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2019-2020年高中英語 Inventors and inventions-單元教案 新人教版選修8 Ⅰ. 單元教學(xué)目標(biāo) 技能目標(biāo)Skill Goals ▲Talk about inventors and inventions ▲Learn about the stages used in scientific research ▲Learn to use the past participle as the attribute ▲Write an entry for an encyclopedia about some inventions ▲Write a letter asking for a job Ⅱ. 目標(biāo)語言 功 能 句 式 Make a telephone call Hold the line, please. Hang on, please. Just a moment, please. I’m sorry, but this phone is out of order. I can’t get through. Sorry. He / She isn’t him / her right now. Can I ring back later? I’ll ring him / her up again. I must ring off now because... 詞 匯 1． 四會(huì)詞匯 patent, courtyard, walnut, distinguish, merciful, product, powder, perfume, stainless, cube, abrupt, convenient, caution, expectation, passive, merry, seize, criterion, valid, file, ripe, string, glue, freezing, greengrocer, identification, directory, dial, rainfall, innocent, lantern, bear, jam, forehead, dynamic, dot, tap, wire, straw, current, helicopter, triangle, stable, associate, practical, refrigerator, court, extension, version, petence, jeep, personnel 2． 認(rèn)讀詞匯 amphibious, Stephenson, George Stephenson, jelly, freezer, overnight, release, recognition, claim, rod, precede, Alexander Graham Bell, microphone, occasionally, multiple, Morse code, inspiration, reproduce, tetrahedron, invaluable, James Dyson 3． 詞組 call up, now and then, set about, in case, beaten track, dive into, set out (to do), hang on, get through, ring back, ring off 4． 重點(diǎn)詞匯 discovery, convenient, distinguish, application, expectation, importance, practical, bear 結(jié) 構(gòu) Appositive clause — that 可引導(dǎo)同位語從句 重 點(diǎn) 句 子 1. The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. P20 2. Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled. P20 3. The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel. P21 4. Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your product really is different from everybody else’s. P21 5. He found that by pressing his lips against his mother’s forehead, he could make his mother understand what he was saying. P25 6. He designed a machine that would separate different sound waves and allow different conversations to be held at the same time. P25 7. Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, he was indeed a continuing searcher after practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody’s life. P26 Ⅲ. 教材分析和教材重組 1. 教材分析 本單元以Inventors and inventions為話題，旨在通過單元教學(xué)，使學(xué)生了解發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)的區(qū)別，了解發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的過程和獲得專利的條件，學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)明家的成功事例；能靈活運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)句型描述中外古代和現(xiàn)代發(fā)明，談?wù)摬煌l(fā)明的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)及其現(xiàn)實(shí)意義；根據(jù)不同問題及條件設(shè)計(jì)、改進(jìn)發(fā)明并闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)；能寫一封有創(chuàng)新的求職申請，闡述自己的特長和優(yōu)勢，能對別人的發(fā)明、創(chuàng)造或觀點(diǎn)提出意見或建議；并能運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)利用現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中有限材料進(jìn)行發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。 1.1 Warming Up 提供了三幅不同發(fā)明或發(fā)現(xiàn)的圖片，讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，區(qū)分發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)的不同含義；并能與同伴合作描述現(xiàn)代發(fā)明在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的作用。 1.2 Pre-reading要求學(xué)生將課本所列關(guān)于進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究或發(fā)明創(chuàng)造所必須經(jīng)歷的幾個(gè)階段（步驟或過程）進(jìn)行正確的排序。了解每一項(xiàng)發(fā)明在得到社會(huì)承認(rèn)前都必須經(jīng)歷一個(gè)過程。 1.3 Reading是一篇記敘性的文章。作者在文中詳細(xì)介紹了從發(fā)現(xiàn)問題（snake trouble）、分析問題（products that might help）到解決問題（remove the snakes）的全過程，并介紹了專利申請方面的一些知識(shí)。 1.4 prehending第一個(gè)訓(xùn)練題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容回答問題；第三個(gè)訓(xùn)練題要求學(xué)生運(yùn)用科學(xué)步驟設(shè)計(jì)一項(xiàng)發(fā)明解決課本所提供的三個(gè)問題，并與同學(xué)交流觀點(diǎn)。 1.5 Learning about Language分兩部分。第一部分要求學(xué)生利用填空、改寫句子的方式復(fù)習(xí)所學(xué)詞匯及表達(dá)法。第二部分重點(diǎn)練習(xí)過去分詞作定語的用法。 1.6 Using Language分成四部分。第一部分Reading要求學(xué)生閱讀一篇介紹發(fā)明家Alexander Graham Bell的文章并回答有關(guān)問題，了解電話發(fā)明者貝爾的發(fā)明及其成功的原因。第二部分Listening and speaking 是一段關(guān)于Zhou Rui對一家發(fā)明公司的工程師進(jìn)行電話采訪的聽力材料。要求學(xué)生掌握電話交談常用表達(dá)；并在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行角色扮演活動(dòng)，即求職者與公司考核人員之間的電話交談。第三部分Writing要求學(xué)生寫一封求職信，列舉自己的優(yōu)勢、特長和工作經(jīng)歷向這家發(fā)明公司提出求職申請。 2． 教材重組 2.1 從話題內(nèi)容及訓(xùn)練目的分析，Warming Up與Speaking和Workbook中的TALKING相一致，可將這三部分整合在一起，設(shè)計(jì)成一節(jié)任務(wù)型“口語課”。 2.2 將Listening and speaking和Workbook中的LISTENING, LISTENING TASK整合在一起，設(shè)計(jì)成一節(jié)“聽力課”。 2.3 可將Pre-reading, Reading和prehending三個(gè)活動(dòng)整合在一起上一節(jié)“閱讀課（一）”。 2.4 可將Learning about Language 與Workbook中的USING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS, USING STRUCTURES整合在一起，上一節(jié)“語法課”。 2.5 可將Using Language中Reading和Workbook中READING TASK整合起來，上一節(jié)“閱讀課（二）”。 2.6 將Using Language中的Writing和Workbook中的WRITING TASK整合為一節(jié)“寫作課”。 3. 課型設(shè)計(jì)與課時(shí)分配 1st period Speaking 2nd period Listening 3rd period Reading (Ⅰ) 4th period Grammar 5th period Reading (Ⅱ) 6th period Writing Ⅳ. 