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2019-2020年高中魔法英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義 強(qiáng)調(diào) 強(qiáng)調(diào)是有效地進(jìn)行思想交流的重要手段之一。人們?cè)诮浑H過(guò)程中，為了使自己的思想能為聽者或讀者恰當(dāng)?shù)睦斫猓仨毻怀鲋匾膬?nèi)容，這就需要運(yùn)用強(qiáng)調(diào)的手段。 一、 強(qiáng)調(diào)手段 在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，人們可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)音手段、詞匯手段、語(yǔ)法手段來(lái)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。 A. 語(yǔ)音手段 在口語(yǔ)中，人們可以根據(jù)交流的需要，通過(guò)語(yǔ)句重音來(lái)對(duì)不同的詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如 She speaks English well 這句話，可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)句重音來(lái)分別對(duì)不同的詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。 A Shall we ask Jennifer or Robin to host the English evening party B Of course Jennifer. She speaks English well. (重讀She，強(qiáng)調(diào)“她”) A Jennifers been living in Australia for two years. B She speaks English well but her writing is not very good. (重讀speaks，強(qiáng)調(diào)“說(shuō)”) A Jennifer speaks French beautifully. B She speaks English well, too. (重讀English，強(qiáng)調(diào)“英語(yǔ)”) A Do you think Jennifer is fit for the job B Certainly. She speaks English well. (重讀well，強(qiáng)調(diào)“好”) B. 詞匯手段 人們常用一些形容詞、副詞、否定詞等詞匯手段來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。 1．形容詞very 放在the, this, that 或代詞所有格my, his等后面, 強(qiáng)調(diào)后邊所修飾的名詞。 You are the very person I want to chat with. 你就是我要聊天的那個(gè)人。 He is the very picture of his father. 他活像他父親。 At that very moment the policemen came. 就在那時(shí)警察到了。 2．副詞just 放在the, this, that 或代詞所有格my, his等前面，強(qiáng)調(diào)the, this, that，my, his所修飾的名詞。 This is just the book I am looking for. 這就是我在尋找的書。 He is just the right person for the job. 他就是適合做這份工作的人。 3．用whatever, whenever, wherever 等分別加強(qiáng)what, when, where等詞的語(yǔ)氣。 What is left over is yours. 剩下來(lái)的是你的。 -- Whatever is left over is yours. 剩下來(lái)所有的都是你的。 When did you find time to do it 你什么時(shí)候有空做這事？ -- Whenever did you find time to do it 你究竟什么時(shí)候有空做這事？ Where are you going 你到哪里去？ -- Wherever are you going 你究竟到哪里去？ Who can that be 那會(huì)是誰(shuí)呢？ n Whoever can that be 那究竟會(huì)是誰(shuí)呢？ n 4．副詞possibly 用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could后，加強(qiáng)否定或疑問(wèn)的語(yǔ)氣，有“無(wú)論如何, 不管怎樣”的意思。 We cannot do it. 那件事我們不能做。 -- We cannot possibly do it. 那件事我們無(wú)論如何也不能做。 He cant forget it. 他不會(huì)忘記此事。 -- He cant possibly forget it. 他無(wú)論如何也不會(huì)忘記此事。 Could he agree 他會(huì)同意嗎？ n Could he possibly agree 難道他會(huì)同意嗎？ 5．副詞simply 用于加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，表示“真正，的確，非常，簡(jiǎn)直，完全”等意思。 It is beautiful. 這很美。 -- It is simply beautiful. 這的確是美。 I cant go such stupid behavior. 我不能接受如此愚蠢的行為。 I simply cant go such stupid behavior. 對(duì)這種愚蠢的行為我實(shí)在忍受不了。 6．副詞out, up, over 等加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。 ①副詞out 放在介詞短語(yǔ)的前面, 指“較遠(yuǎn)”的地方，如郊區(qū)或遠(yuǎn)方農(nóng)村等。 I am living in the country. 我住在鄉(xiāng)下。 -- I am living out in the country. 我住在鄉(xiāng)下。 We will sail to the island. 我們將出海前往該島。 --We will sail out to the island. 我們將出海遠(yuǎn)航，前往該島。 ②副詞up 經(jīng)常與go ,run, walk, e等動(dòng)詞連用，由遠(yuǎn)及近地“從某處來(lái)”，“到某處去”。 A stranger came to me and asked the way. 一個(gè)陌生人向我走來(lái)問(wèn)路。 -- A stranger came up to me and asked the way. 一個(gè)陌生人走到我跟前來(lái)問(wèn)路。 Please bring the things to my office. 請(qǐng)把這些東西拿到我辦公室來(lái)。 -- Please bring the things up to my office. 請(qǐng)把這些東西拿到我辦公室來(lái)。 ③副詞over經(jīng)常與go, run, walk, e等動(dòng)詞連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)跨越一段距離。 I will go to his office and have a talk with him. 