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編號(hào)
無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
相關(guān)資料
題目： 定量給料機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923153
學(xué)生姓名： 盛陽(yáng)陽(yáng)
指導(dǎo)教師： 黃敏 （職稱：副教授 ）
2013年5月25日
目 錄
一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告
二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文
三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”
四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表
無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
開(kāi)題報(bào)告
題目： 定量給料機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)
學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923153
學(xué)生姓名： 盛陽(yáng)陽(yáng)
指導(dǎo)教師： 黃敏 （職稱：副教授 ）
2012年11月25日
課題來(lái)源
自擬題目
科學(xué)依據(jù)
（1）課題科學(xué)意義
隨著工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的迅速發(fā)展，導(dǎo)致了定量給料機(jī)的需求量日益增大。定量給料設(shè)備已廣泛應(yīng)用于冶金、建材、電力、化工、食品等各種行業(yè)中。比如藥物的生產(chǎn)，機(jī)械澆鑄生產(chǎn)。定量給料機(jī)是對(duì)散狀物料進(jìn)行連續(xù)稱量給料的理想設(shè)備，是集輸送、稱重計(jì)量和定量控制為一體的高科技產(chǎn)品，是根據(jù)我國(guó)現(xiàn)有工藝工況改進(jìn)后的新一代產(chǎn)品，它以技術(shù)先進(jìn)、穩(wěn)定可靠、性價(jià)比高、經(jīng)久耐用而著稱。能適應(yīng)各種生產(chǎn)環(huán)境，對(duì)各種塊、粒狀物料（如石灰石、鐵粉、粘土）和粉狀物料（如粉煤灰、水泥）等進(jìn)行連續(xù)給料、計(jì)量，為各種工業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的生產(chǎn)控制、管理提供準(zhǔn)確的計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)。配有RS485上位機(jī)通訊接口，可與中央控制機(jī)組成DCS系統(tǒng)。定量給料機(jī)的出現(xiàn)解放了人工勞動(dòng)力，使給料更加智能化，更加精確。促進(jìn)了工業(yè)的發(fā)展。
（2） 定量給料機(jī)的研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景
在的日常生活中，已經(jīng)很少見(jiàn)到純單體的物質(zhì)了，復(fù)合材料在工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、日常生活中起著越來(lái)越重要的作用。如常見(jiàn)的家電、汽車(chē)、飛機(jī)制造過(guò)程中用的塑料，是由 PP 或 PE 等原材料以一定的配方和工藝制成的；食品中的巧克力、高檔餅干等等是由多種食品按照一定的配比，經(jīng)過(guò)一定的工藝制成的；醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域中的多種中西藥都是由多種藥材按照一定的配比，制造成特殊功效的藥品；日用品中用的洗發(fā)液，洗衣粉/劑，滅蟲(chóng)劑等等均為配方產(chǎn)品。
研究?jī)?nèi)容
① 熟悉定量給料機(jī)的發(fā)展歷程，使用領(lǐng)域；
② 熟練掌握定量給料機(jī)的基本工作原理；
③ 熟練掌握并且完成系統(tǒng)的硬件選型、接口電路設(shè)計(jì)；
④ 掌握并完成控制軟件設(shè)計(jì)；
擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析
實(shí)驗(yàn)方案:
通過(guò)參閱借來(lái)的參考資料，網(wǎng)上的介紹以及對(duì)定量給料機(jī)進(jìn)行實(shí)體觀察，了解定量給料機(jī)的工作原理。提出任務(wù)分析對(duì)控制系統(tǒng)需求確定任務(wù)要求，完成設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)。選定最優(yōu)方案該階段目標(biāo)為提出原理性的設(shè)計(jì)方案。技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)階段明確系統(tǒng)控制要求完成硬件選型、接口電路設(shè)計(jì)，控制軟件設(shè)計(jì),并畫(huà)出電氣圖、寫(xiě)出使用說(shuō)明書(shū)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)明細(xì)表、其他技術(shù)文件等。實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)通過(guò)自行設(shè)計(jì)控制系統(tǒng)，從而達(dá)到預(yù)期的控制。
研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果
研究計(jì)劃：
2012年11月12日-2013年12月2日：按照任務(wù)書(shū)要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，填寫(xiě)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告書(shū)；完成一篇英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯；
