茶水杯子的塑料注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)-注射模含8張CAD圖,茶水,杯子,塑料,注塑,模具設(shè)計(jì),注射,cad 中期匯報(bào)表 學(xué)生姓名 XX 專 業(yè) XX 學(xué) 號(hào) XX 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目 茶杯塑件塑料注塑模具設(shè)計(jì) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）前期工作小結(jié) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)到達(dá)中期(時(shí)間從開學(xué)第一周2月27日到第十周4月23日）,我完成了前期的準(zhǔn)備工作和繪制裝備圖和零件圖的工作。 前期準(zhǔn)備工作包括：通過調(diào)研實(shí)習(xí)，在圖書館查閱有關(guān)塑料注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)的資料，完成了開題報(bào)告和外文翻譯；通過對(duì)塑件的工藝性進(jìn)行分析，我選擇了XS-ZY-500型注射機(jī)，并且確定了分型面，型腔的數(shù)目，型腔選擇組合式結(jié)構(gòu)，型芯選擇使用一模兩腔結(jié)構(gòu)，，選擇FCI-3030-A100-B70-C120-L320模架，設(shè)計(jì)了澆注系統(tǒng)，脫模方式和冷卻系統(tǒng)。 一共繪制了8張零件圖，包括5張A3零件圖，1張A2零件圖，1張A1零件圖，1張A0裝配圖。 指導(dǎo)教師意見 該生能夠在規(guī)定的時(shí)間里完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的撰寫、修改等工作，總體基本符合設(shè)計(jì)要求，在查閱資料方面能夠多角度、全方位去查詢；在語言表達(dá)上，設(shè)計(jì)說明書內(nèi)容、語言需要進(jìn)一步錘煉，爭取做到語言簡潔、表達(dá)清晰；在材料組織上，能夠合理引用材料，并就一些具體問題提出了自己的見解。不過，在設(shè)計(jì)說明書格式上還存在一些細(xì)節(jié)問題，希望進(jìn)一步改正。 簽名： 2018 年 4 月 24 日 中期情況檢查表 學(xué)院名稱：機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 檢查日期：2018 年 4 月 26 日 學(xué)生姓名 XX 專 業(yè) XX 指導(dǎo)教師 何紹華 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目 茶杯塑件塑料注塑模具設(shè)計(jì) 工作進(jìn)度情況 該生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)度基本符合于任務(wù)書的進(jìn)度安排，后期需加快進(jìn)度方可完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。 是否符合任務(wù)書要求進(jìn)度 是 能否按期完成任務(wù) 是 工作態(tài)度情況 (態(tài)度、紀(jì)律、出勤、主動(dòng)接受指導(dǎo)等) 該生工作態(tài)度較為端正，基本能遵守學(xué)校的有關(guān)規(guī)章制度，按照指導(dǎo)教師規(guī)定的指導(dǎo)時(shí)間出勤，對(duì)不會(huì)的問題能主動(dòng)地聯(lián)系指導(dǎo)教師進(jìn)行請(qǐng)教，具有查閱文獻(xiàn)獲取知識(shí)的能力，具有一定的分析解決問題的能力，能熟練使用計(jì)算機(jī)軟件，動(dòng)手能力較強(qiáng)。 質(zhì)量 評(píng)價(jià) (針對(duì)已完成的部分) 已完成的總體方案基本可行，計(jì)算基本正確，完成了一定的圖紙工作量。 存在問題和解決辦法 1. 論文內(nèi)容：撰寫剩余部分，并需要進(jìn)一步修改完善； 2. 論文格式：文字、標(biāo)點(diǎn)、圖、表等需要按照學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范進(jìn)行修改； 3. 圖紙：裝配圖、零件圖抓緊時(shí)間完成，尺寸標(biāo)注、技術(shù)要求等需進(jìn)一步完善； 4. 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)需進(jìn)一步提高，繼續(xù)完善畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)為答辯做好準(zhǔn)備。 檢查人簽名 教學(xué)院長簽名 Design of precision angular indexing system for calibration of rotary tables? Mechatronics & Manufacturing Center, Samsung Electronics Co. LTD., Suwon-city, 443-742, Korea Abstract The indexing table was developed for angle measurements on machine tools. The measuring techniques, which have been reviewed in this paper, are currently available in manufacturing engineering to calibrate the angle measurement. The measuring principles of each equipment are outlined and their capabilities are also discussed. The new indexing table using 6 points kinematic concept and employing ball and vee grooves location was designed and manufactured to calibrate angle errors of rotary tables using a laser interferometer. The manufacturing method was evaluated to manufacture the accurate vee grooves. A special cam was designed and manufactured to trans-late rotation movement into lift-up and rotation movement. A CNC machining centre and indexing head were used to manufacture the cam. All parts of the new indexing table were manufactured with a manufacturing tolerance according to drawings, squareness and paral-lelism checked to obey the 6 points kinematic concept. Also these factors controlled the repeatability of the new indexing table. After installing the new indexing table, the performance was evaluated using rotary table operating in both the horizontal and vertical orienta-tions. 