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密 級 分類號 編 號 成 績 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文) 外 文 翻 譯 原 文 標(biāo) 題 Discussion on automobile transmission 譯 文 標(biāo) 題 淺談汽車變速器 作者所在系別 機電工程學(xué)院 作者所在專業(yè) 車輛工程 作者所在班級 B13142 作 者 姓 名 崔浩男 作 者 學(xué) 號 201322397 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 焦運景 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 副教授 完 成 時 間 2017 年 3 月 5 北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制 譯文標(biāo)題 淺談汽車變速器 原文標(biāo)題 Discussion on automobile transmission 作 者 Helmut Kohl 譯 名 赫爾穆特·科爾 國 籍 德國 原文出處 德國法蘭克福匯報 Transmission to change the engine to the driving wheel torque and speed, the purpose is in various driving conditions, different vehicle traction and speed, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of. The transmission consists of a variable speed transmission mechanism and a control mechanism. In China, the manual transmission is still the mainstream of the vehicle transmission. Sales of domestic and foreign automobile manufacturing data and display, the car ride comfort more and more attention. In the European market, the original manual transmission market, has been occupied by automatic transmission. In Britain, for example, automatic transmissions now account for 15% of the total. 5 years ago, the figure was $13.5%. It is estimated that by 2012, only 6% of the cars sold in the North American market will be manual. In the European transmission market in 2013, a manual automatic transmission will account for about 20%. In the China market, automatic transmission share is also increasing rapidly, predictably, the cars with automatic transmission is the leading products in the future market, and grasp the development of automatic transmission manufacturing technology is to catch up with the world trend in the direction of transmission manufacturing. The priority of the development of manual and automatic transmission has a technical continuity, for our country has a greater advantage. In the past ten years, the transmission industry in our country has attached great importance to the development of new products, both from the input of capital and the input of manpower and material resources. Ten years ago, we developed the most transmission products have a common characteristic, is the new product development process is not complete, but with the rapid development of these years in China, China's transmission product design and development process also gradually with foreign standards. The design and development process of a complete transmission new product usually includes: L. potential customer information collection. 2 transmission market survey, determine the direction of development. 3 develop technical solutions (identify key customer needs, determine the layout, refine customer needs, set development goals, etc.). 4 feasibility analysis. 5 conceptual design (Ratio selection, road load spectrum determination, the establishment of analytical models, Package and static dynamic gap analysis, etc.). With the development and application of CAD technology, a lot of researches and experiments have been carried out in many countries and departments. In the United States, Japan and Europe developed countries, the use of CAD technology to solve many tedious design and analysis calculations. The integrated system based on the graphics system, the database as the core, the tool system as the support, and the analysis and calculation as the application is formed. CAD technology in the United States has been in a leading position, its main goal is to establish a sound CAD/CAM integrated system. The earliest application of the CAD system in the automotive industry. General Motors Corporation, Ford and other companies have been widely used CAD technology. They will structure, strength and stiffness calculation, 3D solid modeling is applied in automobile design and development, CAD, CAPP, CAM, CAE integration, improve production efficiency, ensure product quality, improve the response speed of the market, thereby greatly improving their competitiveness, bring huge economic benefits for them. They are mainly used in CAD software PRO/E, UG, CATIA, IGES, etc. The automobile transmission is to solve the contradiction