2012年12月3日-2013年2月17日： 進(jìn)行專業(yè)實(shí)訓(xùn)，填寫(xiě)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)實(shí)訓(xùn)報(bào)告；
2013年2月18日-3月9日： 進(jìn)行需求分析和可行性分析。構(gòu)建論文框架完成第一章節(jié)緒論部分,按格式要求確定參考文獻(xiàn)和四篇英文文獻(xiàn)；
2013年3月10日： 將在此之前做的所有的相關(guān)資料交給導(dǎo)師檢查，填寫(xiě)中期進(jìn)表；
2013年3月10日- 3月20日： 對(duì)定量給料機(jī)機(jī)械部分做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)、描述；
2013年3月21日- 4月9日： 對(duì)控制系統(tǒng)做初步的設(shè)計(jì)、介紹，選擇好系統(tǒng)的硬件選型，接口電路；
2013年4月10日- 4月24日： 完成系統(tǒng)全部設(shè)計(jì)，并提供一份控制軟件；
2013年4月24日-5月5日： 進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)，撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文和相關(guān)資料。
2013年5月6日-5月20日：完善畢業(yè)論文以及相關(guān)資料，為答辯做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。
預(yù)期成果：
照計(jì)劃安排進(jìn)行本設(shè)計(jì)，對(duì)給料機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)能良好的完成需要的動(dòng)作。完成控制系統(tǒng)總體方案設(shè)計(jì)、控制系統(tǒng)的硬件選型、接口電路設(shè)計(jì)；寫(xiě)出控制軟件1套。完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)的撰寫(xiě)，并翻譯外文資料1篇。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
① 主題明確，有針對(duì)性,穩(wěn)定, 易操作, 通用性強(qiáng)。
② 使用簡(jiǎn)易，功能完善。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問(wèn)題
① 實(shí)驗(yàn)方案思路已經(jīng)非常明確，已經(jīng)確定總目標(biāo)，策略。
② 給料機(jī)控制部分的設(shè)計(jì)，plc電氣方面的硬件選擇，所需軟件。
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見(jiàn)
教研室主任簽名：
年 月 日
系意見(jiàn)
主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名：
年 月 日
英文原文
Plc control system design elements
Submitted: ---; Accepted: March 27, 2002; Published: September 25, 2002
Pavan K. Heda 1 , Kapiamba Muteba 2 and Larry L. Augsburger 2
1 Personal Products Company, Division of McNeil-PPC, Skillman, NJ 08558
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
ABSTRACT
Originally, the PLC was represented by the acronym PC. There was some confusion with using this acronym as it is commonly accepted to represent personal computer. Therefore, PLC is now commonly accepted to mean programmable logic contoller.
A PLC is a user-friendly, microprocessor-based specialized computer that carries out control functions of many types and leves of complexity. Its purpose is to monitor crucial process parameters and adjust process operations accordingly. It can be programmed, controlled, and operated by a person unskilled in operating computer. Essentially, a PLC’s operator draws the lines and devices of ladder diagrams with a keyboard onto a display screen. The resulting drawing is converted into computer machine language and run as a user program[1].
The computer takes the place of much of the external wiring required for control of a process. The PLC will operate any system that has output devices that go on and off (known as discrete, or digital, outputs). It can also operate any system with variable (analog) outputs. The PLC can be operated on the input side by on-off devices (discrete, or digital) or by variable (analog) input devices.
KEYWORDS: PLC, programmable logic contoller.
