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名詞性從句,（一） 名詞性從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能 名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。名詞性從句主要有四種從句結(jié)構(gòu)：以that引導(dǎo)的從句；以whether/ if引導(dǎo)的從句，以特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的從句；以what或wh-ever等連接代詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性關(guān)系從句。此外，as if/ as though也可引導(dǎo)表語從句。具體用法見下表：,知識梳理,（二）名詞性從句的連接詞 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞有：從屬連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。 1. 從屬連詞：that(本身無意義)，whether(是否)，if(是否)。只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何成分。 2. 連接代詞：who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever等。它們除起連接作用外，還可在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語、表語等成分。,3. 連接副詞：when(＝the time when什么時候，何時)，where(＝the place where什么地方，何地)，how(＝the way that/in which怎樣，以……方式，如何)，why＝the reason why為什么)。它們除起連接作用，還在從句中作狀語。,溫馨提示 what與that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別： 1. what在名詞性從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語和表語，意義上相當(dāng)于the thing(s) that，引導(dǎo)主語從句時，其謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)依句意而定。 e.g. What the lecturer said is very valuable. We wonder what he will do next.,2. that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用，無任何意義。引導(dǎo)主語從句時，常用it作形式主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，常被省略。 e.g. That she will refuse the offer seems unlikely. I have found (that) all the tickets have been sold out. It is a pity that you missed such a fine talk.,（三）主語從句 1. 主語從句的基本用法 1) that引導(dǎo)的主語從句既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，that起連接作用，無詞義，在從句中不作成分，一般不能省略。 e.g. That we are invited to a concert this evening is good news to us. ＝It is good news to us that we are invited to a concert this evening.,2) whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句可放在句首，也可放在句尾；if引導(dǎo)的主語從句只能放在句尾，前面需要it作形式主語。whether/ if 起連接作用，“是否”，在從句中不作成分。 e.g. Whether he will go there or not is not clear. It is doubtful whether/ if the work can be completed.,3) wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句： wh-類連接詞包括wh-類的連接代詞(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等)和連接副詞(when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however等)。what, when和wh-ever類的詞有時可不表疑問。wh-類連接代詞在句中既起連接作用，又可充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分。wh-類連接副詞在句中起連接作用，在從句中可充當(dāng)時間、地點、原因、方式狀語。,2. 主語從句的單復(fù)數(shù)問題 1) 從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。 e.g. That he will come and help us is certain. Who will go to the energy conference is not important. 2) what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語，表示單數(shù)概念，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；表示復(fù)數(shù)概念，則謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。 e.g. What he said is true. What he needs are books.,（四） 賓語從句 1. 賓語從句的基本用法： 1) 動詞后接賓語從句的用法： e.g. I know that he is friendly and hospitable. Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford.,溫馨提示 doubt, doubtful與sure后名詞性從句連接詞 that, whether, if的選擇。 ①當(dāng)doubt, doubtful用于肯定句時，后面的名詞性從句的連接詞常用whether或if；當(dāng)doubt, doubtful用于否定句或疑問句時，后面名詞性從句的連接詞用that。 e.g. I doubt whether/ if he is at home. We don’t doubt that they can complete the task ahead of time. It is doubtful whether it is true or not.,②當(dāng)be sure用于肯定句時，后面的賓語從句的連接詞常用that；當(dāng)be sure用于否定句時，后面的賓語從句的連接詞常用whether或if。 e.g. We are sure that he is innocent. The old man didn’t seem to be sure whether/ if he had met me.,2) 介詞及形容詞后接賓語從句的用法： e.g. We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. He was interested in whatever he saw there. He is pleased that he has passed a tough test.,溫馨提示 ①一般情況下介詞后只能用wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 e.g. I am surprised at what he said. ②介詞后如果接that從句，要先加上it，再加that從句，即“介詞＋it＋that.”結(jié)構(gòu)。 e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.,③介詞except, but, besides及in后可接that從句。 e.g. I know nothing about him except that he lives here. ④常接賓語從句的形容詞有sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied, sorry等。 e.g. I’m afraid he won’t attend our wedding.,3) that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句： e.g. We are glad that so many old friends will attend our tea party. The headmaster said that the school reports had been sent off.,溫馨提示 在suggest, demand, order, insist等動詞之后的賓語從句中用虛擬語氣，“(should＋)動詞原形”。 