1. Introduction Many types of indexing tables appear in industry. These in-dexing tables have recently become an increasing necessity for improving the precision and accuracy of angle measure-ment, and circle dividing in various fields of science and tech-nology. Most indexing tables use a HIRTH coupling, worm and wormwheel, or a grating disc. The manufacturing process together with the requirements for precision is very difficult. Consequently these indexing tables are expensive and usually used for manufacturing purpose of rotating. To calibrate these indexing tables, a polygon and autocolli-mator, or the serrated type indexing table which is usually ±1 second accuracy, are usually used and the calibration accuracy of the polygon and autocollimator is about ±1 second. Many mathematical models have been developed to calibrate rotary tables using polygon and autocollimator . These mathe-matical models usually use a matrix form and calibration takes a long time. Subsequently a calibration method using a laser interfer-ometer was developed by Lin . To accomplish his calibra-tion method, the indexing table requires good repeatability, so an automatic indexing table using a ball and pin was devel-oped [2]. Although this performed very well in a laboratory situation, it was not considered robust enough to reproduce as a commercial design. The problem with this automatic index-ing table is the balls which are located on the circumference of the body could move when the top plate was located, or any force was applied to the top plate. Consequently a new mechanism should be considered for the indexing table. Thus a 6 point contact kinematic design concept of ball and vee groove was used, because the ball and vee groove system can attain 0.1 μm repeatability [3] and has good rigidity. The aim of this research is to consider the design and manu-facturing of an automatic indexing table using this kinematic design concept. 2. Techniques for the calibration of rotary indexing tables All measuring instruments possess finite accuracy. The er-ror which arises from instrument limitations is usually not of a magnitude which could significantly affect the accepted accu-racy of specific measurement. Nevertheless, for assuring the reliability of measurements, it is necessary to determine the operating accuracy of circular dividing instruments by means of a dependable calibration process. Fig. 1. Calibration of rotary table with 1440 indexing table and mirror. Fig. 2. Reading the change of angular optics due to a changing angle. 2.1 Calibration of indexing table by polygon and autocolli-mator For the calibration of an indexing table, the most generally used method is based on the use of a polygon and autocolli-mator. Calibration of the rotary table is readily performed by means of a precision polygon mounted on a table and read by a single fixed autocollimator. Several methods to calibrate a rotary indexing table were developed by N.P.L. [1]. The fixed autocollimator is null on the centre of the first face of polygon. Next the rotary table is rotated through the prescribed angle, corresponding to the increments (number of faces) of the polygon. Angular deviation shown by the auto-collimator is recorded when returning to its original setting face. A correction factor (error of each polygon face from nominal) furnished by the manufacturer is applied to the read-ing to find the actual error of the rotary table at the sectors calibrated or measured. 