分課時(shí)教案 The First Period Speaking Teaching goals 教學(xué)目標(biāo) 1. Target language目標(biāo)語言 重點(diǎn)詞匯和短語 discovery, application, evaluate, presentation, alternative, messenger, get together, make a case for, add up 2. Ability goals能力目標(biāo) Enable the students to talk about inventions and discoveries. 3. Learning ability goals 學(xué)能目標(biāo) Help the students learn how to talk about inventions and discoveries. Teaching important & difficult points教學(xué)重難點(diǎn) How to talk about inventions and discoveries. Teaching methods教學(xué)方法 Discussion. Teaching aids教具準(zhǔn)備 A puter and a projector. Teaching procedures & ways教學(xué)過程與方式 Step Ⅰ Warming up Talk about inventions and discoveries. T: The importance of inventions to social progress can never be changed. Each invention carries the world a step forward and provides stimulation for later ones. With inventions turning up all the time, our world is always taking on a new look. But do you know what an invention is? S1: The creation of something new. S2: A creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation. S3: The creation of new things. … Ask the students to talk about the pictures with the teacher’s help, and then discuss the first two questions. T: And what is a discovery? What’s the difference between a discovery and an invention? Now look at the pictures on page 1. Work in pairs and talk about the three different things, telling them apart and giving reasons. Show the following. 1. Which of these pictures show inventions? Does any of them show discoveries? 2. Work out two rules that will help you decide what is a discovery and what is an invention? S1: I think the first two are inventions, i.e. the amphibious car and Stevenson’s “Rocket” while the last picture about the DNA is a kind of discovery. Because the first two products were quite new to people at that time and no one had ever seen or designed such kind of vehicles before though some others had made similar cars or machines which had less functions and advantages as these two. I think the picture about the DNA is a kind of scientific discovery in biology because such cells and their structure do exist in living creatures and they have been found out by a certain scientist and are made known to the public nowadays. So I think a discovery is something existing before but unknown while an invention is something unknown and not existing before. S2: I think the first two pictures show us great human inventions about the transportation because they were invented by people for certain purposes and they had special advantages and could satisfy people’s needs in some ways. On the other hand the third picture showing the formation of DNA is a kind of discovery because these special cells exist and function in the body of life all the time no matter who discovers it or when and where it is discovered. In my opinion a discovery is something found out or brought to view now but it was unknown before while an invention is something created or designed by people , which is pletely new not only now but in the past. … T: Well, from these pictures we can see that there lies differences between a discovery and an invention. There are certain rules or questions you should pay attention to while distinguishing them. Did it exist in the past? Is it created or developed by people? An invention is something that is created by a human being, such as the lightning rod. To the contrary, a discovery merely makes known something that already existed in nature, such as the discovery on the New Continent by Columbia. OK. Let’s go on with some other questions of this part. You may talk with your partner first before we have a check five minutes later. Show the following. What modern inventions do you know? Describe them to your partner and how useful they are in life today. S1: Adidas 1 is the thinking shoes with a built-in microprocessor that decides how soft or firm the wearer needs the support. It has been chosen by Popular Science magazine as the best recreation invention of xx. It is very fortable to wear it all day without worrying about your toes being hurt and you can adjust the height and stiffness according to your demands whenever you want and wherever you go. Thus it is a very practical choice for both the young and the old when having exciting sports outdoors or resting at home during holidays. S2: Camera phones have opened up a new way to municate. Because many of them look like regular cell phones, you can snap pictures as discreetly as any spy and, with the push of a few buttons, pop them into an e-mail or upload them to the Web in less than a minute. No wires or puter hookups necessary. To be sure, most camera phones end up taking pictures of friends, family, babies and pets. But they have also been used to snap pictures of VIPs at private parties, copy recipes from cookbooks at bookstores and even document crimes in progress. But with an estimated 80 million camera phones sold in xx, 6 million in the U.S. alone—the cat may already be out of the camera bag. Like it or not, these camera phones have been very popular and widely used by people even today. S3: A kind of robot heart called