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Unit 11 The Media,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,1.current adj.當(dāng)前的,現(xiàn)在的 2.affair n.事情,事件 3.explode vt.爆炸 explosion n.爆發(fā);爆炸;激增 explosive adj.易爆炸的;突增的 4.agenda n.議程 5.political adj.政治的 politics n.政治,政治學(xué) 6.widespread adj.廣泛的 7.poverty n.貧窮,窮困 8.administration n.管理,行政 administer vt.管理;執(zhí)行 9.reform n.改革,改良,,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,10.demand v.解析,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,20.arise vi.發(fā)生;出現(xiàn) 21.blame vt.責(zé)怪,歸咎于 22.employ vt.雇用;使用 employment n.雇傭;職業(yè) employer n.雇主;老板 employee n.雇工,雇員,職工 unemployment n.失業(yè)(狀態(tài)) 23.legal adj.合法的,與法律有關(guān)的 illegal (反義詞)adj.非法的 24.attempt vt.辯解 26.argument n.爭吵,爭論 argue vt.& vi.爭論,辯論,,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,27.process n.過程,進程 28.profit n.利潤,收益 29.pretend vt.假裝;裝扮 vi.假裝;自稱 30.advertise /advertize vt.為……做廣告,登廣告 31.budget n.預(yù)算 32.visually adv.外表上;視覺地 visual adj.視覺的;視力的 33.boom n.迅速增長 34.concept n.概念;觀念 35.approach n.方法,方式 36.contemporary adj.當(dāng)代的 37.contribution n.貢獻,捐助 contribute vt.投稿,,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,38.citizen n.公民;市民 citizenship n.公民身份;公民權(quán) 39.consideration n.體諒,體貼 consider vt.無罪 42.sightseeing n.觀光,游覽 43.spokesman n.發(fā)言人 44.bravery n.勇敢 brave adj.勇敢的,,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,45.faithfully adv.忠實地,真誠地 faithful adj.忠實的,忠誠的;正確的 faithfulness n.衷心;忠誠 46.interrupt vt.障礙物 47.environmental adj.自然環(huán)境的 48.protection n.保護,防衛(wèi),,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,1.stand for 代表;支持 2.in detail 詳細地,詳盡地 3.(be) of concern 受關(guān)注的 4.have the distinction of 擁有……的品質(zhì) 5.in the end 最后,后來 e down to 結(jié)果是;可以歸結(jié)為 7.in favo(u)r of 支持;贊同 8.in competition with 與……競爭 9.hold the attention of 抓住……的注意力 10.consist of 由……組成 11.stand out 突出,顯眼 12.as long as 只要 13.an amount of 許多,,,,,,,,,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,14.make a distinction 區(qū)別,區(qū)分 15.get stuck in 陷入……;卡住 16.go ahead with 開始做;著手干,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,1.八國集團,或稱G8,是由世界上經(jīng)濟最發(fā)達的八個國家于1998年成立。 The Group of Eight,or G8,was formed by eight of the world’s wealthiest nations in 1998. 2.他們認為,這是能夠讓許多(非洲)國家擺脫痛苦過去的唯一途徑。 Their belief is that this is the only way for many of these nations to escape their painful pasts . 3.傳統(tǒng)廣告是一種提供信息幫助人們找到產(chǎn)品的廣告。 The classic advertisement is one that gives information about finding certain products . 4.然而,并非所有的廣告都是為謀求利潤而銷售產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的。 However,not all advertising is about selling products and services for a profit . 5.據(jù)利茲大學(xué)昨天發(fā)表的一項研究稱,電視中的不良語言,只要不出現(xiàn)在兒童節(jié)目中,人們并不介意。 According to the research published by Leeds University yesterday,people don’t mind bad language on television as long as it is not used in programmes watched by children .,,,,,,The classic advertisement is one that gives information about finding certain products.It’s likely to be just the name of a company,part of 1.which may be a general location. However,this kind of advertising mightn’t be 2.suitable(suit)when competing directly with others in the market.Some ads consist of pictures or the words of experts to show people 3.how good the products are.Others spend much money on applying modern techniques of design to make these ads 4.visually(visual)attractive. However,even this is often not enough 5.to be noticed(notice)today.Modern ads must stand out in a competitive world by combining the highest standards of design with ideas 6.linked(link)to the products. Many of today’s top advertisers believe 7.using(use)humor as well as new and unusual ideas to surprise people is very important.Their aim is to create something that has never been seen before and is 8.fascinating(fascinate)for people to look at.,,,,,,,,,However,not all advertising is about selling products and services for 9.a profit.Some contemporary ads mainly aim to make 10.contributions(contribute)to society.There are public ads which encourage citizens to participate in improving their neighborhood,protecting the environment,and helping other people.,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?demand v.