between the rotational speed and torque of the engine output and the speed and torque required by the vehicle. Vehicle performance is not only dependent on the engine, but also to a large extent depends on the transmission and the transmission and engine matching. At present, the application of automatic transmission technology, mainly in the following three forms: hydraulic automatic transmission; electronic controlled mechanical automatic transmission. Among them, the hydraulic automatic transmission and mechanical CVT, the same as the automatic transmission shift control, rather than cvt. Hydraulic automatic transmission.The basic structure of the hydraulic automatic transmission is composed of a hydraulic torque converter and an auxiliary transmission device of power shifting. Hydraulic torque converter installed in the engine and transmission between the hydraulic oil as the working medium, from the transmission torque, torque, speed and clutch role. Torque converter can automatically change the torque ratio and transmission ratio in a certain range, so as to adapt to the change of driving resistance. However, due to the torque converter torque coefficient is small, can not fully meet the requirements of the use of the car, so it must be used in combination with the gear transmission, expanding the range of transmission ratio. At present, most of the hydraulic automatic transmission uses planetary gear system as the auxiliary transmission. Planetary gear system is mainly composed of planetary gear mechanism and actuator. It can be seen that the hydraulic automatic transmission is actually able to realize the local stepless speed change of the transmission. Hydraulic automatic transmission is the most widely used automatic transmission. The adoption of this type of automatic transmission eliminates the complex operation of the manual transmission, so that the car becomes labor-saving. At the same time, the electronic control also makes the automatic switching process soft, smooth, so the car has a good ride comfort and safety, superior power and convenient maneuverability. But this kind of transmission efficiency is low, the structure is complex, the cost is also high. Electronically controlled mechanical automatic transmission Electronic control automatic transmission is based on the traditional fixed shaft transmission and dry clutch. The vehicle starting and shifting of the automatic control in the electronic control unit (ECU) as the core, through the hydraulic or pneumatic actuators to control the clutch separation and joint, shift operation and adjusting the engine of the solar term door. ECU according to the running state of the vehicle (engine speed, transmission input shaft speed, speed), the intention of the driver (throttle, brake pedal travel) and pavement condition (slope and curve) and other factors, according to the preset by the driving simulation of skilled driver (shift of the clutch engagement law), with the help of the corresponding actuator (engine throttle control actuator, clutch actuator, gearshift actuator), coordinated action on the engine, clutch and transmission of automatic control. AMT not only has the advantages of automatic transmission, but also retains the advantages of high efficiency, low cost, simple structure and easy manufacture. It combines the two advantages of high-tech products of electromechanical integration is very suitable for our country. It is the transformation of the mechanical transmission is the production of the original assembly retains most parts, only change the manual shift lever operating system, production of succession, the transformation of the investment costs less, is easy to be accepted by the manufacturers. Its disadvantage is non power shift, which can be obtained by the electronic control software to make up for. In several kinds of automatic transmission, the performance price ratio of AMT is the highest. In the middle and low grade cars, city buses, military vehicles, trucks and other aspects of the broad prospects for application. 變速器用來改變發(fā)動機傳到驅(qū)輪上的轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速，目的是在各種行駛工況下，使汽車獲得不同的牽引力和速度，同時使發(fā)動機在最有利的工況范圍內(nèi)工作。變速器由變速傳動機構(gòu)和操縱機構(gòu)組成。在中國，手動變速器仍然是車用變速器的主流。