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第2講 名詞、冠詞、代詞和連接詞,考點1 名詞 【典例】1. (2015全國卷Ⅰ)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. 【解析】airs改為air。air空氣, 是不可數(shù)名詞, 不能變復(fù)數(shù)。 2. (2014浙江高考)No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before. Yet, they had so quickly offered the strangers their help. 【解析】strangers改為stranger。此處特指the ticket-owner, 應(yīng)該是一個人, 故用單數(shù)形式。,3. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)Nearly five years ago, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden. Since then—for all these year—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. 【解析】year改為years。本句前面的形容詞these常常修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式, 所以使用名詞years。,4. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)Therefore, we have more time for after-school activities. For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day. 【解析】第一個hour改為hours。此處指一個半小時, 所以用hour的復(fù)數(shù)形式。,5. (2014遼寧高考)We’ve called several time about Cleo’s early morning barking. It is difficult to understand why she barks every minute she’s outside. 【解析】time改為times。根據(jù)前面表數(shù)量的詞several可知, 此處time意為“次數(shù)”, 應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。,【解題技巧】 1. 可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)判斷原則 根據(jù)名詞所處句子的謂語動詞是否使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式、名詞前的修飾詞、固定詞組或名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化規(guī)則來判斷。 2. 區(qū)分可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 (1)根據(jù)名詞的修飾詞以及謂語動詞的形式來判斷可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。 (2)牢記常見的不可數(shù)名詞以及某些抽象名詞的具體化的情況。,但是并不是所有的抽象名詞都可以具體化, 下面這7個詞永遠(yuǎn)不可數(shù): fun, advice, progress, information, weather, equipment, furniture。 3. 名詞所有格使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 根據(jù)兩個名詞之間是否有所屬關(guān)系來判斷是否該用名詞所有格以及雙重所有格。,考點2 冠詞 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road. I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. 【解析】hurry前加a。in a hurry是固定短語, 意為“匆忙”。,2. (2014浙江高考)Then everyone in the carriage began searching for the ticket, which was eventually found under a seat several rows from its owner. The person who found a ticket smiled with pleasure at his success. 【解析】第二句中a改為the?？疾楣谠~。此處特指“那張車票”。 3. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing everywhere. 【解析】result前加不定冠詞a。根據(jù)固定搭配as a result“結(jié)果是”, 可知原文中的result前缺少了不定冠詞a。,4. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)My dream school looks like a big garden. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings. 【解析】去掉flowers前面的the。all kinds of后面直接跟名詞, 名詞前面不加冠詞。 5. (2014陜西高考)That day I didn’t learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity! 【解析】a改為an。impressive以元音音素開頭, 故用不定冠詞an。,【解題技巧】 高考短文改錯對冠詞的考查一般比較簡單, 都是冠詞的基本用法。 1. 不定冠詞a和an的判斷 以輔音音素開頭的詞前用不定冠詞a; 以元音音素開頭的詞前用不定冠詞an。 注意: 不要看開頭字母, 而是看音標(biāo), 如an hour, a useful language, a European writer等。,2. 不定冠詞和定冠詞的誤用 (1)固定短語中不定冠詞和定冠詞的混用或漏用。經(jīng)?？嫉降挠衋s a result, in a way, in a hurry, pay a visit to, all of a sudden, make the most of, by the way, in the distance, on the whole, on the other hand, to tell the truth, take the place of等。 (2)冠詞的多用。在一些不需要冠詞的地方用了冠詞, 如at present, take part in, in peace, by chance, by accident, on purpose, on second thoughts, ahead of time, in advance等。,考點3 代詞 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them. 