，so that等引導(dǎo)的從句。 The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children. (＝The old man was so poor when he died that he left nothing to his children.) 可憐的老人去世了，沒有給孩子留下什么。,6．用作讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于though，although等引導(dǎo)的從句。 Admitting what he said(Though I admit what he said)，I still think he hasn’t tried his best. 盡管我承認(rèn)他的話，我還是認(rèn)為他沒有盡全力。,【單項(xiàng)填空】 “We can’t go out in this weather，” said Bob, ________ out of the window. A．looking B．to look C．looked D．having looked 答案 A [動(dòng)詞-ing形式looking表示與謂語(yǔ)同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。],三、動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定式 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定式通常是在-ing形式前加否定副詞not。 Not knowing what to do, he asked the teacher for advice.因?yàn)椴恢涝撟鍪裁?，他向老師?qǐng)教。,【單項(xiàng)填空】 ________that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. A．Not realized B．Not to realize C．Not realizing D．Not to have realized 答案 C [realize和句子主語(yǔ)之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。不定式作狀語(yǔ)表示目的或者結(jié)果，與題意不符，故可排除B和D。],四、v.-ing的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) (1)現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，分為一般式和完成式兩種?，F(xiàn)在分詞一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作一般同時(shí)進(jìn)行，而完成式所表示的動(dòng)作則在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他匆忙回家，邊走邊向后看。 Having lived in New York for years, I knew each part of it very well. 由于住在紐約多年，我對(duì)這里的每一處都很熟悉。,(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也分為一般式和完成式兩種。一般式表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行。完成式表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了。 The large building being built(＝which is being built) down the street will be a hospital. 街道那邊正在建造的大樓將是一所醫(yī)院。 Having been operated on the leg, he can’t walk as usual. 由于腿部動(dòng)了手術(shù)，因此他不能像平常那樣走路了。,【單項(xiàng)填空】 The little boy, ________ two attempts to climb over the fence of the garden, decided to have another try. A．having made B．making C．made D．has made 答案 A [句意：小男孩已經(jīng)試圖要爬過花園的籬笆墻兩次了，他決定再試一次。分詞的完成式表示從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。故選A。],議論文 【寫作任務(wù)】 根據(jù)下表內(nèi)容，以Why is fantasy literature so popular with young people？為題寫一篇短文。,【寫作要求】 1．短文必須包括以上要點(diǎn)。 2．詞數(shù) 120左右。 【寫作分析】 第一步：認(rèn)真審題 1．本文是一篇議論文。議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)一般有引子、正文和結(jié)論三部分。一般在引子部分提出論點(diǎn)，即文章的主題，在正文部分?jǐn)[出有利的事實(shí)，對(duì)論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)密的論證，最后根據(jù)前面的論證得出結(jié)論。,2．本文要求分析奇幻文學(xué)受年輕人歡迎的原因并提出建議，人稱以第三人稱為主，時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 3．文章需要對(duì)年輕人喜歡奇幻文學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀及原因進(jìn)行分析，并提出建議。需注意題目中所給要點(diǎn)的整合，并注意條理清晰，層次分明。并適當(dāng)運(yùn)用高級(jí)詞匯、復(fù)雜句型及合適的過渡詞。,第二步：提煉要點(diǎn) 1．like to read fantasy literature 2．the reason 3．indirect and thrilling 4．lively, interesting and instructive 5．unreal things 6．make up for 7．be addicted to 8．a(chǎn)dapt oneself to,第三步：擴(kuò)點(diǎn)成句 1．At present many young people like to read fantasy literature. 2．Here are some main reasons. 3．The plot of fantasy literature is usually indirect and thrilling. 4．Fantasy literature is usually lively, interesting and instructive.,5．Fantasy literature usually describes something that young people can’t do in real life, so it makes up for the realization of young people’s dreams. 