有求于…… meet/satisfy one’s demand (for sth.)滿足某人(……的)需求,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,She demanded to see the headmaster.她請求見校長。 The teacher demanded that the students (should) be on time to school.這位老師要求學(xué)生們準(zhǔn)時到校。 I demand a lot of others but more of myself.我對別人要求很多,但對自己要求更多。 ◆詞義辨析 1.demand口氣強硬,有斷然的意味,通常指上級對下級不折不扣的要求,后接名詞、不定式或從句。 2.request指比較正式、有禮貌地提出要求,語氣比demand弱,且主語只能是人?？捎胷equest sb.to do sth.或request sth.from sb.結(jié)構(gòu)。 3.require意為“要求,需要”,著重指事物內(nèi)在的需要或規(guī)章制度的要求?？梢杂胷equire sb.to do sth.或require sth.of sb.結(jié)構(gòu);主語為物時常用require doing或require to be done結(jié)構(gòu)。 4.insist指堅決要求,堅持。用法為insist on doing sth.或insist that.。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 單句填空 1.The teacher came to the classroom and demanded to be told(tell) what had happened. 2.The parents demanded that their son (should) devote(devote) most of the time to learning,even at weekends and holidays. 3.They can learn cooking skills,which are always in great demand.,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?arise vi.發(fā)生;出現(xiàn);起來;升起 A new difficulty has arisen.出現(xiàn)了新的困難。 ◆常見用法 arise from/out of由……引起,由……產(chǎn)生 Accidents arise from carelessness.疏忽大意往往會引發(fā)事故。 ◆詞義辨析,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用arise,rise或raise的適當(dāng)形式完成句子 1.這東西太重,我舉不起來。 This thing is too heavy.I can’t raise it. 2.突變的計劃可能會導(dǎo)致嚴重的糾紛。 Serious complications may arise from this sudden change of plans. 3.河水上漲了好幾米。 The river has risen by several meters.,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?employ vt.雇用;使忙于……,使從事于 The paparazzi are self-employed photographers.狗仔隊是個人攝影者。(教材原句P24) ◆常見用法 employ sb./sth.as雇用某人作為……/把某物作為…… employ sb.to do sth.雇用某人做某事 employ oneself (in) doing sth.從事……;忙于…… be employed (in) doing sth.從事……;忙于…… The general manager employed her as his private secretary.總經(jīng)理聘請她當(dāng)私人秘書。 He employed a detective to shadow his wife.他雇用了一名私人偵探去盯他夫人的梢。 He employed his knife as a lever.他把刀子當(dāng)杠桿用。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆拓展延伸 employee n.雇工,雇員 employer n.雇主,老板 employment n.雇用;工作,職業(yè) unemployment n.失業(yè)(狀態(tài)) ◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 單句填空 1.They’ve just employed (employ) five new waiters. 2.She is looking for permanent employment (employ). 3.The employers (employ) treat their workers badly. 4.The manager fired three employees (employ). 5.She’s employed as a taxi driver.,,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?blame vt.責(zé)備;責(zé)怪;歸咎于 n.責(zé)備,過失 The media is often blamed for encouraging the paparazzi.由于鼓勵狗仔隊的行為,媒體經(jīng)常被譴責(zé)。(教材原句P24) ◆常見用法 1.be to blame (for.)(因……)應(yīng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任,該受到責(zé)備(用主動形式表被動意義) blame sb.for (doing) sth.因(做)某事而責(zé)備某人 blame sth.on sb.把某事歸咎于某人 2.accept/take/bear the blame for.為……承擔(dān)責(zé)任;對……負責(zé) He blamed me for everything,which I thought very unfair.他把一切錯誤都歸罪于我,我認為這很不公平。 He blamed the failure on his teacher.他將此次考試的失敗歸罪于他的老師。 He bears the blame for his sister.他替妹妹擔(dān)了責(zé)任。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用blame相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式完成句子 1.你必須承擔(dān)這次事故的責(zé)任。 You must take/bear the blame for the accident. 2.