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第11講 特殊句式和主謂一致,考點1 倒裝句 【典例】1. (2015天津高考)Only when Lily walked into the office ______ that she had left the contract at home. A. she realized B. has she realized C. she has realized D. did she realize 【解析】選D。句意: 當(dāng)莉莉走進(jìn)辦公室的時候, 她才意識到她把合同落在家里了。only位于句首后面跟狀語或者狀語從句時, 主句要部分倒裝。根據(jù)題干可知是過去的事情, 故用一般過去時。,2. (2014陜西高考)No sooner ______ stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause. A. had Mo Yan B. Mo Yan had C. has Mo Yan D. Mo Yan has 【解析】選A。句意: 莫言一登上講臺, 觀眾就報以雷鳴般的掌聲。no sooner. . . than. . . 一……就……, no sooner所在的句子用過去完成時, 位于句首時要把had提前構(gòu)成部分倒裝。,3. (2014大綱版全國卷)______the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well. A. Not do only B. Do not only C. Only not do D. Not only do 【解析】選D。句意: 護(hù)士們不僅想漲工資, 而且還想減少工作時間。根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知, 逗號前面是not only位于句首構(gòu)成的倒裝句。not only位于句首引導(dǎo)句子時, 用部分倒裝, 即把助動詞放在主語前面。,4. (2013遼寧高考)At no time______the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them. A. they actually broke B. do they actually break C. did they actually break D. they had actually broken 【解析】選C。句意: 他們絕對沒有違反比賽規(guī)則, 懲罰他們是不公平的。at no time放在句首, 句子要倒裝。又根據(jù)句中的時態(tài)是一般過去時, 故用一般過去時。,【解題技巧】 1. 掌握全部倒裝基本情況: (1)看到There be句型, 就要想到在There+be+主語+地點/時間的句型中, 主語在謂語be動詞后面, 這是倒裝。注意: 這種倒裝句在There seems/happened/used/. . . to be等句型中也同樣適用。 There happened to be a friend of mine in the park. (2)看到以here, there, in, out, up, down, away, then等副詞開頭的句子中, 句子就要倒裝, 以示強調(diào)。 Out rushed the children.,2. 掌握部分倒裝的情況: (1)看到以so開頭, 表示上句中謂語所述情況也適用于另一個人或另一事物的肯定句中, 表示“也一樣”“也這樣”的句子時就要倒裝。這種倒裝的句型是: so+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語。 We saw that movie yesterday, and so did they. (2)看到以neither, nor開頭的句子, 表示“……也不這樣”時, 句子就要倒裝, 其句型是: neither/nor+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語。 I have never gone abroad, and neither has he.,(3)看到以never, hardly, not only, little, seldom, nowhere, not until, hardly. . . when, no sooner. . . than, by no means等表示否定或半否定意義的副詞或詞組開頭的句子中, 句子就要倒裝。其句型是: 否定或半否定的副詞或詞組+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語。 Never have I realized that water is so precious. (4)看到only在句首修飾一個狀語或狀語從句時, 該句就要倒裝。句型為: only+狀語/狀語從句+ be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語。 Only in this way can we learn English well. (5)看到虛擬語氣條件從句中的if省略時, 就要把句中的were, had, should移至主語之前。,考點2 省略句 【典例】1. (2015湖南高考)Video games can be a poor influence if ______ in the wrong hands. A. to leave B. leaving C. leave D. left 【解析】選D。句意: 視頻游戲如果任其泛濫將產(chǎn)生極壞的影響。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)得知此處考查省略結(jié)構(gòu), 完整句子為if they are left. . . 。,2. (2014福建高考)The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely, ____, reaching 30℃in summer. A. if not B. if ever C. if any D. if so 【解析】選B。句意: 這兒氣候宜人, 如果曾經(jīng)有過(高溫)的話, 夏天溫度也很少達(dá)到30攝氏度。if ever意為“如果曾經(jīng)有過或即使有過的話”, 其作用是緩和語氣。,3. (2013浙江高考)There are some health problems that, when ______ in time, can become bigger ones later on. A. not treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not having been treated 【解析】選A。句意: 有些健康問題, 如果不及時治療, 日后會變成大問題。that引導(dǎo)problems的定語從句; when引導(dǎo)定語從句中的時間狀語從句, 補全為when they are not treated in time, 定語從句的主語that代指problems, 與when從句的主語相同, 符合狀語從句省略的條件, 所以省略了主語they與be動詞are。故選A。,4. (2013新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police______. A. not to do B. not to C. not do D. do not 【解析】選B。句意: 司機想把車停在路邊, 但是警察提醒他不可以。此處是ask sb. to do sth. 的被動語態(tài)形式。動詞不定式符號to指代前面的to park his car near the roadside, 為了避免重復(fù), 直接用to。,【解題技巧】 省略的基本情況: 1. 狀語從句中的省略用法。 如果從句的主語和主句的主語一致, 或從句的主語是it, 且從句的謂語含有be動詞的某種形式(am/is/are/was/were), 可同時省略從句的主語和be動詞的某種形式。,2. 不定式符號to的省略。 (1)感官動詞see, hear, feel, watch等和使役動詞have, make, let等后接不定式作賓語補足語時, 不定式省略to。 (2)do nothing but, can’t help but等結(jié)構(gòu)常接省略to的不定式。 We didn’t do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday. (3)在特定語境中為了避免重復(fù), 當(dāng)不定式再次出現(xiàn)時, 在want, wish, hope, try, plan, like, love, hate后往往只保留to, 而省略后面的動詞。但不定式后有be, have時, 也保留be和have。 My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didn’t want to.,(4)so和not的替代性省略。 用于避免重復(fù)前面所說過的內(nèi)容, 替代詞so/not替代肯定或否定的名詞性從句?？膳cbelieve, do, expect, fear, guess, hope, say, speak, suppose, think, I’m afraid等連用。 —Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? —I suppose not.,考點3 強調(diào)句 【典例】1. (2015重慶高考)Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century______his musical gift was fully recognized. A. while B. though C. that D. after 【解析】選C。句意: 巴赫死于1750年, 但直到19世紀(jì)初他的音樂才能才得到完全認(rèn)可。強調(diào)句式it’s. . . that. . . , 此處強調(diào)的是時間狀語not until the early 19th century。,2. (2015湖南高考)It was when we were returning home ______ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble. A. which B. that C. where D. how 【解析】選B。句意: 正是當(dāng)我們回家的時候我意識到幫助那些困難中的人是多么好的感受。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以得知此句為強調(diào)句, 去掉It was和題線處所填的詞(that)句子依然成立。,3. (2014四川高考)Was it because Jack came late for school______Mr Smith got angry? A. why B. who C. where D. that 【解析】選D。句意: 史密斯先生很生氣是因為杰克上學(xué)遲到嗎? 強調(diào)句型it is/was. . . that. . . , 這里是強調(diào)句型的疑問句形式, 驗證的方式是去掉Was it. . . that. . . 后, because Jack came late for school Mr Smith got angry, 句子意義完整。,【解題技巧】 1. 強調(diào)句型的句式。,2. 判斷強調(diào)句型的原則。 判斷句子是否為強調(diào)句型可以將It is/was和that/who去掉, 如果剩余部分依然完整, 則該句為強調(diào)句型。否則則不是。 It is there that accidents often happen. →Accidents often happen there.,考點4 固定句式及其他 【典例】1. (2015湖南高考)Always______in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly. A. to keep B. to have kept C. keep D. have kept 【解析】選C。句意: 一定要一直銘記你的主要任務(wù)是讓這個公司平穩(wěn)地運轉(zhuǎn)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)得知此處是祈使句, 相當(dāng)于you’d keep, that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。,2. (2014北京高考)______carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab. A. Observe B. To observe C. Observed D. Observing 【解析】選A。句意: 在實驗室做實驗時要仔細(xì)觀察是否有變化發(fā)生。由句意可知這是一個祈使句, 因此選擇動詞原形。,3. (2014大綱版全國卷)______me tomorrow and I’ll let you know the lab result. A. Calling B. Call C. To call D. Having called 【解析】選B。句意: 明天給我打電話, 我會讓你知道實驗結(jié)果。此處是“祈使句+and+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)。故選B。,4. (2014重慶高考)—I spent two weeks in London last summer. —Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay, ____you? A. mustn’t B. haven’t C. didn’t D. hadn’t 【解析】選C。句意: ——去年夏天我在倫敦度過了兩周?！悄愦趥惗仄陂g一定參觀了大英博物館, 是嗎? 對已發(fā)生的過去情況進(jìn)行推測, 若陳述句謂語部分有must have done, 而且有表示過去的時間狀語, 反意疑問句部分用didn’t。,【易錯誤區(qū)】didn’t還是mustn’t (1)誤導(dǎo)原因: must表示“必須, 禁止”時, 反意疑問句部分要用must(mustn’t)。 (2)去偽存真: 當(dāng)must用來表示對過去的情況進(jìn)行“推測”(must+have done)時, 如強調(diào)對過去情況的推測(一般句中有表示過去的時間狀語), 反意疑問句部分要用“didn’t +主語”; 如果強調(diào)動作的完成(一般沒有表示過去的時間狀語), 反意疑問句部分要用“haven’t/hasn’t+主語”。,【解題技巧】 準(zhǔn)確把握下列句式: 1. 祈使句的固定句式。 祈使句+and+簡單句; 祈使句+or+簡單句; 名詞詞組+and+簡單句。 2. 感嘆句的固定句式。 (1)What+a(n)+單數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語! (2)What+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語! (3)How+形容詞+a(n)+單數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語! (4)How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!,3. 反意疑問句。 (1)陳述句中有否定副詞: hardly, never, seldom, little, few, nowhere, nothing等詞, 反意疑問句部分用肯定形式。但當(dāng)陳述部分的否定詞帶有否定前綴, 那么, 該陳述部分作肯定處理, 附加疑問句部分一般仍用否定形式。 He was unsuccessful, wasn’t he?,(2)復(fù)合句的反意疑問句: 大多數(shù)復(fù)合句的反意疑問句都對主句提問, 但當(dāng)I don’t think/suppose/believe/imagine引導(dǎo)賓語從句時, 這種賓語從句的反意疑問句應(yīng)與從句的主語、謂語部分一致, 而且用肯定形式。 I don’t believe she has done it, has she? (3)陳述部分中mustn’t表示“禁止”時, 附加疑問句部分用must。