6．It is useful to read a proper amount of fantasy literature, but don’t become addicted to it or you may not adapt yourself to reality.,【參考范文】 Why is fantasy literature so popular with young people? At present many young people like to read fantasy literature. When they read some fantasy literature, they often forget to eat and sleep. Why is fantasy literature so popular with young people? Here are some main reasons. First, the plot of fantasy literature is usually indirect and thrilling. So it can attract young people. At the same time, fantasy literature is usually lively, interesting and instructive. As a result, it can easily move young people. Besides, fantasy literature usually describes something that young people can’t do in real life, so it makes up for the realization of young people’s dreams.,It is useful to read a proper amount of fantasy literature, but don’t become addicted to it or you may not adapt yourself to reality.,必備句型 1．Opinions vary from individual to individual. 2．Others argue/hold the view that. 3．What’s important is that. 4．As far as I’m concerned, I prefer. 5．When it comes to failure, different people hold different attitudes towards it. 6．There is no denying that students can learn a lot from it. 7．It’s universally acknowledged that knowledge can change one’s fate.,8．In conclusion, I think having a very close relationship with a pet is healthy. 9．In short, it can be said that health is more important than wealth. 10．From what has been said above, we can safely draw a conclusion that attitudes determines everything.,“一分為二”還是“合二為一” “一分為二”和“合二為一”原為哲學(xué)上的術(shù)語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)借用來(lái)說(shuō)明英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象。英語(yǔ)中有些詞可以“一分為二”地寫成兩個(gè)詞，也可以“合二為一”地寫成一個(gè)詞。它們貌似神非，在讀音上相同或相似，但在用法上有異，在詞義上有別，給人有一種撲朔迷離的感覺。不少學(xué)生混淆不清，常叫苦不迭。,現(xiàn)歸納說(shuō)明如下： 1．a(chǎn)lready/all ready already是副詞，意為“已經(jīng)”，常與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用。 We ran to the station but the train had already left. 我們跑到車站，但火車已經(jīng)開走了。 all ready是形容詞短語(yǔ)，意為“完全準(zhǔn)備好”，在句子中只能用作表語(yǔ)。 The meal is all ready on the table. 飯菜已全部準(zhǔn)備好，放在桌子上了。,2．a(chǎn)ltogether/all together altogether是副詞，作“完全”、“總共”、“總的說(shuō)來(lái)”解。 Altogether, their performance was successful. 總的說(shuō)來(lái)，他們的演出是成功的。 all together是形容詞短語(yǔ)，意為“一起”、“一同”，強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)群體中的每一個(gè)。 Now let’s recite the poem all together. 現(xiàn)在讓我們一起朗誦這首詩(shī)。,3．a(chǎn)nyone/any one anyone是代詞，意思是“任何人”、“無(wú)論誰(shuí)”，只能指人，后不可接of短語(yǔ)，用于整體意義時(shí)，與有關(guān)的代詞可采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Anyone will tell you the way to the supermarket. 任何人都會(huì)告訴你去超市怎么走。 any one是名詞短語(yǔ)，意思是“任何一個(gè)，”既可用于人，也可用于物，后可接of短語(yǔ)。 Any one of us likes chatting online. 我們當(dāng)中的每個(gè)人都喜歡網(wǎng)上聊天。,4．a(chǎn)nyway/any way anyway是副詞，相當(dāng)于anyhow，意為“無(wú)論如何”。 It may rain tomorrow, but we are going to have the picnic anyway.明天也許會(huì)下雨，但不管怎樣我們都要去野餐。 any way在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，也可以寫作in any way，具有廣泛的含義，表示“在任何方面”、“在某個(gè)方面”。 Not special in any way. 無(wú)論如何也不例外的。,5．everyday/every day everyday是形容詞，在句中作定語(yǔ)，意為“日常的”、“平常的。” You should wear your everyday clothes to school. 你應(yīng)該穿平常的衣服去上學(xué)。 