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2019-2020年高考英語大題精做01閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題含解析新人教版 【題型突破】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生對閱讀材料中的某一具體事實和細(xì)節(jié)進行理解。有些問題考生可以直接從文中找到明確的答案，但有些則需要我們在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將有關(guān)信息進行處理，如計算、排序、判斷、比較等。近年全國及各省、市高考閱讀理解中，對細(xì)節(jié)理解類題型的考查依然占了較大的比例。特別是應(yīng)用文、說明文和記敘文中，更是側(cè)重于對細(xì)節(jié)理解的考查。 一、命題方式細(xì)節(jié)理解題常見的出題方式有以下幾種： 　　1.以when， where， what， which， who， how much， how many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題; 　　2.是非判斷題，題干中常有TRUE， NOT true或EXCEPT等; 　　3.以According to …… 開頭的提問方式; 　　4.以填空題的形式出現(xiàn)的題干，高考題中出現(xiàn)的此類題目有： 　　1) Certain animals change their choice of food when _______. 　　2) Daylight Saving Time was introduced in Tasmania _______. 　　3) The writer thought Amery ―a fair game‖ because the boy _______. 　　4) Mr. Dunlop established his business _______. 二、解題指導(dǎo) 　1. 應(yīng)用文中的細(xì)節(jié)理解應(yīng)用文，特別是廣告，是閱讀理解題中常見的一種體裁。廣告簡潔明快，語言精練，篇幅小、信息多。廣告閱讀題多為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。做這類閱讀題的技巧是：先讀題目，帶著問題有針對性地閱讀相關(guān)部分快速尋找有效信息。一般情況下，只要細(xì)心都會找到正確答案。 　2. 說明文中的細(xì)節(jié)理解與應(yīng)用文一樣，說明文中的閱讀理解也偏重考查細(xì)節(jié)，我們也可以采用先看題，然后帶著問題在材料中尋找對應(yīng)信息的辦法答題。 　3. 記敘文中的細(xì)節(jié)理解故事、人物描寫等記敘文體是閱讀理解的考查重點之一。做這類題一般也可采用―尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對相關(guān)詞語或句子進行分析對比，獲取準(zhǔn)確信息，找出正確答案。 　4. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題中的代詞指代題代詞指代題要求考生根據(jù)上、下文推測代詞的指代意義類題一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜的情況下使用，所以理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在。 三、方法小結(jié)：高考要求考生在規(guī)定的時間里處理大量的閱讀材料，因此，掌握答題技巧，提高閱讀速度就顯得尤為重要。一般來說，解答細(xì)節(jié)理解題時都可采用―尋讀法。也就是說，考生不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而常?？刹扇〃D帶著問題找答案的方法，先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語。然后以此為線索，快速地捕捉和理解事實或細(xì)節(jié)，恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用略讀、查讀等技巧，在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句，仔細(xì)品味，對照比較，確定答案。 規(guī)律方法1： 如何解決事實細(xì)節(jié)題？ 做事實細(xì)節(jié)題最基本也最常用的方法是題干定位法。一般在原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，然后進行比較和分析，便可確定答案。此類題通常用一些疑問詞來提問，或是判斷正誤。 規(guī)律方法2：如何解決細(xì)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)換與是非判斷題? 細(xì)節(jié)理解題也叫間接理解題，包括語意轉(zhuǎn)換題、圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題和是非判斷題。 1. 語意轉(zhuǎn)換題，需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進行語意上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表述上的差異。解答這類題目時可帶著問題，有針對性地掃讀全文，迅速鎖定相關(guān)語句，再對相關(guān)部分進行分析對比，找出答案。 2. 圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題，在閱讀理解題中，有的圖表、圖畫出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解題的正文中。在解答這類題時，可采用＂文字鎖定法＂，找出描述圖形中的句段，采用按圖尋找答案的方法，按圖索驥，圖文互相參照、互相驗證，便可確定正確答案。 3. 是非判斷題，采用對號入座法和排除法。對號入座法就是根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞返回原文，找出相關(guān)內(nèi)容，從中找出答案。正確答案與原文表述可能有出入，但意思一樣，萬變不離其宗。排除法，針對是非判斷題中的＂三錯一對＂或＂三對一錯＂類試題，要求仔細(xì)閱讀文章，比較選項與原文的異同，然后做出正確判斷。 規(guī)律方法3：如何解決數(shù)字計算題？ 先理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過對比、分析、計算等就能夠得出正確的答案。 1. 仔細(xì)閱讀文字說明部分，準(zhǔn)確把握圖表信息。 2. 仔細(xì)分析題干，抓牢關(guān)鍵詞。 3. 運用數(shù)學(xué)公式計算，注意巧算。 規(guī)律方法4：如何解決細(xì)節(jié)排序題？ 做此類題目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一個事件和最后一個事件，這樣可以迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而迅速找到答案。閱讀理解的文章如果是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發(fā)生的時間為線索；如果是說明文，排序題通常以說明的先后順序為線索；如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序為線索。從近幾年高考試題來看，這類試題主要出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說明文中。 Passage1（xx·全國新課標(biāo)I，A） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 應(yīng)用文 Pacific Science Center 231 ★★☆☆☆ 5分鐘 Pacific Science Center Guide ◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome. ◆Hungry? Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body? Our café offers a plete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour Pacific Science Center closes. ◆Rental Information Lockers are available to store any belongs during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required. ◆Support Pacific Science Center Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(熱情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and munity events all over Washington State. It’s an amazing acplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center. 21. Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center? A. In Building 1. B. In Building 3. C. At the Laser Dome. D. At the Denny Way entrance. 22. What does Pacific Science Center do for schools? A. Train science teachers. B. Distribute science books. C. Inspire scientific research. D. Take science to the classroom. 23. What is the purpose of the last part of the text? A. To encourage donations. B. To advertise ing events. C. To introduce special exhibits. D. To tell about the Center’s history. 【文章大意】本文主要從購物點、就餐點、租借服務(wù)三方面介紹了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center為人們做的貢獻，呼吁人們的支持。 Passage2（xx·全國新課標(biāo)II，A） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 應(yīng)用文 友愛 273 ★★☆☆☆ 6分鐘 In the ing months, we are bringing together artists from all over the globe, to enjoy speaking Shakespeare’s plays in their own language, in our globe, within the architecture Shakespeare wrote for. please e and join us. National Theatre Of China Beijing|Chinese This great occasion(盛會) will be the national Theatre of China’s first visit to the UK. The pany’s productions show the new face of 21st century Chinese theatre. This production of Shakespeare’s Richard III will be directed by the National’s Associate Director, Wang Xiaoying. Date &Time: Saturday 28 April,2.30pm&Sunday 29 April,1.30pm&6.30pm Marjanishvili Theatre Tbilisi |Georgian One of the most famous theatres in Georgia, the Marjanishvili, founded in 1928,appears regularly at theatre festivals all over the world. This new production of As You Like It is helmed（指導(dǎo)）by the pany’s Artistic Director Levan Tsuladze. Date & Time : Friday 18May,2.30pm&Saturday 19May,7.30pm Deafinitely Theatre London | British Sign Language （BSL） By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s edy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience. Date&Time: Tueaday 22 May,2.30pm&Wednesday 23 May,7.30pm Habima National Theatre Tel Aviv| Hebrew The Habima is the centre of Hebrew-language theatre worldwide, Founded in Moscow after the 1905 revolution, the pany eventually settled in Tel Aviv in the late 1920s,Since 1958,they have been recognized as the national theatre of Israel. This production of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice marks their first visit to the UK. Date &Time: Monday 28May,7.30&Tuesday 29 May,7.30pm 21.which play will be performed by the National Theatre of China? A. Richard Ⅲ. B. Lover’s Labour’s Lost. C.As You Like It. D. The merchant of Venice. 22.What is special about Deafinnitely Theatre? A. It has two groups of actors. B. It is the leading theatre in London. C. It performs plays in BSL. D. It is good at producing edies. 23.When can you see a play in Hebrew? A. On Saturday 28Apil. B. On Sunday 29 April. C. On Tuesday 22 May. D. On Tuesday 29 May. 【文章大意】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。主要介紹了莎士比亞的戲劇被翻譯成幾個國家的語言，并將在這些國家的大劇院上映的有關(guān)情況。 Passage3（xx·全國新課標(biāo)I，C ） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 記敘文 莎士比亞的戲劇被翻譯成幾個國家的語言，并將在這些國家的大劇院上映 258 ★★☆☆☆ 5分鐘 I am peter Hodes ,a volunteer stem courier. Since March xx, I’ve done 89 trips of those , 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細(xì)胞）in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last, in all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time. I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: ＂Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you-there are no fights from Washington.＂ So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said: ＂In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.＂ She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for mere-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. For this courier job, you’re consciously aware than that box you’re got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life. 29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word ＂courier＂ in Paragraph17 A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor 30. Why?does?Peter?have?to?plete?his?trip?within?42hours? A.?He?cannot?stay?away?from?his?job?too?long. B.?The?donor?can?only?wait?for?that?long. C.?The?operation?needs?that?very?much. D.?The?ice?won’t?last?any?longer. 