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非謂語動詞是指在句中不能充當(dāng)謂語，而是充當(dāng)其它語法功能的動詞。非謂語動詞有三種：動詞不定式，動名詞和分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。非謂語動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但是有語態(tài)和時態(tài)的變化。,Period Four Grammar,非謂語動詞,一、非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成,二、非謂語動詞作賓語,三、非謂語動詞作定語,四、非謂語動詞作賓補,五、非謂語動詞作主語和作表語的比較,【翻譯句子】 ①這些窗戶需要修理了。 __________________________________________________ ②保衛(wèi)國家是每個人的義務(wù)。 __________________________________________________ ③由于去過北京多次，他被要求做向?qū)А?__________________________________________________ ④這部電影很有趣，孩子們很感興趣。 __________________________________________________ ⑤聽到這個消息，他禁不住笑了。 __________________________________________________,答案 ①These windows need to be repaired (repairing)． ②To defend the country is the obligation of everyone. ③Having been to Beijing many times，he was asked to be the guide. ④This film is so interesting that children are interested in it. ⑤Hearing the news，he can't help laughing.,根據(jù)下列提示寫一篇短文來介紹《清明上河圖》(Along the River during Ching Ming Festival)： 1．作者：張擇端(宋朝)； 2．形式：手卷(hand scroll)； 3．內(nèi)容：宋代首都汴京(現(xiàn)開封)的人們的日常生活； 4．主題：慶祝清明節(jié)，所有社會階層(包括平民和富人)的不同生活； 5．被各個時期的藝術(shù)家模仿。 注意：詞數(shù)120～150,作品描述,【寫作分析】 第一步：認真審題 這種類型的作文實際上就是描述一幅作品，并加以適當(dāng)品論。寫作方法大致如下： 1．認真讀圖，弄清大意：總體介紹該作品的歷史地位以及作者、時間等； 2．詳細描寫作品的具體內(nèi)容，列出要點時要注意分清主次，不能看到圖中有什么就認為什么要寫，應(yīng)充分展開想像使圖畫活起來，運用想象適度發(fā)揮，緊扣圖畫的內(nèi)容，進行適當(dāng)敘述，連貫通順即可； 3．寫作時常用一般時態(tài)、第三人稱等； 4．最后適當(dāng)加以評價。,第二步：提煉要點 1．be known as 2．focuses on 3．a(chǎn)s well as 第三步：擴點成句 1．Along the River during Ching Ming Festival，known in Chinese as Qing Ming Shang He Tu，is a masterpiece painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Song Dynasty. 2．The theme focuses on the celebration of Ching Ming Festival (Qingming Festival)．,3．As an artistic creation，the piece has been well preserved even over centuries，court artists of subsequent dynasties have reproduced several versions. 【品味佳作】 Along the River during Ching Ming Festival，known in Chinese as Qing Ming Shang He Tu，is a masterpiece painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Song Dynasty. The painting portrays the daily lives of people in Bianjing (today's Kaifeng)，the capital of the Song Dynasty.The theme focuses on the celebration of Ching,Ming Festival (Qingming Festival)．The entire piece is painted in hand scroll format and the content reveals the lifestyle of people from all classes (including the poor and the rich) as well as different economic activities in rural areas and the city.It offers a glimpse of the costumes and architecture during the period.As an artistic creation，the piece has been well preserved even over centuries，court artists of subsequent dynasties have reproduced several versions.,【名師點津】 1．這篇書面表達比較全面地概述了《清明上河圖》的基本情況，作者充分把握住了這種文體的寫作特點。 2．本文主次分明，重點突出，運用了一些復(fù)雜句式結(jié)構(gòu)和高級詞匯。最后作者的評價使文章增色不少。 3．亮點句式： ①Along the River during Ching Ming Festival，known in Chinese as Qing Ming Shang He Tu，is a masterpiece painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Song Dynasty. ②The entire piece is painted in hand scroll format and the content reveals the lifestyle of people from all classes (including the poor and the rich) as well as different economic activities in rural areas and the city.,【寫作模板】 ________(介紹的作品)，known as________(作品的名稱)，is a masterpiece painted by ________(作者及朝代)． The painting portrays ________(作品概述)．The theme focuses on________(主題)．The entire piece is painted________(作品細節(jié)一) and the content reveals________(作品細節(jié)二) as well as________(作品細節(jié)三)．It offers a glimpse of the costumes and architecture during the period.As an artistic creation，the piece has been well preserved________(評價)．,引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句 在主句中常有the same，so或such與as相呼應(yīng)，(the same.as；the same as; such.as.；so.as) as在定語從句中可作主語、賓語、主語補足語等。as引出的定語從句帶有比較意義，從句常常只寫出比較部分，但as本身不可省略。例如： He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented.,as作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,一、,Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests. Don't do such things as you are not sure about. There is no such place as you dream of in all this world. 比較： (1)Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.(定語從句) It is so big a stone that no one can lift it.(結(jié)果狀語從句) (2) He is such a person as everybody likes. He is such a person that everybody likes him.,(3) This is so touching a story as I have read three times.This is so touching a story that I have read it three times. 注意：在the same.后也可用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但含義有所不同。that引出的從句，指的是與先行詞同一的事物，而as引導(dǎo)的從句指的是與先行詞同類的事物。例如： This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. I live in the same house that he used to live in. I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句 指主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容。常譯為 “正如……” “就像……” 等，定語從句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后。as后常接expect，know，report，expect，point out, say，see等動詞的主、被動語態(tài)。 As we all know，smoking is harmful to one's health.(as 作賓語) ＝As is known to all，smoking is harmful to one's health.(as 作主語) ＝It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health.(主語從句),二、,或：Smoking is harmful to one's health ，as we all know.(as 作賓語) 或： Smoking，as we all know，is harmful to one' health. He was a foreigner，as I knew from his accent.(賓語，先行詞是前面整個句子) As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month. He wasn't unconscious，as could be judged from his eyes. 注意：as，which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別： (1)都可以代整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。 (2)as從句可放在句首，而which從句不能。,(3)as代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；如果為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。例如： It rained hard yesterday，which prevented me from going to the park.,