e.g. He suggested that we (should) set about doing the work at once.,4) whether/ if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句： e.g. I’ll try to find out whether/ if the machine is in good condition. 溫馨提示 ①whether/ if引導(dǎo)賓語從句表示“是否”的意思時，一般情況下可互換。 ②if引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以有否定式，而whether從句則沒有。 e.g. I don’t care if he doesn’t come.,5) 特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句： 由who, what, how, which, whose, where, why等詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，可作動詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語。 e.g. I can’t imagine how he did it. We are worrying about what we should do next. I wasn’t certain whose house I was in.,溫馨提示 如果疑問詞是介詞的賓語，介詞可位于從句句首或句末。 e.g. I didn’t know in which building they lived. ＝I didn’t know which building they lived in.,2. 賓語從句的時態(tài) 1) 主句為現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài) 主句謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，從句謂語動詞可用任何所需要的時態(tài)。 e.g. She says that she works from Monday to Friday. I know he didn’t tell you that he would come then. He will tell me what happened to him during my absence.,2) 主句為過去時態(tài) 主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，從句的謂語動詞要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。 e.g. He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. He asked me if I was reading the book Red and Black when he came in.,3) 表示客觀事實或真理 如果從句表示客觀事實或真理，不管主句的謂語動詞是何時態(tài)，從句都要用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。 e.g. The teacher said that the world is made up of matter.,（五） 表語從句 1. 表語從句的基本用法 1) 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語＋系動詞＋表語從句，常用的系動詞有be，seem，remain，look等。 e.g. My idea is that you should make good use of your time. It seems that he has been to America.,2) as if/ as though引導(dǎo)的表語從句，系動詞通常為look，seem，sound等，從句可以用陳述語氣，也可以用虛擬語氣。 e.g. It looks as if it is/ were going to snow. 3) that和what引導(dǎo)的表語從句的區(qū)別： that引導(dǎo)表語從句時，起連接作用，沒有實際意義，不作句子成分；what引導(dǎo)表語從句時，既充當(dāng)連接代詞，又作句子成分。 e.g. Our plan is that we’ll go there once a week. That’s what he said.,4) 由連接副詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句： 連接副詞where，why，when等引導(dǎo)表語從句，分別在從句中作地點、原因、時間狀語。 e.g. That is where the great writer used to live. That is why he didn’t pass the exam. That was when I was thirty.,2．表語從句需要注意的問題 1) 主語為名詞reason，表語從句用that而不 用why引導(dǎo)。 e.g. The reason why he was absent from the meeting was that he fell ill suddenly. The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was too careless and drunk.,2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句時，用whether，不能用if。 e.g. The question is whether he has signed the contract. (不能用if) 3) 表語從句中的虛擬語氣： 如果主句的主語是名詞idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement等時，則表語從句的謂語應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，“(should＋)動詞原形”。 e.g. My suggestion is that we (should) set out at once. The doctor’s advice is that you (should) rest more and drink more.,4) 使用連接詞時的注意事項： 連接代詞和連接副詞一般都表疑問，但what, when和where等連接詞有兩種含義，一種表示疑問，一種表示陳述。表陳述時，相當(dāng)于the thing that, the time when, the place where, 常意為“……的人/事”、“……的時間”、“……的地點”等。 e.g. This is where he once lived. This is what I want to know. That was when he did the experiment.,3. 比較三個句式,（六） 同位語從句 在主從復(fù)合句中作同位語的從句，叫同 位語從句。表示名詞的內(nèi)容，加以解釋。 同位語從句的基本用法： 1. 能接同位語從句的名詞：fact, idea, news, promise, information, message, belief, doubt, hope, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth, question, problem, reply, answer, report, suggestion, advice, order, warning等等。,2. that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句 e.g. We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals. The problem that they can’t get here early is hard to solve.,溫馨提示 同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，但根據(jù)接同位語的名詞不同，也可由whether, when, who, how, what, why等引導(dǎo)。 e.g. I have no idea when he will be back. The question who was to blame has never been settled.,（七）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句只用whether 不用if的情況 1. 引導(dǎo)主語從句置于句首時： e.g. Whether he can finish the work on time is not clear. 2. 引導(dǎo)表語從句時： e.g. The problem is whether the meeting will be held. 3. 引導(dǎo)同位語從句時： e.g. I have no idea whether he is willing to help us.,4. 引導(dǎo)賓語從句前置時： e.g. Whether they will join in the Winter Camp I don’t care. 5. 作介詞賓語時： e.g. We aren’t interested in whether he will agree with us or not. 6. 作動詞discuss的賓語時： e.g. We are now discussing whether we should group these three companies.,7. 