約翰站起來為這個男孩辯護,說他不該受到責(zé)備。 John stood up in defence of the boy,saying that he was not the one to blame. 3.因?qū)W校電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)崩潰而受到了責(zé)備,艾麗絲情緒非常低落。 Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network,Alice was in low spirits. 4.(2014·江西高考改編)他被認為舉止愚蠢?，F(xiàn)在除了他自己沒人能為他失去這份工作而負責(zé)。 He is thought to have acted foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.,,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?attempt vt.企圖 ◆常見用法 1.attempt sth.嘗試某事 attempt to do sth.試圖做某事 2.make an attempt to do/at (doing) sth.試圖做某事 make an attempt on sb./one’s life 試圖殺害某人 at the first attempt 第一次嘗試 The prisoners attempted an escape.囚犯企圖逃跑。 Someone made an attempt on the President’s life.有人企圖刺殺總統(tǒng)。 ◆拓展延伸 attempted adj.(犯罪等)未遂的 attempted murder 謀殺未遂,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用attempt的相關(guān)用法完成句子 1.謝莉認真準(zhǔn)備了生物考試,以便她能夠保證第一次就通過。 Shelly had prepared carefully for her biology examination so that she could be sure of passing it at the first attempt. 2.他因謀殺未遂被判了兩年。 He was sentenced to two-year’s imprisonment for attempted murder . 3.他企圖逃離監(jiān)獄,但沒有人幫助他。 He attempted to escape from the prison,but he couldn’t find anybody to help him.,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?defend vt.防御;保衛(wèi);保護;辯護 ◆常見用法 defend sb./sth.from.保護某人/物免遭…… defend sb./sth.against.抵御…… defend with sth.用……來保衛(wèi) The law defends people from injustice.法律保護人民免受不公待遇。 We must defend ourselves against the invaders.我們必須防御入侵之?dāng)场?重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆詞義辨析 1.defend指積極地抵抗、防御或挫敗迫在眉睫的危險或侵襲,也可指為某人或某論點辯護。常與against連用。 When a dog attacked me,I defended myself with a stick.當(dāng)一只狗攻擊我時,我用一根棍子防衛(wèi)。 2.guard意為“保衛(wèi),警衛(wèi),看守”,指為了保證安全而站立守衛(wèi),含有警惕之意。常與against連用。 It’s important to guard against diseases.預(yù)防疾病很重要。 3.protect指借用某種東西作為防御、保護工具,使人或物免受傷害,這種保護的成功率比defend,guard高。常與against,from連用。 We must protect children from danger.我們必須保護兒童免遭危險。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用defend,guard或protect的適當(dāng)形式填空 1.She defended herself successfully in court yesterday. 2.A line of forts was built along the border to protect/defend the country against attack. 3.We keep dogs to guard our houses at night against thieves.,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?pretend vt.假裝;裝扮 vi.假裝;自稱 Pretending to be a repair man to get into the house of a film star and take pictures of her daily life.假扮成修理工進入某影星家中,拍一些她的日常生活照片。(教材原句P24) She pretended illness as an excuse.她謊稱自己有病,作為借口。 ◆常見用法 pretend to be+n./adj.假裝…… pretend to do sth.假裝做某事 pretend to be doing sth.假裝正在做某事 pretend to have done sth.假裝已經(jīng)做了某事 pretend that.假裝……,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,I don’t pretend to know as much as he does about it.我不敢說我對此事的了解有他那樣多。 Sometimes the boy pretended to be asleep.有時候那個男孩假裝睡著了。 The children pretend to be different animals dancing to the music.孩子們裝扮成不同的動物跟著音樂跳舞。 He pretended to be reading an important paper when the boss entered.老板進來時他假裝在看一份重要的文件。 ◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 單句填空 1.He pretended not to mind(mind). 2.He pretended that he was not at home when we rang the doorbell. 3.He pretended to be studying(study)when his mother stepped into his room.,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?approach vt.接近;著手處理;與……交涉 vi.靠近 n.方法;方式;途徑;通道;走近 For many of today’s advertisers,repeating old ideas is not a successful approach.對當(dāng)今眾多廣告人來說,重復(fù)舊的理念并不是成功的辦法。(教材原句P26) ◆常見用法 1.approach sb.for/about sth.就某事與某人商量/交涉 be approaching 正在/將要接近 approach to接近,近似 2.on the approach of.在快到……的時候 make approaches to sb.設(shè)法接近某人 approach to (doing) sth.(做)某事的方法,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,He approached me about creating and designing the restaurant.