In the automated control domain, PLC is one kind of important control device. At present, in the world has more than 200 factories to produce more than 300 varieties PLC product, applies in the automobile (23%), the grain processing (16.4%), chemistry/drugs manufacture (14.6%), the metal/mine (11.5%), the paper pulp/papermaking (11.3%) and so on the profession. In order to make fellow beginners conveniently to understand PLC, this article to the PLC development, the basic structure, the disposition, using and so on the elementary knowledge makes a synopsis.
First, PLC development course
In the industrial production process, the massive switches quantity sequential control, it carries on the smooth movement according to the logical condition, and defers to the logical relations to carry on the chain-like protection movement the control, and massive data acquisition. In the tradition, these functions are realize through air operated or the electricity control system. In 1968 American GM (general automobile) the company proposed the substitution continues the electricity control device the request, the second year, the American numeral company developed based on the integrated circuit and the electronic technology control device, used sequenced the method to apply for the first time to the electrical control, this was the first generation of programmable foreword controller, called Programmable Controller (PC)[2].
After the personal computer (is called PC) to develop, in order to be convenient, also in order to reflect the programmable controller the function characteristic, the programmable foreword controller chooses a name is Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), now, still frequently was called PLC PC.
The PLC definition has many kinds. The international electrician committee (IEC) to PLC the definition is: The programmable controller is one kind of digital operation operation electronic system, specially for applies under the industry environment designs[3]. It uses the programmable foreword the memory, uses for to carry out the logic operation, the sequential control in its internal storage, fixed time, counts with operation the and so on arithmetic operation instruction, and through digital, the simulation input and the output, controls each kind of type the machinery or the production process. The programmable foreword controller and its the related equipment, all should according to easy form a whole with the industry control system, is easy to expand its function the principle design.
On the century 80's to the 90's intermediate stages, are PLC develop the quickest time, the yearly rate continuously maintenance are 30-40%. In this time, PLC in the processing simulation quantity ability, the digital operation ability, the man-machine connection ability and the networking capability obtains the large scale enhancement, PLC gradually enters the process control domain, substituted in certain applications has been at the dominant position in the process control domain the DCS system.
PLC has the versatility strongly, the easy to operate, the adaption surface broad, the reliability high, the antijamming ability strong, the programming is simple and so on the characteristic. PLC in the industrial automation control specially is in the sequential control status, in future which may foresee, is unable to substitute.
Second, PLC constitution
From the structure the minute, PLC divides into the stationary type and the combined type (module type) two kinds. Stationary PLC including the CPU board, the I/O board, demonstrated the kneading board, the memory block, the power source and so on, these element groups synthesize a not dismantable whole. Module type PLC including the CPU module, the I/O module, the memory, the power source module, the ledger wall or the rack, these modules may defer to the certain rule combination disposition. Second, PLC constitution[4].
Third, CPU constitution
CPU is the PLC core, plays nerve center's role, every time wraps PLC at least to have CPU, it function receive and storage user program and data which entrusts with according to the PLC system program, with scanning way gathering the condition or the data which sends by the scene input device, and stores the stipulation in the register, simultaneously, diagnoses the power source and in the PLC internal circuit active status and the programming process grammatical error and so on. After enters the movement, reads from the user program memory by the strip takes the instruction, the duty which stipulated according to the instruction produces the corresponding control signal again after the analysis, directs the related control circuit[5].
CPU mainly by the logic unit, the controller, the register and realizes the data, the control and the condition main line constitution which between them relates, the CPU unit also includes the periphery chip, the main line connection and the related electric circuit. The memory mainly uses in the stored routine and the data, is the PLC essential composition unit.
Looked like in the user, nonessential multianalysis CPU internal circuit, but or should have the enough understanding to each part of work mechanism. The CPU controller controls the CPU work, reads by it takes the instruction, the interpretive order and carries out the instruction. But the work rhythm by shakes the signal control. The logic unit uses in to carry on the numeral or the logic operation, works under the controller direction. The register participation operation, coexists stores the operation the intermediate result, it also is works under the controller direction.