AbioCor was invented in xx. On July 2, xx, the 59-year-old grandfather and retired librarian Robert Tools became the first human to get one. It’s been long since the operation, and Tools’ new heart is still beating. He can walk a city block without stopping and he’s even making plans for the future. Though not everybody needs a new heart, hundreds of thousands eventually may. Nor will an artificial heart rid the world of sickness or poverty or terror. But sometimes it really helps. T: Very good! I am glad to see that all of you have known so many modern inventions both at home and abroad and you have thought a lot about them. It’s certain that modern discoveries and inventions do have great effects on people’s life and can always represent the advanced science and technology, so you should learn to distinguish them and make good use of them. Step Ⅱ Talking T: Suppose you are working for a mobile pany. It is your job to suggest new ways of developing a mobile. In pairs discuss some new applications of a mobile. Make a list of the ones you like and that seem the most useful. Choose one you both like and think will be popular with other people. Now work in groups of four to discuss the question. S1: I suggest the new applications of mobile should be: portable entertainment players, cameras, member-ship and loyalty cards, guidebooks, maps, tickets, watches, and devices for accessing everything from news to corporate databases. Among them, we like the applications of devices for accessing everything from news to corporate databases. We both think they are useful and will soon be popular with others in the near future because the ability will enable a whole class of workers to rely less on their memory and more on their pany’s and even world’s knowledge maintenance, sales, construction, transportation, taxicab drivers, and many other workers spend a great deal of time from offices. Thus, when they need information, they must either have it in their heads or stop what they are doing and make a phone call. S2: I think the new mobiles can be developed better with 4G to listen to the radio, watch TV, play games, do shopping, chat on the QQ,, surf the internet, control the electrical equipment at home in the distance, give off harmless rays and be used as puters with special operating systems which can do business, have fun and work as intelligent P4 puters. Among them, we like the new application of surfing the internet and doing shopping and we both think they are useful and will soon be popular among youngsters because it is very convenient for people to find various useful information whenever and wherever possible. As there are different kinds of goods to choose from online and it’s very funny and exciting to make choices and buy what we need at a reasonable price without going out and bargain with sellers in the markets. … T: Very good. Now get together with another pair to discuss whether your suggestion is a good one. Make a case for your idea. Let the other pair evaluate it. Then swap so that you evaluate their idea. Decide which idea you like better and prepare to explain it. Then present it to the class. S1: I think the first classmate’s expectation that the mobile phones can do so much, maybe more than they can offer. The mobile phones usually have limited size and capacity. So I think it will take time before the mobiles are designed to meet his needs. S2: I think it’s practical and meaningful for the second classmate to develop the mobiles in that way. Though it has been used in some ways but we can do better because every day we have much information to look for and different types of things to do and the smart mobile can make it more convenient for us to achieve our goals in life. … T: Now, I’d like you to discuss in groups and try to tell the others about your ideas and the others who act as the leaders of the pany may ask some questions for him or her to answer. Then I’d like some of you to report your group work. Five minutes later. (L=Leader of the pany) S: I think the new mobiles can be developed better with 4G to watch TV and do shopping on the internet. L1: Well, have you thought about the cost of this kind of new mobile which has a large capacity and such functions? S: Yes. I’ll make a good survey of the international electronic markets in advance and try to reduce the cost as much as possible. L2: Are you sure of the security measures of using these mobiles, especially when they are used to shop on the internet? S: Sure. I’ll keep the new mobiles designed so in order that they will give warning messages whenever there is misleading information or dishonesty in selling and buying things on the internet. L3: I think it would be difficult for the new mobile of limited size to be used to watch live broadcast and pick out all sorts of goods on the internet. Have you taken these into consideration? S: Yes. Now, I e to realize that I have to design the mobiles with larger screens, which can make it more convenient and fortable for the users. Thank you! T: Very good! I can see all of you have done a good job in the presentation. Next I want you to evaluate the ideas using the following criteria. First, do you know about the words, such