every day是名詞短語(yǔ)，在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)，偶爾也可作主語(yǔ)。意為“天天”、“每天”。 Not all the websites are updated every day. 不是所有的網(wǎng)站都天天更新的。,6．everyone/every one everyone相當(dāng)于everybody，只能用來(lái)指人，其后不能接短語(yǔ)。意為“每個(gè)人”、“人人”。 Everyone has the right to speak his mind. 人人都有權(quán)發(fā)表自己的看法。 every one既可以指人，又可以指物，后可接短語(yǔ)，意為“每一個(gè)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)的不是整體而是個(gè)體。 Every one of us goes in for popular songs. 我們當(dāng)中每個(gè)人都喜歡流行歌曲。,7．everything/every thing 兩者意思相同，都是“一切東西”的意思，只是前者強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，總是用作單數(shù)并后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 Everything must have a beginning.凡事都有個(gè)開頭。 Her mother complained about every thing she bought.她的母親對(duì)她買回的每一件東西都要抱怨幾句。,8．faraway/far away faraway是形容詞，意思是“遙遠(yuǎn)的”，在句中通常作前置定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞。 There is a beautiful girl in the faraway place. 在那遙遠(yuǎn)的地方有一個(gè)美麗的姑娘。 far away是副詞短語(yǔ)，也作“遙遠(yuǎn)”解，在句中可以作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、后置定語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)，但不能作前置定語(yǔ)。 Long, long ago, two men came home to Egypt from far away.很久以前，兩個(gè)人從遠(yuǎn)方回到了埃及的家中。,9．forever/for ever 兩者都作“永遠(yuǎn)”解，但前者常用于美國(guó)，后者常用于英國(guó)。 Dr. Bethune will live forever in our hearts. 白求恩大夫?qū)⒂肋h(yuǎn)活在我們心中。 Nobody lives for ever.誰(shuí)都不能長(zhǎng)生不老。 10．however/how ever however用作副詞，意思是“無(wú)論如何”、“不管怎樣”，后接形容詞或副詞，相當(dāng)于no matter how。例如： He tried his best to solve the problem, however difficult it was.不論多難，他努力解決這個(gè)問題。,however還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折，意為“可是”、“仍然”，在句中起承上啟下的作用，可位于句首、句中或句末，通常用逗號(hào)與句子其他成分隔開。 Later, however, he decided to leave. 可是后來(lái)他決定離開。 how ever意思是“究竟如何”、“到底怎樣”，ever在這兒是用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的。 How ever did he lose his cellphone? 他到底是怎樣丟失他的手機(jī)的？,11．lookout/look out lookout為名詞，意思是“瞭望臺(tái)”。 There used to be a lookout on the Great Wall every few hundred metres.過去在長(zhǎng)城上每幾百米就有一個(gè)烽火臺(tái)。 look out是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，意思是“當(dāng)心”、“小心”。多用于祈使句。 —Look out for the glass! —It’s OK. I’m wearing shoes. ——當(dāng)心玻璃！ ——沒關(guān)系。我穿著鞋呢。,12．maybe/may be maybe是副詞，意為“也許”、“可能”，相當(dāng)于perhaps，多用于句首，有時(shí)也可以用于句中或句末。 Maybe he will come; maybe he won’t. 他也許來(lái)，也許不來(lái)。 may be是“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may＋ be”，意思是“也許是”、“可能是”。 Mr. Green may be the next president. 格林先生可能是下一任總統(tǒng)。 This may be true.這也許是對(duì)的。 試比較： Maybe he has lost the way./It may be that he has lost the way.他可能迷路了。,13．nearby/near by nearby是形容詞或副詞，當(dāng)nearby作形容詞時(shí)，既可位于被修飾的名詞之前，也可位于被修飾的名詞之后。 They came from a town nearby/a nearby town. 他們來(lái)自附近的一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)。 Mr. Wells and his wife live nearby. 威爾斯夫婦住在附近。 near by是副詞或介詞，也作“在附近”解。 There is a supermarket near by.附近有家超市。,14．sometime/some time sometime是副詞，意思是“某個(gè)時(shí)候”；“有朝一日”。既可指將來(lái)某時(shí)，也可指過去某時(shí)。 New students will come to our school sometime next week. 新同學(xué)將于下周某日來(lái)校。 sometime也可用作形容詞，意為“過去的”、“從前的”，只在句子中作定語(yǔ)。 The famous writer visited his sometime sixth-grade teacher to thank her. 那位著名的作家拜訪感謝了他從前上六年級(jí)的老師。,some time作為副詞詞組，意為“任何時(shí)候”、“某個(gè)時(shí)候”；用作名詞詞組，意為“一些時(shí)候”、“一段時(shí)間”。 I shall stay in London for some time. 我將在倫敦呆一段時(shí)間。,