國內(nèi)外的汽車制造與銷售數(shù)據(jù)顯示，人們對汽車駕乘的舒適性越來越重視。在歐洲市場，原本是手動變速器的市場，不斷被自動變速器占領(lǐng)。如在英國.現(xiàn)在裝配自動變速器的汽車占汽車總量的15%。而5年前，這個數(shù)字是13.5%。預(yù)計到2012年，北美市場出售的汽車中將只有6%是手動擋；2013年歐洲變速器市場上，配備手動自動一體的變速器將占20%。而在中國市場上，自動變速器的份額也在迅速增加，可以預(yù)見，帶有自動變速器的汽車是未來市場的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品，發(fā)展和掌握自動變速器制造技術(shù)是追趕世界變速器制造潮流的方向。而優(yōu)先開發(fā)手動自動一體變速器具有技術(shù)上的延續(xù)性，對我國來說具有更大的優(yōu)勢。 近十年以來，變速器產(chǎn)業(yè)在新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)方面特別重視，無論是從資金的投入，還是人力物力的投入，都是空前巨大的。十幾年前，我們開發(fā)的大部分變速器產(chǎn)品都有一個共同的特點，就是這些新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)流程是不完整的，而隨著我國這些年的高速發(fā)展，我國變速器產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計開發(fā)流程也逐漸與國外接軌。 一個完整的變速器新產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計開發(fā)流程通常包括： l.潛在顧客的信息收集。2.變速器市場調(diào)查、確定開發(fā)方向。3.制定技術(shù)方案（識別顧客關(guān)鍵需求、確定布置方案、細(xì)化顧客需求、設(shè)定開發(fā)目標(biāo)等）。4.可行性分析。5 概念設(shè)計（Ratio的選擇、道路載荷譜的確定、建立分析模型、Package及靜態(tài)動態(tài)間隙分析等優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品。 隨著CAD技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用，許多國家和部門都對其進(jìn)行了大量的研究和試驗，隨之開發(fā)并形成一些成套硬件和軟件系統(tǒng)。在美國、日本及歐洲發(fā)達(dá)國家中，利用CAD技術(shù)解決眾多繁瑣的設(shè)計和分析計算。形成了以圖形系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)、以數(shù) 據(jù)庫為核心、以工具系統(tǒng)為支撐和以分析計算為應(yīng)用的集成化系統(tǒng)。 美國的CAD技術(shù)一直處于領(lǐng)先地位，其主要目標(biāo)就是建立完善的CAD/CAM集成系統(tǒng)。美國汽車工業(yè)最早應(yīng)用了CAD系統(tǒng)。美國通用汽車公司、福特汽車公司等都已廣泛應(yīng)用CAD技術(shù)。他們將結(jié)構(gòu)、強度、剛度等計算、三維實體造型應(yīng)用于汽車的設(shè)計開發(fā)中，將CAD、CAPP、CAM、CAE集成，使生產(chǎn)效率提高，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量得到保證，市場響應(yīng)速度提高，從而大大地提高了他們的競爭力，為他們帶來了巨大的經(jīng)濟效益。他們應(yīng)用的CAD軟件主要有PRO/E、UG、CATIA、IGES等。 汽車變速器是為解決發(fā)動機輸出的轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩與車輛驅(qū)動所需的轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩間的矛盾而設(shè)立的。車輛行駛性能的好壞，不僅取決于發(fā)動機，而且在很大程度上還依賴于變速器以及變速器與發(fā)動機的匹配。 目前自動變速器技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，主要有以下三種形式：液力自動變速器;電控機械式自動變速器，簡稱;機械無級變速器。其中，液力自動變速器和機械無級變速器一樣，是有級變速器的自動換檔控制，而非無級變速器。 液力自動變速器 液力自動變速器的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是由液力變矩器與動力換檔的輔助變速裝置組成。液力變矩器安裝在發(fā)動機和變速器之間，以液壓油為工作介質(zhì)，起傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩、變矩、變速及離合的作用。液力變矩器可在一定范圍內(nèi)自動無級地改變轉(zhuǎn)矩比和傳動比，以適應(yīng)行駛阻力的變化。但是由于液力變矩器變矩系數(shù)小，不能完全滿足汽車使用的要求，所以，它必須與齒輪變速器組合使用，擴大傳動比的變化范圍。目前，絕大多數(shù)液力自動變速器都采用行星齒輪系統(tǒng)作為輔助變速器。行星齒輪系統(tǒng)主要由行星齒輪機構(gòu)和執(zhí)行機構(gòu)組成，通過改變動力傳遞路線得到不同的傳動比。由此可見，液力自動變速器實際上是能實現(xiàn)局部無級變速的有級變速器。液力自動變速器是目前使用最多的自動變速器。采用此種類型的自動變速器，免除了手動變速器繁雜的操作，使開車變得省力。同時，電子控制也使自動切換過程柔和、平順，因此汽車具有良好的乘坐舒適性和安全性、優(yōu)越的動力性和方便的操縱性。但這種變速器效率低，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，成本也較高。 電控機械式自動變速器 電控機械式自動變速器是在傳統(tǒng)固定軸式變速器和干式離合器的基礎(chǔ)上，應(yīng)用電子技術(shù)和自動變速理論來實現(xiàn)機電一體化協(xié)調(diào)控制的。車輛起步、換檔的自動操縱是以電控單元（ECU）為核心，通過液壓或氣壓執(zhí)行機構(gòu)來控制離合器的分離與接合、選換檔操作以及發(fā)動機節(jié)氣門的調(diào)節(jié)的。ECU根據(jù)車輛的運行狀況（發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速、變速器輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速、車速）、駕駛員意圖（油門開度、制動踏板行程）和道路路面狀況（坡道、彎道）等因素，按預(yù)先設(shè)定的由模擬熟練駕駛員的駕駛規(guī)律（換檔規(guī)律、離合器接合規(guī)律），借助于相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機構(gòu)（發(fā)動機油門控制執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、離合器執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、變速器換檔執(zhí)行機構(gòu)），對發(fā)動機、離合器、變速器的協(xié)調(diào)動作進(jìn)行自動操縱。 AMT既具有液力自動變速器自動變速的優(yōu)點，又保留了原手動變速器齒輪傳動的效率高、成本低、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、易制造的長處。它揉合了二者優(yōu)點，是非常適合我國國情的機電一體化高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品。它是在現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機械變速器上進(jìn)行改造的，保留了絕大部分原總成部件，只改變其中手動操作系統(tǒng)的換檔桿部分，生產(chǎn)繼承性好，改造的投入費用少，非常容易被生產(chǎn)廠家接受。它的缺點是非動力換檔，這可以通過電控軟件方面來得到一定彌補。 在幾種自動變速器中，AMT的性能價格比最高。在中低檔轎車、城市客車、軍用車輛、載貨車等方面應(yīng)用前景較廣闊。 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評 語 外文翻譯成績： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指導(dǎo)教師對譯文進(jìn)行評閱時應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面：①翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的參考文獻(xiàn)；②翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；③譯文語言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價值。 2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。 共 5 頁 第 7 頁