The CPU speed and the memory capacity are the PLC important parameter, they are deciding the PLC working speed, the IO quantity and the software capacity and so on, therefore is limiting the control scale.
Fourth, I/O module
PLC and the electrical return route connection, is (I/O) completes through the input output unit. The I/O module integrated the PLC I/O electric circuit, its input temporary storage device reflection input signal condition, output point reflection output latch condition. The load module transforms the electrical signal the digital signal to enter the PLC system, the output module is opposite. I/O divides into the switch quantity input (DI), switch quantity output (DO), simulation quantity input (AI), simulation quantity output (AO) and so on module.
The switch quantity is refers has and closes (or 1 and 0) two kind of conditions signals, the simulation quantity is only a quantity which refers continuously changes. Commonly used I/O classifies as follows:
Switch quantity: Divides equally according to the voltage water, has 220VAC, 110VAC, 24VDC, divides according to the isolation way, has the relay isolation and the transistor isolation.
Simulation quantity: Divides according to the signal type, has the electric current (4-20mA,0-20mA), the voltage (0-10V,0-5V, -10-10V) and so on, divides according to the precision, has 12bit,14bit,16bit and so on.
Besides above general I/O, but also has the special I/O module, like module and so on thermal resistance, thermo-element, pulse.
According to the I/O points determination module specification and the quantity, the I/O module may be many may be few, but its biggest number the basic disposition ability which can manage CPU, namely biggest ledger wall or rack Key slot number limit.
Fifth, power source module
The PLC power source uses in is the PLC various modules integrated circuit provides the work power source. At the same time, some also provides 24V for the input circuit the work power source. The mains input type includes: (What the alternating current supply (220VAC or 110VAC), the direct-current power supply is commonly used is 24VAC).
Sixth, ledger wall or rack
The majority module type PLC use ledger wall or the rack, its function is: On the electricity, realizes during various modules relation, enables CPU to visit on the ledger wall all modules, on the machinery, realizes during various modules connection, enable various modules to constitute a whole.
Seventh, PLC system other equipment
1st, programs the equipment: The programming is the PLC development application, the monitor movement, the inspection maintains the essential component, uses in to program, makes some hypotheses to the system, monitors the system working condition which PLC and PLC controls, but it not directly participates in the scene control movement. Small programming PLC generally has the grasping programming, at present generally (movement programming software) acts as the programming by the computer.
2nd, man-machine contact surface: The simplest man-machine contact surface is the indicating lamp and the button, at present the liquid crystal screen (or touches screen) a formula writing style operator terminal application to be more and more widespread, (movement configuration software) acts as the man-machine contact surface by the computer extremely to popularize.
3rd, input-output device: Uses in permanently the memory user data, like EPROM, EEPROM reading in, bar code microreader, input simulation quantity potentiometer, printer and so on.
Eighth, PLC correspondence networking
Depends upon the advanced industry network technology to be allowed rapidly effectively to collect, the transmission produces and manages the data. Therefore, the network is more and more remarkable in the automated system integration project importance, even some people proposed the "network is the controller" viewpoint view.
PLC has the correspondence networking the function, it causes between PLC and PLC, PLC and on between the position computer and all that intelligent equipment can exchange the information, forms a unified whole, the realization disperser common control. Most PLC has the RS-232 connection, but also has some in sets has supports respective correspondence agreement the connection.
PLC correspondence, but also the realization mutually has not been operational, IEC had stipulated the many kinds of field bus standard, the PLC various factories have the use.
(Specially is center large-scale control system) says regarding an automated project, the choice network count for much. First, the network will have to be open, facilitates the different equipment the integration and the future system scale expansion; Next, in view of the different network level transmission performance requirement, the choice network form, this must in thoroughly understand this network standard the agreement, under the mechanism premise carries on; Once more, the synthesis considered system cost, equipment compatibility, scene environment serviceable and so on concrete question, determined the different level uses network standard.