【解析】them改為it。考查代詞。此處指代前面提到的park, 用單數(shù)。 2. (2015陜西高考)My soccer coach retired last week. I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party. 【解析】anything改為something。根據(jù)句意, 此處想表達(dá)為教練做一些特別的事情, 而不是任何事情。,3. Then everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket, which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner. 【解析】searching后加for。search for意為“尋找、搜尋”, 固定搭配。search意為“搜(身)”。 4. (2014陜西高考)Just then a bird was flying over us. My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird. Neither of the arrows hit the target. 【解析】Neither改為None。neither特指兩者都不, 原文中并沒有指出具體數(shù)量, 故用none。,【解題技巧】 1. 人稱代詞的前后一致性 人稱代詞的前后一致性包括指代的一致性和單復(fù)數(shù)的一致性。 2. 人稱代詞的主格與賓格變化 主格人稱代詞在句中作主語, 賓格人稱代詞多在句中作賓語。 3. 物主代詞的數(shù)與格 物主代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與所代替的名詞一致。形容詞性物主代詞多在句中作定語, 修飾名詞; 而名詞性物主代詞多在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。,4. 反身代詞 反身代詞多用作介詞或動詞的賓語; 此外, 反身代詞指代的一致性也是重要考點。 5. 一些常見不定代詞、指示代詞的用法 常見的不定代詞有: both, either, all, neither, none, other, the other, others, the others, another。 常見的指示代詞有: it, that, one。,考點4 連接詞 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)The position of the classroom with its view made me feel like I was dreaming. If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it. 【解析】第二句中If改為Though/Although。根據(jù)語境和句意, 此處不是假設(shè), 而是一種實際情況, 所以用Though/Although表示讓步。 2. (2015全國卷Ⅰ)Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in the countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green. 【解析】or改為and。前后句為并列關(guān)系, 而不是選擇關(guān)系, 故用連詞and。,3. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems. 【解析】but去掉或改為yet。連詞although不能和but連用, 因為這兩個詞都是連詞, 由于although置于句首, 如果去掉although會涉及首字母大寫, 因此去掉連詞but或者把but改為副詞yet。 4. (2014大綱版全國卷)The more friends we have, the more we can learn from one another, but the more pleasure we can share together. 【解析】but改為and。根據(jù)句意, 此處前后之間是順承關(guān)系, 而不是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。,5. (2014四川高考)If you notice that when someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher immediately. 【解析】句中有兩處錯誤。第一處: 句中去掉when。that引導(dǎo)賓語從句, 如果when存在則賓語從句中出現(xiàn)狀語從句, 但是沒有主句, 所以when多余。第二處: 句中and改成or。根據(jù)句意, 如果你注意到有人失蹤或受傷, 立刻告訴你的老師。失蹤和受傷是選擇關(guān)系, 而不是并列關(guān)系。如果用and邏輯意思不通。 6. (2014大綱版全國卷)And it is wise to have as many good friends that we can. 【解析】that改為as?？疾閍s. . . as. . . 的用法。,【解題技巧】 1. 并列連詞 ?？嫉牟⒘羞B詞有: ①and承接上文, 表示并列或遞進(jìn), 意為“和, 而且”。 ②but表示轉(zhuǎn)折, 意為“但是”。 ③or表示選擇, 意為“或者”或“否則”。 ④not only. . . but also. . . 意為“不僅, 而且”。 ⑤both. . . and. . . 意為“……和……兩者都”。,⑥not. . . but. . . 意為“不是……而是……”。 ⑦either. . . or. . . 意為“或者……或者……”。 ⑧neither. . . nor. . . 意為“既不……也不……”。 ⑨while表示對比, 意為“然而”。 ⑩when作并列連詞, 意為“在這時”。 2. 狀語從句中從屬連詞的正確使用 3. 關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中的使用 4. 名詞性從句中引導(dǎo)詞的正確使用 5. 強調(diào)句型中連接詞的正確使用,【規(guī)范解題】 學(xué) 生 答 卷,我 來 閱 卷 1. 誤: 第一處和第二處用斜線刪掉出錯的詞匯。 正: 在出錯詞匯下面畫橫線。 2. 誤: 第三處和第四處將改正的詞寫在錯詞上方。 正: 將改正的詞寫在出錯詞的下方。 3. 誤: 第五處改正的詞寫在錯詞的斜下方。 正: 應(yīng)寫在正下方, 以免造成誤解。 4. 誤: 第六處刪詞時在下面畫橫線, 斜線/ 。 正: 刪詞時不需要在下面畫橫線, 斜線樣式是＼。,5. 誤: 第七處將改正的詞寫在錯詞的右邊。 正: 改正的詞要寫在錯詞的正下方, 不能寫在右邊或左邊。 6. 誤: 第八處漏字符號錯誤。 正: 在缺詞處添加漏字符號∧, 并在其下面寫出該加的詞。 7. 誤: 第九處句首單詞出錯時, 改正的詞匯首字母沒大寫。 正: 如果句首的單詞出錯, 改正后的單詞首字母大寫。 8. 誤: 將出錯的詞錯誤部分在原詞上畫掉。 正: 在錯詞下畫橫線, 并在其下面寫出正確詞匯, 不能在原詞上修改。 注意: 每句中最多有兩處錯誤; 全文共有10處語言錯誤, 多者(從第11處起)不計分。,答 題 模 板,