as originality and quality argument? S: Yes, originality just means the quality of being new and interesting and quality argument just means different opinions about the quality of the product. T: Quite right! Now let’s look at the criteria and go on with the next step. Show the following After each group has taken part, add up the scores and award the contract to the winner! T: Next, I’d like to divide you into four teams and the leader of the pany will write down the scores according to the criteria while helping everyone present the ideas. At last the winner will be awarded in class. Step Ⅲ SPEAKING TASK (若時(shí)間不足，可改為作業(yè)) T: Leonardo da Vinci was not only a painter, but a true inventor. Now look at the picture in 1 on page 68. I’d like you to work in pairs and discuss what this invention of Leonardo da Vinci was. Several alternative explanations are provided, but only one is correct. Be prepared to give your ideas to the class with your reasons. S: I think it’s a kind of water slide because we can clearly see the long slide way connecting the water tower, equipment on the roof of the building and the base on the ground. If there is a lack of water down on the ground, the working machine will be used to carry water from the tower above to the ground along the slide way. Just so, this specially fixed machine can also carry water up to store in the tower if the water on the ground is more than needed. This kind of invention is really useful especially in some dry or mountainous areas. T: Good! You are very creative in thinking about the use of the machine in different cases and from this we can see Leonard da Vinci is really a great inventor. He contributed to people’s everyday life besides painting wonderful pictures. Well, let’s go on with Activity 2. Please look at the pictures and read the instructions below, discuss in groups and finish the exercises. Sample answers: What was its possible use? Why? When and where did it appear in Europe? 1. Its possible use is calculation because it is usually called “the Chinese puter” by foreigners. About the middle of the 15th in Russia 2. Its possible use is to spread the development of culture because it is usually used to print papers for people to read. About the late 15th in Germany 3. The south pointer was used to find the most harmonious position to place new buildings. It seems possible that it dates back to the Qin Dynasty. It was the first application of magnetism in people’s lives. The navigational pass appeared in Europe in the 12th or 13th centuries. This is similar to the time when Zheng He used it on his voyages to Africa. Step Ⅳ Project T: “Creativity is the soul of a nation and an inexhaustible source of a country’s prosperity.” Chinese former President Jiang Zemin said in the speech delivered on November 24 to the scientific and technological munity in the Science City of Novosibirsk. As a young generation, every one of us should be creative and inventive in order to contribute more to make our country richer and more beautiful. Now, please look at the project exercise on page 69. I’d like you first read the introductions and then discuss in pairs about the pictures and solutions to the problems. Finally I’d like someone to present your work. One possible solution: S: In this kind of situation, I will have to use the sticks and ropes to make a fishing rod with the nails made in shape of hooks. I will cut the pumpkin or the nuts on the trees into halves so as to make a water container. And as for the shelter I’d use the piece of cloth bined with sticks, ropes and nails. I will have to need a magnifying glass found on the island to focus the heat on the leaves and wood so that there will be much smoke rising from the fire caused by the strong light and heat from the sun. If I’m not lucky enough to be saved by someone, I would have to use the ropes cut by the knife to link the pieces of wood together so as to make a raft as means of escape. T: Good! You all have good imaginations and you have known much about how to design and make effective inventions especially in emergency. I am very proud of you and I’m sure you will do more research about the inventions after class until you make them perfect. Step Ⅴ Homework Ask the students to do the following. 1．Search for more information about mobiles on the Internet. 2．Prepare for the listening part on page 26. The Second Period Listening Teaching goals 教學(xué)目標(biāo) 1. Target language目標(biāo)語言 a. 詞匯和短語 refrigerator, court, version, hang on, out of order, get through, ring back, ring off b. 重點(diǎn)句子 Hang on, please. I’m sorry, but this phone is out of order. I can’t get through. I must ring off now because... Can I ring back later? 2. Ability goals能力目標(biāo) Enable the students to listen to the description of mobile phones and make a telephone interview. 3. Learning ability goals學(xué)能目標(biāo) Help the students learn how to listen to the description of mobile phones and make a telephone interview. Teaching important points 教學(xué)重點(diǎn) Listen to the description of mobile phones. Teaching difficult points 教學(xué)難點(diǎn) How to make a telephone interview. Teaching methods 教學(xué)方法 Listening and cooperative learning. Teaching aids