2.2 Rotary table calibration with serrated tooth type indexing table Fig. 1 shows a 1440 indexing table which has 1440 serrated tooth and 0.1 second accuracy. It is mounted on a rotary table for calibration. A single shield reflecting mirror and autocol-limator, much the same as that employed for self-calibration of the 1440 indexing table are used. The arrangement is typi-cal of that already supplied by the rotary table manufacturers. Errors of the rotary table are read directly on the autocolli-mator, requiring no ‘closing of the circle’, nor use of calibra-tion factors. Errors of the 1440 indexing table in this applica-tion may be considered negligible. The advantages compared to the other method of calibration with the polygon, can be summarized as follows: (1) One self - contained unit is the equivalent of several types of polygons (2) The polygon can only be relied on to 1 or 2 seconds, compared to the 0.1 second accuracy of the 1440 indexing table. Only one mirror is used. The importance of the single mir-ror cannot be over emphasized; a large flat mirror may be perfected for maximum reflectivity. Effort need only be ex-pended to assure that it is absolutely flat without having to consider simultaneously its angular position. The same spot in the mirror is always used, instead of shifting mirror to mirror. 2.3 Calibration of indexing table by laser interferometer and ball type automatic indexing table A researcher [2] developed the laser calibration of the rotary table with an automatic indexing table and a laser interferome-ter. The calibration method usually uses a mathematical model with a matrix and off line system. Also the autocollimator is dependant on air currents therefore the calibration data is reli-able only when the air condition is stable. When the laser in-terferometer is used for calibration, air currents can be com-pensated for by the compensator of the laser interferometer. As this system is used for calibration, the most important thing is that automatic indexing table should give good repeat-ability. To accomplish repeatability the automatic indexing table employs the ball and pin using a kinematic design prin-ciple. The balls are in contact with the circumference of the body and outer ring holding the balls fixed on the circumfer-ence of the body. The pins are fixed in the top disc. The top disc can be moved 6 degrees each step by a camshaft and mo-tor. Also the pins are kinematically located at every target position [2]. This system incorporates an indexing table and laser inter-ferometer with angular optics. As mentioned above with this system the table only needs to be repeatable. The principle of angular measurement using the laser interferometer is shown Fig. 2. The range of angular optics is normally restricted to ±10° but by using the indexing table to repeatedly reset of the angular optics to a