31.Which?flight?did?the?woman?put?Peter?on?first? A.?To?London???????? B.?To?Newark C.?To?Providence????? D.?To?Washington 【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文，主要介紹了作者在一次運送造血干細(xì)胞途中的一段經(jīng)歷，表現(xiàn)了人們之間的友愛。 29.B 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容 I’ve done 89 trips和I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box以及第二段內(nèi)容可知作者是運送干細(xì)胞的人，也就是delivery man。故選B 。 【技巧點撥】詞義猜測題的答題技巧：1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進行猜測；2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進行猜測；3.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等)進行猜測；4.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行猜測。在本文中要根據(jù)上下文對作者工作的描寫來推測出正確的詞義。 Passage4（xx·天津，B） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 記敘文 父與子 405 ★★★☆☆ 9分鐘 Every man wants his son to be somewhat of a clone, not in features but in footsteps. As he grows you also age, and your ambitions bee more unachievable. You begin to realize that your boy, in your footsteps, could probably acplish what you hoped for. But footsteps can be muddied and they can go off in different directions. My son Jody has hated school since day one in kindergarten. Science projects waited until the last moment. Book reports weren’t written until the final threat. I’ve been a newspaperman all my adult life. My daughter is a university graduate working toward her master’s degree in English. But Jody? When he entered the tenth grade he became a ＂vo-tech＂ student(技校學(xué)生). They’re called ＂motorheads＂ by the rest of the student body. When a secretary in my office first called him ＂motorhead＂, I was shocked. ＂Hey, he’s a good kid,＂ I wanted to say. ＂And smart, really.＂ I learned later that motorheads are, indeed, different. They usually have dirty hands and wear dirty work clothes. And they don’t often make school honor rolls(光榮榜). But being the parent of a motorhead is itself an experience in education. We who labor in clean shirts in offices don’t have the abilities that motorheads have. I began to learn this when I had my car crashed. The cost to repair it was estimated at $800. ＂Hey, I can fix it,＂ said Jody. I doubted it , but let him go ahead, for I had nothing to lose. My son ,with other motorheads, fixed the car. They got parts(零件）from ajunkyard, non-toasting toaster have been fixed. Neighbours and co-workers trust their car repair to him. Since that first repair job, a broken air-conditioner, a non-functioning washer and a non-toasting toaster have been fixed. Neighbors and co-workers trust their car repairs to him. These kids are happiest when doing repairs. They joke and laugh and are living in their own relaxed world. And their minds are bright despite their dirty hands and clothes. I have learned a lot from my motorhead: publishers need printers, engineers need mechanics, and architects need builders. Most important, I have learned that fathers don’t need clones in footsteps or anywhere else. My son may never make the school honor roll. But he made mine. 41. What used to be the author’s hope for his son? A. To avoid being his clone. B. To resemble him in appearance. C. To develop in a different direction. D. To reach the author’s unachieved goals. 42. What can we learn about the author’s children? A. His daughter does better in school. B. His daughter has got a master’s degree. C. His son tried hard to finish homework. D. His son couldn’t write his book reports. 43. The author let his son repair the car because he believed that_______. A. His son had the ability to fix it. B. it would save him much time. C. it wouldn’t cause him any more loss D. other motorheads would e to help. 44. In the author’s eyes, motorheads are _______. A. tidy and hardworking B. cheerful and smart C. lazy but bright D. relaxed but rude 45. What did the author realize in the end? A. It is unwise to expect your child to follow your path. B. It is important for one to make the honor roll. C. Architects play a more important role than builders. D. Motorheads have greater ability than office workers. 