Today, the big unit growth in the PLC industy is at the low end-where small keeps getting smaller. When a few years ago the micro PLC entered the market, some thougt that these devices had “bottomed out”. Now,nano PLCs-generally defined as those with 16 or fewer I/O-are spreading. Some can fit into your shirt pocket, being no larger than a deck of cards and at the time of this writing, PLC Direct plants to introduce a PLC the size of a box of Tic-Tac candy that will include many features of current micro models.
The first PLC systems evolved from conventional computers in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These first PLCs were installed primarily in automotive plants. Traditionally, The auto plants had to be shut down for up to a month at model changeover time. The early PLCs were used along with other new automation techniques to shorten the changeover time. One of the major time-consuming changeover procedures had been the wiring of new or revised relay and control panels. The PLC keyboard reprogramming procedure replaced the rewiring of a panel full of wires, relays, timers and other components. The new PLCs helped reduce changeover time to a matter of few days.
There was a major problem with these early 1970s computer/PLC reprogramming procedures. The programs were complicated and required a highly trained programmer to make the changes. Through the late 1970s, improvements were made in PLC programs to make them somewhat more user friendly; in 1978, the introduction of the microprocessor chip increased computer power for all kinds of automotion systems and lowered the computing cost. Robotics, automotion devices, and computers of all types, including the PLC, consequently underwent many improvements. PLC programs, written in high-level language, became more understandable to more people, and PLCs became more affordable.
In the 1980s, with more computer power per dollar available, the PLC came into exponentially increasing use. Some large electronics and computer companies and some diverse corporate electronics divisions found that the PLC had become their greatest volume product. The market for PLCs grew from a volume of $80 million in 1978 to $1 billion per year by 1990 and is still growing. Even the machine tool industry, where compute numerical controls (CNCs) have been used in the past, is using PLCs. PLCs are also used extensively in building energy and security control systems. Other nontraditional uses of PLCs, such as in the home and in medical equipment, haved exploded in the 1990s and will increase as we enter the new millennium.
A person knowledgeable in relay logic systems can master the major PLC functions in a few hours, These functions might include coils, contacts, timers and counters. The same is true for a person with a digital logic background. For persons unfamiliar with ladder diagrams or digital principles, howere, the learning process takes more time.
A person knowledgeable in relay logic can master advanced PLC functions in a few days with proper instruction. Company schools and operating manuals are very helpful in mastering these advanced functions. Advanced functions in order of learning might include sequence/drum controller, register bit use, and more functions.
Following are 8 major advantages of using a programmable controller.
①Flexibility. In the past, each different electronically controlled production machine required own controller; 15 machines might require 15 different controllers. Now it is possible to use just one model of a PLC to run any one of the 15 machines.
②Implementing Change and Correcting Errors. With a wired relay-type panel, any program alterations require time for rewriting of panels and devices. When a PLC program circuit or sequence design change is made, the PLC program can be changed from a keyboard sequence in a metter of minutes. No rewiring is required for a PLC-controlled system.
③Large quantities of contacts. The PLC has a large number of contacts for each coil available in its programming.suppose that a panel-wired relay has four contacts and all are in use when a design change requiring three more contacts is made. Time would have to be taken to procure and install a new relay or relay contact block. Using a PLC, howere, only three more contacts would be typed in. the three contact would be automatically available in the PLC. Indeed, a hundred contacts can be used from one relay-if sufficient computer memory is available.
④Lower cost. Increased technology makes it possible to condense more functions into smaller and less expensive packages. Now you can purchase a PLC with numerous relays, timers and counters, a sequencer, and other function for a few hundred dollars.
⑤Pilot Running. A PLC programmed circuit can be evaluated in the office or lab. The program can