他來找我創(chuàng)辦并設(shè)計那家餐館。 We will explore different approaches to gathering information.我們將探索收集信息的不同方法。 ◆詞義辨析 1.approach指處理某事的具體方法、步驟,與介詞to連用。 2.method指有理論的、系統(tǒng)的、詳細的方法。構(gòu)成method of doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。 3.way,普通用語,側(cè)重簡便的方法或途徑。構(gòu)成the way to do/of doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。 4.means,單復(fù)數(shù)同形,可指具體的或抽象的方法、手段。構(gòu)成by.means結(jié)構(gòu)。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用approach的相關(guān)用法完成句子 1.石油價格已接近10年來的最高水平了。 Oil prices have been approaching their highest level for almost ten years. 2.就業(yè)市場變了,因此我們找工作的途徑也必須改變。 The job market has changed and our approach to finding work must change as well.,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?in favor of 贊成,支持 ◆拓展延伸 be in favor with sb.得到某人的尊重、贊同等 lose favor with sb.失去某人的支持 in favor 受喜愛,受寵愛 in sb’s favor 對某人有利 do sb.a favor=do a favor for sb.幫某人忙 owe sb.a favor 欠某人人情 If you go overboard,the probabilities are not in your favor.如果你魯莽行事,那么形勢將對你不利。 Could you do me a favor?能否請你幫我個忙?,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用favor的相關(guān)短語完成句子 1.你會贊成他的意見嗎? Are you in favor of his opinion? 2.請幫忙把燈關(guān)掉好嗎? Could you do me a favor and turn off the light? 3.我要請史蒂夫接受它。他欠我一個人情。 I’ll ask Steve to take it.He owes me a favor .,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?consist of 由……組成(一般不用于進行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)) Some advertisements consist of pictures or the words of experts to show people how good the products are.一些廣告含有圖片或?qū)＜艺f的話,向人們展示該產(chǎn)品是多么的好。(教材原句P26) His breakfast consists of dry bread and a cup of tea.他的早餐是不涂黃油的面包和一杯茶。 ◆拓展延伸 1.consist in/lie in 在于;存在于 2.consistent adj.一致的 be consistent with 與……一致 3.be made up of/be composed of 由……組成 The beauty of this picture consists in its balance of colors.這幅畫的美在于其色彩的和諧。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 完成句子 1.水由氫和氧組成。 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 2.你現(xiàn)在說的與你昨天說的不一致。 What you are saying now isn’t consistent with what you said yesterday. 3.美國是一個由來自世界各地的移民組成的國家。 The United States consists of/is made up of/is composed of immigrants from every part of the world.,,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?被動語態(tài) The Group of Eight,or G8,was formed by eight of the world’s wealthiest nations in 1998.八國集團,或稱G8,是由世界上經(jīng)濟最發(fā)達的八個國家于1998年成立。(教材原句P22) 1.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式。 (1)一般現(xiàn)在時:am/is/are+done(過去分詞)。 He is regarded as brilliant by people.人們認為他很有才華。 (2)一般過去時:was/were+done(過去分詞)。 The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.孩子們熱烈地歡迎外賓。 (3) 現(xiàn)在進行時:am/is/are being+done(過去分詞)。 A new cinema is being built here.這兒正在修建一家電影院。 (4)過去進行時:was/were being+done(過去分詞)。 A meeting was being held when I walked in.我進去時,(他們)正在開會。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,(5)現(xiàn)在完成時:has/have been+done(過去分詞)。 A power station has been set up in their hometown.他們的家鄉(xiāng)建立了一座發(fā)電站。 (6)過去完成時:had been+done(過去分詞)。 By last December three ships had been built by them.到去年年底他們已造了三艘船。 (7) 一般將來時:shall/will be+done(過去分詞)。 More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.中國人民在將來將進行更多的太空探索。 (8)情態(tài)動詞:情態(tài)動詞+be done(過去分詞)。 The refrigerator can be put in that place.我們可以把電冰箱放在那個地方。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,2.使用被動語態(tài)的情況。 (1)講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者(這時可省略by短語)。 My bike was stolen last night.我的自行車昨晚被偷了。 (2)借助被動的動作突出動作的承受者。 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.我有十分鐘時間考慮是否接受這一提議。 ◆特別提醒 英語中有很多動詞,如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時,常用其主動形式表達被動意義,主語通常是物。 This kind of cloth washes well.這種布很好洗。