【文章大意】這是一篇記敘文。作者一開始希望自己的兒子能效仿他，完成他沒有實現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。但是他的兒子學(xué)習(xí)成績不理想，只上了技校。一次作者的車壞了，兒子和同學(xué)幫助作者修好了車，讓作者改變了自己的看法。 41.D 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。 根據(jù)第一段的句子You begin to realize that your boy, in your footsteps, could probably acplish what you hoped for.可知，作者希望兒子完成他沒有實現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。故選D。 42.A 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段的句子My daughter is a university graduate working toward her master’s degree in English.可知，作者的女兒學(xué)習(xí)很好。故選A。 考查推理判斷。 43.C 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第六段的句子I doubted it, but let him go ahead, for I had nothing to lose可知，作者認(rèn)為兒子修車不會給他帶來任何損失。故選C。 模擬精做 Passage1（xx屆山西運城市高三模擬考試） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 正確率 應(yīng)用文 一次旅行的詳細(xì)安排 268 ★★☆☆☆ One Day Fly-Fly Rock Art Tour Operator: Adventure North Australia Destination: Cooktown Departing: Cairns Prices(AUD): Adults: $ 549.00 Child: $ 390.00 Family(2 adults and 2 children): $ 1,669.00 Tour Description A truly unique experience, voted as one of Australia’s Must-Do-Experiences. Treat yourself to an amazing day out with Aboriginal Elder Willie Gordon. Depart Cairns Domestic Airport for the Skytrain Flight to Cooktown. Flight departs Cairns at 6:45 a.m. Enjoy a 45-minute flight with wonderful views from Cairns to Cooktown as you fly along the coast between the World Heritage rainforest and the Great Barrier Reef. On arrival in Cooktown you’ll be met by Willie Gordon, the traditional storyteller of the Nugal-warra trible. Willie Gordon takes guests to his ancestral rock art sites, set high in the hills above Hope Vale, outside Cooktown. Here he shares the stories behind the art. He’ll explain how the paintings speak of the most basic and important quality of life and the knowledge of his people. The tour takes you through an impressive view of six rock art sites, including an ancestral Birth Cave and the Reconciliation Cave. It includes a 30-minute bush walk on generally easy terrian(地形). (PS: Covered closed-on shoes must be worn.) Return to Cooktown at 1:15 p.m. where Willie will take you to the Nature Power House Museum, Cooktown’s Visitor Information Centre. Lunch is included at the Verhandah Cafe. The rest of the afternoon is free to explore historical Cooktown before your transfer to Cooktown airport and return flight to Cairns. Flight arrives at Cairns Domestic Airport at 6:40 p.m. Own arrangements on arrival in Cairns. 1.Tourists will go to_________ after viewing the rock art. A. the World Heritage Rain-forest B. the Great Barrier Reef C. the Nature Power House Museum D. the Reconciliation Cave 2. From the passage, we know that Willie Gordon______. A. acts as the guide of the tour. B. is the owner of the Verhandah Cafe. C. works in the Nature Power House Museum. D. is the manager of Adventure North Australia. 3. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the text? A. Tourists arrive in Cooktown by air B. The whole tour lasts about twelve hours. C. Tourists can visit historical Cooktown free of charge in the afternoon. D.A couple taking the tour with their three children will pay at least $2,059. 4. The tour is designed to let the tourists__________. A. learn about the custom B. involve themselves in rock music C. experience the local lifestyle D. enjoy the ancient art 【語篇解讀】文章講述了一次旅行的詳細(xì)安排。 