nominal zero position, it becomes feasible to undertake a 360° full scale test. The indexing table is driven by a camshaft and motor assembly. This allows indexing by one single step of 6° during angular measurement. The angu-lar optics is mounted on the automatic indexing table under calibration. This reading is accomplished by stepping the table under test forward one step and then indexing backward through the same nominal angular increments. This measuring technique contains two sets of laser readings which are needed to cali-brate errors for both tables. From the Fig. 3 Fig. 3. Mathematic modeling for angle analysis. Fig. 5. Kinematic location of balls in radial vee. Fig. 4. Kinematic couplings. CSin (γ + θ i ) = CSinγ + Ri CSin (γ + β i ) = CSinγ + γ i θi = β i + αi . From the above equations, γ , β i , θ i ,αi are calculated [2]. It is so called a self-calibration technique that requires no pre - calibration of the indexing table. 3. Design of new indexing table 3.1 Concept of kinematic design Kinematic design is widely recognized as one of the fore-most design concepts in precision engineering. Most objects in space have three degrees of translators and three degrees of rotational freedom [6, 7]. Two different philosophies for me-chanical design exist - kinematic and elastic. While being quite different in approach they can be com-bined in a design. In the kinematic design philosophy, the aim is to locate all parts relative to each other, while allowing a degree of freedom as needed, by connecting points together without significant elastic deformation. Fig. 4 shows three examples of kinematic couplings. A simple theorem that allows calculation of the number of points of contact was enunciated by Strong [4]. He defined: “Kinematic design is correct when a body in contact with another has at least 6-n points of contact where n is the number of degrees of freedom existing. If the system has more than 6-n points of contact it has mechanical redundancy” [4]. In Fig. 4(a), three rotations are possible for the ball, whereas in Fig. 4(b) and (c) no freedom of movement is provided. 3.2 Feature of new indexing table As mentioned in previous section, the automatic indexing table which was developed by Lin [2] employs pins and balls. The balls are in contact with the circumference of the body and the outer rings hold the balls fixed on the circumference of the body. The ball is moved by applying high speed rota-tion of camshaft. Consequently the automatic indexing table cannot give good repeatability. 3.2.1 Detailed consideration of new indexing table The basic principle of this new indexing table employs a vee and balls kinematic location system. Each ball is contact with both side of vee surface so each ball has 2 contact points on the vee. Therefore three balls have 6 kinematics contact points. The chosen incremental indexing angle is 5 degree because 5 degree incremental angle is considered to be the smallest increment used for the practical calibration of 360° indexing tables. The detailed specification of this new table is as follows: （1）An incremental angle indexing device which is small and light weight thus does not influence the machine on which it is being used. （2）The size of the device compatible with the angle reflec-tor optics of the laser interferometer. The