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 用所給單詞的正確形式填空 1.Hundreds of jobs will be lost(lose) if the factory closes. 2.All the preparations for the task have been completed (complete),and we’re ready to start.,,,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,?表語從句 Their belief is that this is the only way for many of these nations to escape their painful pasts.他們認為,這是能夠讓許多(非洲)國家擺脫痛苦過去的唯一途徑。(教材原句P22) 本句是由that引導(dǎo)的表語從句。表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞可以是從屬連詞that;也可以是連接副詞when,why,how,where等;也可以是連接代詞what,who,which等。表示“是否”時,一般用whether;表示“似乎”時用as if/though。 The trouble is that I’ve lost his phone number.麻煩的是我把他的電話號碼弄丟了。 The question is whether he will stand up for us.問題在于他是否會維護我們。 It looked as if it was going to rain.看起來要下雨了。,重點短語,重點句型,重點單詞,◆現(xiàn)學(xué)活用 單項填空 1.(2011·山東高考)I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer,which is he never finishes anything. ( D ) A.that B.when C.where D.why 2.Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel,David Copperfield,was it was rather closely modeled on his own life.( B ) A.what B.that C.why D.whether,,,一、單句填空 1.(2015·浙江高考改編)This type of graph is most (common) used to show how something changes over time. commonly。此處指“被廣泛地使用”,應(yīng)用副詞修飾動詞used。 2.(2015·江蘇高考改編)Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital (assistant). assistants。computers用復(fù)數(shù)表示泛指,assistant也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)與之匹配。句意:像電腦和個人數(shù)碼助手一樣,手機已成為越來越多的電子垃圾的一部分了。 3.(2015·重慶高考改編)The camps have excellent horses, (profession) guides and lots of support workers. professional。此處應(yīng)用形容詞作定語修飾名詞復(fù)數(shù)guides,professional意為“專業(yè)的,職業(yè)的”。句意:營地里有優(yōu)良的馬匹、專業(yè)的導(dǎo)游和眾多的支持工作者。,4.(2015·陜西高考改編)Previous generations concentrated on (get) children to school on time,fed,dressed and ready to learn. getting。on為介詞,其后接動名詞作賓語。句意:前輩家長們關(guān)注的是讓孩子按時去上學(xué),讓孩子吃好、穿好、做好求學(xué)的準(zhǔn)備。 5.(2015·北京高考改編)If accepted for the job,you’ll (inform) soon. be informed。主句主語you與inform之間為被動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。句意:如果他們接受你從事這份工作,會很快通知你的。 6.(2015·安徽高考改編)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends. which。這是一個含有定語從句的復(fù)合句,skill為先行詞,代指skill的關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用which。depend on/upon“依靠,依賴”。句意:有些專家認為閱讀是學(xué)校教育所依賴的基本技能。,7.(2015·陜西高考改編)Such a person may be forgiven if he is late,but not those who are (deliberate) late to create impression. deliberately。此處應(yīng)用副詞deliberately修飾形容詞late。句意:這樣的人遲到了會被原諒的,但那些為了給人留下印象而故意遲到的人則不會被原諒。 8.(2015·四川高考改編)“ (technical),I think what they’re proposing is possible,” physicist Daniel Bonn said. Technically。此處應(yīng)用副詞修飾整個句子,意為“嚴格按照規(guī)則地,嚴格按照事實地”。句意:物理學(xué)家丹尼爾·波恩說道,“嚴格說來,我認為他們的建議是有可能實現(xiàn)的?！?9.(2013·上海高考改編)And finally,the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person face we are looking at. whose。此處face和the person之間為所屬關(guān)系,因此用whose引導(dǎo)定語從句。,10.Only when Lily walked into the office she realize that she had left the contract at home. did。句意:當(dāng)莉莉走進辦公室的時候,她才意識到她把合同忘在家里了。“only+狀語”置于句首時,主句用部分倒裝。,二、單元話題微寫作 微博 根據(jù)提示,將以下句子連成一篇英語短文。 1.微博是一種微型博客,與傳統(tǒng)博客相比,它所容納的內(nèi)容要小。(microblog;differ from;size) 2.微博已經(jīng)日益受到人們的喜愛,尤其是青少年。(increasingly;in particular) 3.它在日常生活中已經(jīng)成為一種時尚,一種必不可少的工具。(indispensable;fashion) 4.過度或不當(dāng)使用不僅會浪費時間、精力和金錢,還會影響生活的和諧。(overuse;misuse;result in) Microblog,as its name suggests,is a kind of blog which differs from a traditional blog in that its content is smaller in size.It has become increasingly popular among people,young people in particular.Serving as an indispensable communication tool,it has become a fashion in people’s daily life.However,any overuse and misuse of it will not only result in a waste of time,energy and money,but lead to disharmony in life as well.,