Passage 2(xx屆河南豫南九校高三下期質(zhì)量考評) 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 正確率 應(yīng)用文 狗什么時候第一次成為＂人類最好的朋友＂和＂世界上最喜愛的寵物 334 ★★★☆☆ Have you ever wondered when dogs first became ＂man’s best friend＂ and the world’s favourite pet? If you have then you’re not alone. When and where dogs first began living side-side with humans are questions that have stirred hot debate among scientists. There are a few hard facts that all agree on. These include that dogs were once wolves and they were the first animal to be domesticated(馴養(yǎng)) by humans. They came into lives some 15000 years ago, before the dawn of agriculture. Beyond that, there is little agreement. The earliest bones found that are unquestionable dogs and not wolves date from 14,000 years ago. However, 30,000-year-old skulls have been discovered in France and Belgium that are not pure wolf and some scientists think could be dogs. With such puzzling evidence, many scientists are now turning to DNA to find out when and where dogs were first domesticated. In one research project, tens of thousands of blood samples have been taken from street dogs around the world. The plan is to pare them with those of wolves. It’s even possible to analyse DNA from ancient bones. Tiny pieces of the 30,000-year-old skulls mentioned earlier are currently being studied, and another DNA study has already shown that ancient dogs preserved in the Alaskan ice-fields evolved from Asian wolves, not American ones. Indeed, the ancient DNA may turn out to be more informative than the DNA of living dogs. Because dogs have acpanied humans around the world for thousands of years, their current distribution may tell us very little of their origins. This is why different groups of scientists believe that dogs variously originated in eastern Asia, Mongolia, Siberia, Europe or Africa. But why were the animals domesticated in the first place? The most recent theory is that dogs domesticated themselves, initially living in and around our ancient villages to eat any food thrown out. Today, this is a way of life still shared by three -quarters of a billion unowned dogs worldwide. 1. Which is the only statement generally agreed on by scientists studying dogs? A. They originally were used as farm animal B. They evolved from wolves found in Europe C. They helped the development of agriculture D. They were the first animal to be kept as pets 2. Why does the writer first mention the 30,000-year-old animals skulls? A. To show that dogs were much larger in the past B. To prove that dogs developed from Asian wolves C. To suggest that dogs may have evolved much earlier D. To argue that dogs were first kept in France and Belgium 3. How did scientists determine the origins of the ancient dogs found in Alaska? A. By examine the animals’ DNA B. By analyzing the age of their bones C. By studying the shape of their skulls D. By paring them with modern dogs 4. Why did dogs start living with humans? A. Because they were attracted by food B. Because they were trapped by humans C. Because they couldn’t survive in the wild D. Because they were trained to protect villages 2.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通過題目中出現(xiàn)的＂30,000-year-old animals skulls＂定位到第二段＂However, 30,000-year-old skulls have been discovered in France and Belgium that are not pure wolf and some scientists think could be dogs.＂可知狗出現(xiàn)的時間最早可追溯到30,000年前，而不是14,000之前。故選C。 3.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通過題目中關(guān)鍵詞Alaska 定位文中第三段最后一句話＂another DNA study has already shown that ancient dogs preserved in the Alaskan ice-fields evolved from Asian wolves＂可知是用DNA檢測的，故選A。 4.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段＂The most recent theory is that dogs domesticated themselves, initially living in and around our ancient villages to eat any food thrown out＂可知，狗的自我馴養(yǎng)是因為被村民扔出的食物所吸引。故選A。 Passage 3（xx屆江西省上高二中高三考） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 正確率 說明文 Jake Beckman呼吁出版商應(yīng)對讀者負(fù)責(zé) 361 ★★★☆☆ The Internet is full of headlines that grab your attention with buzzwords (流行詞). But often when we click through, we find the content hardly delivers and it wastes our time. We close the page, feeling we’ve been cheated. These types of headlines are called ＂click bait＂. A headline on Businesslnsider reads: ＂This phrase will make you seem more polite＂. First, when you click through, you find another headline: ＂Four words to seem more polite.＂ Then, on reading the article, you find it’s actually an essay about sympathy. And what are the four words? They’re ＂Wow, that sounds hard.＂ On some video websites, you might encounter headlines such as ＂Here’s what happens