我要去他辦公室和他談?wù)劇? I will go over to his office and have a talk with him. 我要去他辦公室和他談?wù)劇? 7. 將on earth, in the world, in heaven, under the sun 等短語(yǔ)放在what, when, which, who, where, how等詞的后面，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。 When did you send the email to him？你什么時(shí)候發(fā)的電子郵件給他？ -- When on earth did you send the email to him？你究竟是什么時(shí)候發(fā)電子郵件給他的？ What do you mean by saying so 你這么說(shuō)是什么意思？ -- What in heaven do you mean by saying so？你這么說(shuō)到底是什么意思？ Where could he be 他可能在哪里？ --Where in the world could he be 他究竟在哪里？ 8．用反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 You can go there yourself. 你自己可以去那里。 The president himself will chair the meeting. 總統(tǒng)將親自主持這個(gè)會(huì)議。 I am a stranger here myself. 我自己在這里也是個(gè)陌生人。 9．much, far, by far, still, even, a great deal, a lot放在形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)的前面，用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。 This building is much larger than that one. 這幢樓房比那幢樓房大得多。 His position is far better than mine. 他的作文比我的作文好多了。 That would be a great deal better. 那就更好了。 注意： by far 要放在最高級(jí)或帶the的比較級(jí)前，但如果比較級(jí)前面無(wú)定冠詞，by far放在比較級(jí)前后均可。 He is by far the tallest student in the class. 他是班上最高的學(xué)生。 It is by far the longer river of the two. 這是兩條河中較長(zhǎng)的一條。 This is better by far. 這個(gè)要好多了。 10. 用重復(fù)某一個(gè)單詞來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 Its very, very unkind of you, isnt it 你非常非常不友善，不是嗎？ We waited and waited, but nothing happened. 我們等來(lái)等去，但什么事也沒發(fā)生。 I havent seen him for years and years and years. 我已經(jīng)好幾年沒見到他了。 11. 用not a single, not a bit, not simply, by no means 等短語(yǔ)來(lái)加強(qiáng)否定的語(yǔ)氣。 Shes not in the least angry with me. 她一點(diǎn)也不生我的氣。 I cant speak a single word of Japanese. 我就連一個(gè)日語(yǔ)單詞也不會(huì)說(shuō)。 She is by no means diligent. 她根本不勤奮。 比較： not a bit 一點(diǎn)也不(= not at all)；not a little 非常(= very much) He was not a bit tired. 他一點(diǎn)不累。 He was not a little tired. 他非常累。 12. 用none來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 1 This is none of your business. 這與你絲毫沒有關(guān)系。 He is none of my friends. 他決不是我的朋友。 B. 語(yǔ)法手段 1. 通過(guò)改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)或顛倒正常語(yǔ)序的手段來(lái)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。 Happy are those who are content. 知足常樂。 Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中國(guó)決不會(huì)第一個(gè)使用核武器。 Across the river lies a newly-built bridge. 河上有一座新建的橋。 Hero as he is, he still remains modest. 盡管他是英雄，他仍然很謙虛。 2. 用助動(dòng)詞do, does或did來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 Do e early. 一定早點(diǎn)來(lái)。 He does know Beijing well. 他的確熟悉北京。 He did tell me about it yesterday. 他昨天的確告訴了我這件事。 3．用修辭疑問(wèn)句表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)用作加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的陳述句，稱之為修辭性疑問(wèn)句。肯定的修辭疑問(wèn)句其意義相當(dāng)于強(qiáng)調(diào)的否定陳述句；而否定的修辭疑問(wèn)句其意義則相當(dāng)于強(qiáng)調(diào)的肯定陳述句。 Isnt it a modern school 難道這不是一所現(xiàn)代化的學(xué)校嗎？（= It is really a modern school.） Can anyone doubt the truth of his statement 誰(shuí)能懷疑他陳述的真實(shí)性？ (= Surely no one can would doubt it.) Arent you ashamed of yourself 難道你不慚愧嗎？(= You should be ashamed of yourself.) Who doesnt know the sun rises in the east 誰(shuí)不知道太陽(yáng)從東方升起？(＝Everyone knows the sun rises in the east.) 一、 it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) “It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that/who + 句子其他部分”是使用最廣的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。除了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能強(qiáng)調(diào)外，句子中其它成分，如主語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)都可以用該句型中加以強(qiáng)調(diào)。 A. 