size of this angle reflector is 40×40×72.6 (mm). （3） The table should be capable of operating in any attitude. (i.e. vertical, horizontal and up-side down) （4）Automatically indexed from a program command on a P.C. （5）Step angle of 5 degrees. （6）Accuracy of step angle of about ±1 second of arc but it is not essential using the calibration technique employed. （7）Repeatability of indexing ±0.2 seconds of arc. （8）Table can be easily manufactured and does not require high precision technique. （9）Low cost. Fig. 6. Mechanism of indexing table. 3.2.2 Mechanism of new indexing table Generally, commercially available indexing tables contain two step operations for indexing (i.e. lift up and rotate), but this new type of indexing table employs one step operation, lifting up and rotating simultaneously by using a camshaft and motor. Fig. 6 shows the mechanism of the indexing table. To hold the top disc on the body and lock the top disc on the vee, the indexing table employs a compression spring be-tween the body and pindisc which is connected to the shaft by screws. A needle bearing is fitted between the spring and pin disc to prevent torsion and minimize friction. The vee and ball type of indexing table is designed to mi-nimize the working space and gives good repeatability be-cause the vee and ball contact with 6 points kinematic concept (i.e. each ball contact with vee surface with 2 contact points). Spur gears are employed to translate motor motion into the camshaft and to increase rotation force (i.e. torque). The indexing table employed a pindisc to transform the ro-tation motion into lift-up and rotation motion of the top disc. The pindisc which is assembled with main shaft and top disc, had 36 equally spaced pins giving a 10 degree incremental angle around the circular disc. Pins are designed to guide, lift-up and rotate during camshaft rotation. The pindisc follows the groove of the camshaft during camshaft rotation. The rota-tion of the camshaft is controlled by an opto-disc which is fixed to the camshaft end. Two slots in the opto-disc trigger an opto-switch when rotation takes place. References [1]D.W.Patterson,Introduction?to?Artificial?Intelligence?and?Expert?Systems,first?ed,Prantice-Hall?India,1997. [2]R.J.Bhatt,M.R.Bhatt,FLDcreationforSS304?usingexperiments&?it'svalidationusing?HyperForm?11.0,in:?Simulation?DrivenInnovation,HTCtechnologyConference,Altair,2012,pp.1-6. [3]M?Ghatrehnaby.B.Arezoo,?A?fully?automated?nesting?andpiloting?system?for?progressive?dies.J.Mater.Process?Technol.?209?(2009)?525-535. [4]T.M.Dale,W.A.Young,R.P.Judd,Arule-basedapproachtopredic?forgingvolume?forcostestimationduringprcs?Int.J.Adv.Manuf.Technol.46(2010)31-41. [5]?K.VeeraBabu,R.Ganesh?Narayanan,G.Saravana?Kumar,An?expert?system?for?predicting?the?deep?drawing?behavior?of?tailor?welded?blanks,Exp.Sys.with?Appli.37(2010)7802-7812. [6]L.L?Jiang.N.Yong.L.H.Tang.H.Yong,Fault?Diagnosis?Expert?system?of?Automobile?Engine?Based?lon?Neural?Networks,Key?Eng.Mater.460?(20?11?)605-6?10. [7]??Mumtaz,I.H.Selvi,F?Findik,0.Torku,I.H.Cedimoglu,An?expert?system?based?material?selection?approach?to?manufacturing.Mater.and?Des.47(2013)?331-340. [8]??M.?Luis,?T.?Trevino,?G.?Indira,?E.?Salazar,?B.G.?Ortiz,R.P.?Alejo,?An?expert?system?for?stting?parameters?in?machining?processes,?Exp.?Sys.withAppli.40(2013)6877-6884. [9]??L.Tudor,A?Moise,Automatic?expert?system?for?fuzzy?controlofrobot?trajectory?in?joint?space,in:?Mechatronics?and?Automation?