其后接動詞不定式時： e.g. Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 8. 與or not直接連用時，用whether，即whether or not，如果分開時，兩者都可以，即whether/ if. or not。 e.g. I don’t care whether or not he has a holiday. ＝I don’t care whether/ if he has a holiday or not.,（八）同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別 1. 同位語從句既“說明、修飾”先行詞，又“等同”于先行詞。定語從句“修飾、限制”先行詞，由“關(guān)系詞”替代先行詞，在從句中充當(dāng)成分。 e.g. We are delighted at the news that we are going to spend our summer vacation in Dalian. (同位語從句) Neither of us showed any interest in the news that John told us yesterday. (定語從句),2. that在從句中的作用 同位語從句中that為連接詞，只起連接作用，在從句中不作成分，一般也不能省略；定語從句中的that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，可作主語、賓語和表語，作賓語時常可省略。 e.g. The news (that) he told me surprised me. (定語從句) The news that he gave in surprised me. (同位語從句),3. 其他引導(dǎo)詞的使用 引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞除連接詞that外，還可用whether，連接代詞who，what及連接副詞when, where, how, why等；引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞除that外，還有關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which, as以及關(guān)系副詞when, where, why。,（九） wh-ever和“no matter＋wh-” wh-ever既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，又可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，而no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。 e.g. Whatever/ No matter what I said，he wouldn’t listen to me. (讓步狀語從句) He would believe whatever/ anything that I said. (賓語從句),名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句和表語從句。考查要點主要是連接代詞和副詞的正確使用，主語、謂語的語序，雙重連接詞以及特殊句型的使用等。其考點主要包括：,考點歸納,1. 名詞性從句的連接詞。如：有詞義的連接代詞who, whose, whom, what, which; 連接副詞when, where, why, how; 從屬連詞that, whether, if, as if; 無詞義的that在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時可省略。 2. 名詞性從句的語序和時態(tài)。 3. it作形式主語、形式賓語的情況。 如：,1) It＋be＋形容詞＋that從句 2) It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句 3) It＋be＋名詞＋that從句 4) It＋不及物動詞(appear, happen等)＋that從句 4. 名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣。如： 1) It is (was)＋essential (important, natural…)＋that…； 2) It is (was) suggested (demanded, wished, desired…) that…等。,5. what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的語義功能和語法功能。如：what＝the thing that/ anything that…；what＝the place that…；what＝the time that…；what＝the person that…等。 6. whoever, whatever, whichever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的語義功能和語法功能。 重點考查連接詞that, what的用法； 特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句； wh-ever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。,從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入 空白處的最佳選項。 The best moment for the football star was _____ he scored the winning goal. A. where B. when C. how D. why,B,2. “Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _____ my mother used to tell me. A. what B. how C. that D. whether 3. Some people believe _____ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future. A. whatever B. whenever C. wherever D. however,A,A,4. It is difficult for us to imagine _____ life was like for slaves in the ancient world. A. where B. what C. which D. why 5. _____ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather. A. Why B. When C. That D. What,B,B,6. I think _____ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses. A. what B. that C. which D. who 7. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. A. how B. that C. which D. whether,B,A,8. I have no idea _____ the cell phone isn’t working, so could you fix it for me? A. what B. why C. if D. which 9. The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but _____ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. A. where B. whether C. that D. why,B,B,10. Scientists study _____ human brains work to make computers. A. when B. how C. that D. whether,B,熱點考向 1 主語從句 1. 主要考點: 1) that引導(dǎo)主語從句時, 常用it作形式主語, 常見的句型: ①It+ be+形容詞+ that從句 ②It+ be+名詞 (短語)+ that從句 ③It+ be+過去分詞(said/told/reported/decided等)+ that從句 ④It+ 特殊動詞 (seems/ appears/ happens/ matters)+ that從句,熱點預(yù)測,2) what與that在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別: what引導(dǎo)主語從句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分, 如主語、賓語、表語, 而that引導(dǎo)從句, 不充當(dāng)成分。 e.g. What you said yesterday is right. (what引導(dǎo)主語從句, 作said的賓語) That English is important is an undoubted fact. (that引導(dǎo)主語從句, 不作任何成分, 但不可省略),3) 主語從句若含有“是否”意義, 其引導(dǎo)詞只能用whether, 不能用if。 e.g. Whether he will be able to come tomorrow remains a question. 2. 