陳述部分中的must表示“一定”“想必”等推測意義時, 附加疑問句部分根據(jù)陳述部分的謂語動詞,考點5 主謂一致 【典例】1. (2014湖南高考)All we need ______ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. A. are B. was C. is D. were 【解析】選C。句意: 我們所需要的就是一小塊土地, 能夠在一年的生長季節(jié)在上面種植各種各樣的果樹。句子的主干為All we need______a small piece of land, 其中we need是定語從句, all在此指的是a small piece of land, 且根據(jù)語境知為現(xiàn)在時態(tài), 故謂語動詞應(yīng)用is。,2. (2013福建高考)The famous musician, as well as his students, ____to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. A. were invited B. was invited C. have been invited D. has been invited 【解析】選B。句意: 那位著名的音樂家及其學(xué)生受邀在2012年臺北花博會開幕式上表演。as well as連接兩個并列的名詞作主語, 謂語動詞應(yīng)和前面的名詞一致。本題只是陳述在過去的時間發(fā)生的事, 故用一般過去時, 由于the famous musician和invite之間是被動關(guān)系, 故選B。,3. (2013湖南高考)The university estimates that living expenses for international students ______ around $8, 450 a year, which ______ a burden for some of them. A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 【解析】選A。句意: 這所大學(xué)估計(一名)國際生的生活開銷每年大約是8 450美元, 這對其中的一些學(xué)生來說是一大負(fù)擔(dān)。living expenses生活開銷, 為復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 故謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù); $8, 450為金錢概念, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。,4. (2013江蘇高考)Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others ______ essential to their development. A. is B. are C. was D. were 【解析】選A。句意: 一般說來, 學(xué)生的內(nèi)在動機和來自他人的高期望值對他們的發(fā)展是必要的。此處考查主謂一致中的就前原則, 除了with外, 還有together with, along with, as well as, but, except, rather than等。根據(jù)就前原則, 謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與inner motivation一致, 因此使用單數(shù)形式。然后根據(jù)generally確定使用一般現(xiàn)在時。,【解題技巧】 牢記下列情況的主謂一致: 1. 主語后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的名詞時, 謂語動詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語保持一致。 2. 由and連接的并列成分指的是同一概念、同一事物或同一人時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。,3. “no/each/every+單數(shù)名詞+no/each/every+單數(shù)名詞; many a+單數(shù)名詞; more than one+單數(shù)名詞”等形式作主語, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 4. 有些集體名詞作主語, 如public, government, family, class, team, group等詞, 強調(diào)其中的各個成員時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式; 強調(diào)整體時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 5. 由or, either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but also等連接并列主語時, 謂語動詞常與最近的主語在單復(fù)數(shù)形式上一致。,6. 在there be句式中的主語不止一個時, 謂語動詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語保持一致。 7. 表示時間、重量、距離、價格、金錢、體積等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞表達(dá)一個整體概念時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。,【誤區(qū)糾偏】 易錯點1 誤判句式結(jié)構(gòu) ①Give more time, ____he will make more progress. ②(變式)Given more time, ____he will make more progress. A. or B. so C. / D. and,【點撥】 (1)題①逗號前為祈使句, 所以應(yīng)用連詞來連接前后兩個句子, 構(gòu)成“祈使句+and/or/but+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)前后兩句之間的邏輯關(guān)系, 應(yīng)選D。 (2)題②逗號前為過去分詞短語作狀語, 后面是一個句子, 故空格處不能用連詞, 故選C。,易錯點2 誤判倒裝語序和正常語序 ①Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours______a decision. ②(變式)After they had discussed the matter for several hours______a decision. A. did they reach B. they reached C. have they reached D. they have reached,【點撥】 (1)“only+狀語從句”放在句首時句子用部分倒裝語序, 主句部分要用部分倒裝, 故題①選A。 (2)題②前沒有only, 為after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句, 主句不用部分倒裝, 故題②選B。,易錯點3 誤判強調(diào)句型和其他句式 ①Was it five o’clock ______ the fire broke out? ②(變式)Was it at five o’clock ______ the fire broke out? A. when B. that C. which D. in which,【點撥】 判斷句子是否為強調(diào)句型可以將It is/was和that/who去掉, 如果剩余部分依然完整, 則該句為強調(diào)句型, 否則就不是。 (1)根據(jù)以上原則, 題①則變成five o’clock the fire broke out句子不完整, 故不是強調(diào)句型, 而是狀語從句, 故選A。 (2)根據(jù)以上原則, 題②則變成at five o’clock the fire broke out句子完整, 是強調(diào)句型, 故選B。,