(ICMA),IE?EE?Intermational?Conference,2013,pp.1057-1062. [10]??Y.Horikoshi,T?Kuboki,M.Murata,K.Matsui,M.Tsubokura,Die?designfor?deep?drawing?with?high-pressured?water?jet?utilizing?computerfluiddynamicssedooquatio?Mater.Process.Technol.218(2015)99-106. [11]S.Kumar,R.Singh,Aninelligentsystemforselettireso?Mater.Process.Technol.164-165(2005)1395-1401. [12]S.Kumar,R.Singh,A?low?cosI?knowledge?base?system?framework?for?progressive?die?design,J.Mater.Process.Technol.153-154?(2004)958-964. [13]?W.F?Hosford,R.M.Caddell,Metalfomiaafivies1 [14]?A.Ghosh,A.K.Malik,Manufacturing?science,second?ed,East?West?Press?Pvt.Ltd.,200 轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)校準(zhǔn)用精密角度分度系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 摘要 分度臺(tái)是為機(jī)床上的角度測(cè)量而開發(fā)的。本文所述的測(cè)量技術(shù)目前在制造工程中可用于校準(zhǔn)角度測(cè)量。概述了每種設(shè)備的測(cè)量原理，并討論了其功能。設(shè)計(jì)并制造了使用6點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)概念和使用球和V形槽位置的新分度臺(tái)，以使用激光干涉儀校準(zhǔn)旋轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的角度誤差。評(píng)估制造方法以制造精確的V形槽。設(shè)計(jì)和制造了一個(gè)特殊的凸輪，以便將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成提升和旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。CNC加工中心和分度頭用于制造凸輪。新的分度臺(tái)的所有部件均按制造公差制造，按照?qǐng)D紙，方形和平行度檢查，以遵守6點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)概念。而且這些因素控制著新分度臺(tái)的可重復(fù)性。在安裝新的分度臺(tái)之后，使用在水平和垂直方向操作的旋轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)來評(píng)估性能。 目錄 1緒論 14 2旋轉(zhuǎn)分度臺(tái)校準(zhǔn)技術(shù) 15 2.1用多邊形和自準(zhǔn)直儀校準(zhǔn)分度臺(tái) 15 2.2鋸齒形分度臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)校準(zhǔn) 15 2.3用激光干涉儀和球型自動(dòng)分度臺(tái)校準(zhǔn)分度臺(tái) 16 3.新的分度臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì) 18 3.1運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的概念 18 3.2新分度臺(tái)的功能 18 3.2.1詳細(xì)考慮新的分度臺(tái) 18 3.2.2新分度臺(tái)的機(jī)制 19 參考文獻(xiàn) 20 1緒論 行業(yè)中出現(xiàn)了許多類型的分度臺(tái)。這些分度臺(tái)最近已成為提高角度測(cè)量的精度和精度以及科學(xué)和技術(shù)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的分界的必要條件。大多數(shù)分度臺(tái)使用HIRTH耦合器，蝸桿和蝸輪，或者光柵盤。制造過程和精度要求是非常困難的。因此這些分度臺(tái)是昂貴的，通常用于制造旋轉(zhuǎn)的目的。 為了校準(zhǔn)這些分度臺(tái)，通常使用多邊形和自準(zhǔn)直儀，或通常使用精度為±1秒的鋸齒形分度臺(tái)，多邊形和自準(zhǔn)直儀的校準(zhǔn)精度約為±1秒。許多數(shù)學(xué)模型已經(jīng)被開發(fā)來使用多邊形和自準(zhǔn)直儀來校準(zhǔn)旋轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)。這些數(shù)學(xué)模型通常使用矩陣形式，校準(zhǔn)需要很長時(shí)間。 隨后，Lin 開發(fā)了一種使用激光干涉儀的校準(zhǔn)方法。為了完成他的校準(zhǔn)方法，分度臺(tái)需要很好的重復(fù)性，所以一個(gè)使用球和針的自動(dòng)分度臺(tái)已經(jīng)開發(fā)出來。雖然這在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中表現(xiàn)得非常好，但它不足以作為商業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)再現(xiàn)。這個(gè)自動(dòng)分度臺(tái)的問題是當(dāng)頂板位于主體圓周上的球可能移動(dòng)，或者任何力施加到頂板。因此，分度臺(tái)應(yīng)該考慮一個(gè)新的機(jī)制。因此采用了球和V形槽的六點(diǎn)接觸運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)理念，因?yàn)榍蚝蚔形槽系統(tǒng)可以達(dá)到0.1μm的可重復(fù)性，并具有良好的剛性。 這項(xiàng)研究的目的是考慮使用這種運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)理念的自動(dòng)分度臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì)和制造。 2旋轉(zhuǎn)分度臺(tái)校準(zhǔn)技術(shù) 所有測(cè)量儀器都具有有限的精度，儀器限制引起的誤差通常不會(huì)顯著影響公認(rèn)的具體測(cè)量精度。盡管如此，為了確保測(cè)量的可靠性，有必要通過可靠的校準(zhǔn)過程來確定圓形分割儀器的操作精度。 