突破技巧: 1) 掌握形式主語的句式及變化，根據(jù)句意選取合適連接詞, 除that在句子中沒有意義, 但不能省略外, 其他連接詞均在句中有意義。 2) what, that, which, whether連接主語從句的區(qū)別。,熱點考向 2 賓語從句 1. 主要考點: 1) 動詞find, feel, think, consider, take (認(rèn)為), make, believe, guess, suppose, assume等后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語時, 且賓語是從句時, 需用it作形式賓語而將that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句后置。,2) 賓語從句的語序為陳述語序; 主句謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時, 從句謂語動詞可以用各種時態(tài); 主句謂語動詞用一般過去時, 從句需用過去的相應(yīng)時態(tài), 但從句若表示客觀真理、規(guī)律, 用一般現(xiàn)在時。 e.g. He said that he had been to the space station.,3) 由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句, 要保持陳述句語序。此外, whether與if在作“是否”講時, 一般可以換用, 但在下列情況下一般只能用whether, 不用if。 ①引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞賓語時。 e.g. Everything depends on whether we have enough money.,②從句中有or或whether or not連用時。 e.g. I wonder whether or not he will come. Tell me whether or not I should invite Nick. ③后接動詞不定式時。 e.g. Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?,2. 突破技巧: 1) 把握句意, 選取合適的連接詞、時態(tài)、語序; 2) 注意whether與if的互換和區(qū)別。,熱點考向 3 表語從句 1. 考查內(nèi)容: 1) 表語從句常跟在這些系動詞后, 如be, look, remain, seem等。 e.g. That is just what I want. 2) 除常用的連接代詞、副詞外, as if/ though, because, why等也可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 e.g. It looks as if it’s going to rain. 3) 引導(dǎo)表語從句的that不能省略; if不能用于 引導(dǎo)表語從句。 e.g. The reason is that he got up late.,2. 突破技巧: 1) 理解句意, 把握語境, 扣準(zhǔn)連接詞在句中的含義; 2) 掌握系動詞后的表語從句辨析that, because, if, whether。,熱點考向 4 同位語從句 1. 考查內(nèi)容: 1) 同位語從句中的名詞： 在復(fù)合句中, 同位語從句說明其前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容, 同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)(that不能省略)?？捎糜谕徽Z從句的名詞有advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word等。,e.g. The news that the Shenzhou-Ⅹspaceship set off successfully is exciting. I have no idea when he will come back home. The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.,2) 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別： 在限制性定語從句中, 關(guān)系代詞that充當(dāng)主語或賓語, 有實際意義, 作賓語時, 可省略。同位語從句中的that是連詞, 不充當(dāng)句子成分, 沒有任何意義, 但不可省略。 e.g. The news (that) we heard on the radio was not true. (定語從句) The news that our football team won the match was encouraging. (同位語從句),2. 突破技巧: 1) 熟記同位語從句的常用名詞; 2) 分析句子成分, 防止句式變化; 3) 采取“意義法”區(qū)別同位語從句與定語從句。,鞏固練習(xí),I. 用正確的連接詞填空。 1. —Have you finished the book? —No, I’ve read up to ________ the woman comes from. 2. Before going to the supermarket, I make a list of ________ we will need for the coming week.,where,what,3. My sister has ________ it takes to be a doctor. 4. Mr Curry refused to say ________ had organized the meeting. However, everyone knew it was Jim. 5. Many experts hold the view ________ the worker’s development is where the key to better production lies. 6. —I prefer staying at home all day on Sundays. —That’s ________ I don’t agree. You should have a more active life.,what,who,that,where,7. Jeremy shut the door heavily behind him. No one knew ________ he was so angry. 8. —We haven’t discussed yet ________ we are going to place our new furniture. —You can put it in the sitting room. 9. ________ some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. 10. It never occurred to me ________ I could have the book sent to me.,why,where,What,that,II. 選用括號內(nèi)合適的內(nèi)容填空。 1. —What makes you so upset? —________ (That, Because) I have lost my cell phone. 2. I’m somewhat tired of working here. I’ve been wondering ________ (if, why) I should resign. 3. The teachers have been trying to do ________ (whatever, however) is possible to help the students with their studies.,That,if,whatever,4. My brother had no doubt ________ (that, whether) he could pass the driving test, as he had practiced so much. 5. Denny hasn’t realized ________ (what, that) help the reference book I gave him can be of to his studies. 6. It is important ________ (when, that) we work out a plan to raise enough funds for the project.,that,what,that,7. In her letter was her promise ________ (that, what) she would bring me some foreign stamps when she returned from America. 8. I have no idea ________ (where, how) Bob got such a large sum of money from. 9. —I don’t exactly know ________ (how, whether) he is coming this time. —By air, of course.,that,where,how,10. —________ (How, That) he managed to finish the job is of no interest to us all. —On the contrary, in my opinion, we should learn from the ways he responded to the challenge.,How,