圖2-1使用1440分度臺(tái)和反射鏡校準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)盤。 圖2-2讀取角度變化引起的角度變化。 2.1用多邊形和自準(zhǔn)直儀校準(zhǔn)分度臺(tái) 對(duì)于分度臺(tái)的校準(zhǔn)，最常用的方法是基于使用多邊形和自準(zhǔn)直儀。旋轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的校準(zhǔn)通過安裝在桌子上的精密多邊形容易地執(zhí)行，并由單個(gè)固定的自準(zhǔn)直儀讀取。NPL開發(fā)了幾種校準(zhǔn)旋轉(zhuǎn)分度臺(tái)的方法。 固定的自準(zhǔn)直儀在多邊形的第一個(gè)面的中心為零。接下來，旋轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)旋轉(zhuǎn)規(guī)定的角度，對(duì)應(yīng)于多邊形的增量（面數(shù)）。自動(dòng)準(zhǔn)直器顯示的角度偏差在返回到其原始設(shè)置面時(shí)記錄。由制造商提供的校正因子（每個(gè)多邊形面的誤差來自標(biāo)稱）被應(yīng)用于讀取以查找校準(zhǔn)或測(cè)量的扇區(qū)處的旋轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的實(shí)際誤差。 2.2鋸齒形分度臺(tái)轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)校準(zhǔn) 圖2-1顯示了一個(gè)1440分度臺(tái)，其中有1440個(gè)鋸齒，精度為0.1秒。它安裝在旋轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)上進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn)。一個(gè)單一的屏蔽反射鏡和自動(dòng)準(zhǔn)直儀，與1440分度臺(tái)的自校準(zhǔn)使用的相同。這種裝置的典型特點(diǎn)是由轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)制造商提供。 直接在自準(zhǔn)直儀上讀取轉(zhuǎn)盤的誤差，不需要“關(guān)閉圓”，也不需要使用校準(zhǔn)因子。 在這個(gè)應(yīng)用程序中的1440分度臺(tái)的錯(cuò)誤可能被認(rèn)為是微不足道的。 與用多邊形校準(zhǔn)的其他方法相比，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)可總結(jié)如下： (3) 一個(gè)自包含單元相當(dāng)于幾種類型的多邊形。 (4) 多邊形只能依靠1秒或2秒，而1440分度表的精度為0.1秒。 只使用一面鏡子。單反的重要性不能過分強(qiáng)調(diào), 一個(gè)大的平面反射鏡可以完美的最大反射率。只需要付出努力，以確保它絕對(duì)平坦無需同時(shí)考慮它的角度位置?？偸鞘褂苗R子中的相同點(diǎn)，而不是將鏡子移動(dòng)到鏡子。 2.3用激光干涉儀和球型自動(dòng)分度臺(tái)校準(zhǔn)分度臺(tái) 研究人員利用自動(dòng)分度臺(tái)和激光干涉儀開發(fā)了旋轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)的激光校準(zhǔn)。校準(zhǔn)方法通常使用帶有矩陣和離線系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型。自準(zhǔn)直儀也依賴于空氣流量，因此只有在空調(diào)狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定的情況下，校準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)才是可靠的。當(dāng)使用激光干涉儀校準(zhǔn)時(shí)，氣流可以通過激光干涉儀的補(bǔ)償器來補(bǔ)償。 由于該系統(tǒng)用于校準(zhǔn)，最重要的是自動(dòng)分度表應(yīng)該具有良好的重復(fù)性。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)可重復(fù)性，自動(dòng)分度臺(tái)采用運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)原理采用球和銷。球體與球體的外周接觸，外球體將球體固定在球體的圓周上。引腳固定在頂部光盤中。 頂盤可以通過凸輪軸和電機(jī)每步移動(dòng)6度。 此外，這些針腳在運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)上位于每個(gè)目標(biāo)位置。 該系統(tǒng)包含一個(gè)分度臺(tái)和帶角度光學(xué)元件的激光干涉儀。正如上面提到的這個(gè)系統(tǒng)，表格只需要是可重復(fù)的。使用激光干涉儀的角度測(cè)量的原理如圖2所示。角度光學(xué)器件的范圍通常限制在±10°，但是通過使用分度臺(tái)將角度光學(xué)器件重復(fù)復(fù)位到標(biāo)稱零點(diǎn)位置，進(jìn)行360°全面測(cè)試。分度臺(tái)由凸輪軸和電機(jī)組件驅(qū)動(dòng)。 這允許在角度測(cè)量期間通過一個(gè)6°的單個(gè)分度進(jìn)行分度。校準(zhǔn)時(shí)，角度光學(xué)元件安裝在自動(dòng)分度臺(tái)上。 這個(gè)讀數(shù)是通過將被測(cè)表格向前推進(jìn)一步，然后通過相同的標(biāo)稱角度增量向后分度來完成的。 這種測(cè)量技術(shù)包含兩套激光讀數(shù)，這兩種激光讀數(shù)需要校準(zhǔn)兩個(gè)表的誤差。見圖2-3。 圖2-3角度分析的數(shù)學(xué)建模 圖2-4球在徑向三角的運(yùn)動(dòng)位置 圖2-5運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)軸器 CSin（γ+θi）=CSinγ+Ri CSin（γ+βi）=CSinγ+γi θi=βiαi。 從上式可以計(jì)算出γ，βi，θi，αi。 這就是所謂的自校準(zhǔn)技術(shù)，不需要 預(yù)先校準(zhǔn)分度臺(tái)。 3.新的分度臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì) 3.1運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的概念 運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)被廣泛認(rèn)為是精密工程中最前沿的設(shè)計(jì)理念之一。大多數(shù)空間物體都有三個(gè)譯者和三個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)自由度。存在兩種不同的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理念 - 運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和彈性。 雖然在方法上有很大的不同，但可以在設(shè)計(jì)中結(jié)合使用。在運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)理念中，目標(biāo)是通過將點(diǎn)連接在一起，而不會(huì)產(chǎn)生顯著的彈性變形，從而使所有零件相對(duì)于彼此定位，同時(shí)允許一定程度的自由度。圖4顯示了三個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)耦合的例子。 一個(gè)簡單的定理，允許計(jì)算的接觸點(diǎn)的數(shù)量由Strong 闡明。他定義： “當(dāng)一個(gè)身體與另一個(gè)身體接觸時(shí)，運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)是正確的，至少有6-n個(gè)接觸點(diǎn)，其中n是數(shù)字，現(xiàn)有的自由度。如果系統(tǒng)具有超過6-n個(gè)接觸點(diǎn)，則具有機(jī)械冗余。 在圖2-5（a）中，對(duì)于球可以進(jìn)行三次旋轉(zhuǎn)，而在圖2-5（b）和（c）中沒有提供運(yùn)動(dòng)的自由度。 3.2新分度臺(tái)的功能 正如前面提到的那樣，Lin [2]開發(fā)的自動(dòng)分度表使用了針和球。球體與球體的周圍接觸，外球體將球體固定在球體的周圍。通過凸輪軸的高速旋轉(zhuǎn)使球移動(dòng)。因此自動(dòng)分度表不能提供良好的重復(fù)性。 3.2.1詳細(xì)考慮新的分度臺(tái) 這個(gè)新的分度臺(tái)的基本原理采用了一個(gè)VE和球運(yùn)動(dòng)定位系統(tǒng)。每個(gè)球都與V形表面的兩側(cè)接觸，所以每個(gè)球在V形上有兩個(gè)接觸點(diǎn)。 因此三個(gè)球有6個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)接觸點(diǎn)。所選擇的增量分度角是5度，因?yàn)?度增量角被認(rèn)為是用于360°分度表的實(shí)際校準(zhǔn)的最小增量。 這個(gè)新表的詳細(xì)說明如下： (1)增量式角度分度裝置由于體積小而重量輕，因此不會(huì)影響正在使用的機(jī)器。 (2)該設(shè)備的尺寸與激光干涉儀的角反射器光學(xué)元件兼容。這個(gè)角度反射器的大小是40×40×72.6（mm）。 (3)桌子應(yīng)該能夠以任何姿態(tài)進(jìn)行操作。 （即垂直，水平和正面向下） (4)從PC上的程序命令自動(dòng)編入分度 (5)步角5度。 (6)使用所使用的校準(zhǔn)技術(shù)，步進(jìn)角精度約為±1秒。 (7)分度重復(fù)性,0.2秒的電弧。 (8)表可以很容易地制造，不需要高精度的技術(shù)。 (9)低成本。 圖3-1分度臺(tái)的機(jī)制 3.2.2新分度臺(tái)的機(jī)制 一般來說，商業(yè)化的分度臺(tái)包括分度（即抬起和旋轉(zhuǎn)）的兩步操作，但這種新型分度臺(tái)采用一步操作，通過使用凸輪軸和電機(jī)同時(shí)抬起和旋轉(zhuǎn)。圖3-1顯示了分度臺(tái)的機(jī)制。 為了將頂盤固定在主體上并將頂盤鎖定在V形上，分度臺(tái)在主體和小圓柱體之間使用壓縮彈簧，該小彈簧通過螺釘連接到軸。彈簧和銷盤之間裝有一個(gè)滾針軸承，以防止扭轉(zhuǎn)和減少摩擦。 V型和V型球的分度臺(tái)被設(shè)計(jì)成使工作空間最小化并且具有良好的可重復(fù)性，因?yàn)閂型和V型球與6點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)概念（即每個(gè)球與V型接觸點(diǎn)接觸）接觸。采用正齒輪將電機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成凸輪軸并增加旋轉(zhuǎn)力（即扭矩）。 分度臺(tái)采用小圓柱來將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成頂盤的提升和旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。與主軸和頂部圓盤組裝在一起的圓柱體，有36個(gè)等距的銷釘，圓盤周圍有10度的增量角度。凸輪軸旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中，引腳設(shè)計(jì)用于引導(dǎo)，提升和旋轉(zhuǎn)。在凸輪軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過程中，小圓柱跟隨凸輪軸的凹槽。凸輪軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)由固定在凸輪軸端的光盤控制。旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，光盤中的兩個(gè)插槽會(huì)觸發(fā)一個(gè)光電開關(guān)。 參考文獻(xiàn) [ 1 ]Patterson，《人工智能和專家系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)論》，第一版，印度實(shí)習(xí)大廳，1997年。 [ 2 ]巴特Bhatt，fldcreationfor s304使用實(shí)驗(yàn)&它使用超精細(xì)11.0驗(yàn)證，in :模擬驅(qū)動(dòng)創(chuàng)新，HTCtechnologyConference，Altair，2012，第1 - 6頁。 [ 3 ]加特雷希納比先生。是一個(gè)全自動(dòng)的級(jí)進(jìn)模排樣和排樣系統(tǒng)。材料加工技術(shù)。209 ( 2009 ) 525 - 535。 [ 4 ]戴爾先生揚(yáng)賈德，阿魯利為基礎(chǔ)的劑量預(yù)測(cè)方法。宏利科技46 ( 2010 ) 31 - 41。 [ 5 ]維拉布河加納什納拉亞南預(yù)測(cè)拼焊板拉深行為的專家系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)，帶應(yīng)用37 ( 2010 ) 7802 - 7812。 [ 6 ]江。唐永勇，基于lon神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)故障診斷專家系統(tǒng)，重點(diǎn)工程。460 ( 20 11 ) 605 - 6 10。 [ 7 ]蒙塔茲，我塞爾維，芬迪克，0。托爾庫島基于專家系統(tǒng)的材料選擇方法。mater和des . 47 ( 2013 ) 331 - 340。 [ 8 ] [，路易斯，特雷維諾，英迪拉，薩拉扎，奧爾蒂斯，阿雷霍，加工過程參數(shù)測(cè)試專家系統(tǒng)，Exp .第40 ( 2013 ) 6877 - 6884號(hào)。 [ 9 ]Tudor，關(guān)節(jié)空間機(jī)器人軌跡模糊控制的Moise自動(dòng)專家系統(tǒng)，in :機(jī)電一體化與自動(dòng)化( ICMA )，IE國際會(huì)議，2013年，第1057 - 1062頁。