用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)句子成分 1．強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ) 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)是人時(shí)，可用It is/was ... that/who ...，但如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分既包括人又包括物，只能用that。 He bought a camera yesterday. -- It was he that/who bought a camera yesterday. 是他昨天買了一架照相機(jī)。 The famous writer and his works have aroused great interest among the students. -- It is the famous writer and his works that have aroused great interest among the students. 在學(xué)生中引起極大的興趣的正是這位著名作家以及他的作品。 注意： 強(qiáng)調(diào)“I”時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化形式。 It is I who am to blame. It is me who is to blame. 是我該受到責(zé)怪。（非正式文體） 2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ) She helped me yesterday. --It was me that/whom she helped yesterday. 昨天她幫助的人是我。 They often talk about the school and the teachers. --It is the school and the teachers that they often talk about. 他們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰氖菍W(xué)校和老師。 3. 強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) We elected him chairman of the meeting. -- It was chairman of the meeting that we elected him. 我們選他是做會(huì)議的主席。 We painted the wall white. It was white that we painted the wall. 我們把墻漆成的是白色。 n 4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)中的狀語(yǔ)種類很多,一般都可以用It is/was ... that ...來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)。 ①時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) He left his hometown for Taiwan in his teens. 他十幾歲時(shí)就離開家鄉(xiāng)去了臺(tái)灣。 -- It was in his teens that he left his hometown for Taiwan. 他是在十幾歲時(shí)離開家鄉(xiāng)去臺(tái)灣的。 He let out the secret after the guest had gone away. 客人走后, 他說(shuō)出了秘密。 -- It was after the guest had gone away that he let out the secret. 是在客人走后,他才說(shuō)出了秘密。 提示 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)由not…until till 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要注意否定前移。 He didnt return to his hometown until after liberation. -- It was not until after liberation that he returned to his hometown. 他是解放后才回到他家鄉(xiāng)的。 ②頻率狀語(yǔ) He es to see me once in a while. -- It is once in a while that he es to see me. 他現(xiàn)在是偶爾來(lái)看看我。 ③地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) The car accident happened in this street yesterday. -- It was in this street that the car accident happened yesterday. 昨天就是在這條街上發(fā)生了汽車事故。 ④方式狀語(yǔ) They took care of their sick mother by turns. -- It was by turns that they took care of their sick mother. 他們輪流來(lái)照看生病的母親。 ⑤目的狀語(yǔ) He got up early to catch the early bus. --It was to catch the early bus that he got up early. 是為了趕早班車，他才起得很早的。 ⑥原因狀語(yǔ) They could not cross the river because the water had risen. -- It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river. 正是由于水漲了，他們沒有渡過(guò)河去。 提示： 在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is/was ...that ...中，要用because來(lái)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，不用since或as。（見第11章 狀語(yǔ)從句） ⑦其他狀語(yǔ) The tailor made a suit to my own measure. -- It was to my own measure that the tailor made a suit. 裁縫是按我自己的尺寸做了一套衣服。 ⑧with without 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) “with without+名詞代詞+其他成分”這種結(jié)構(gòu)，也可以放在It is/was ... that 中，成為被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。 He was waiting for his son at the gate, with an umbrella in his hand. -- It was with an umbrella in his hand that he was waiting for his son at the gate. 他是手里拿著一把傘在門口等待著他的兒子。 She felt very nervous, with the teacher standing beside her. n It was with the teacher standing beside her that she felt very nervous. 是有老師站在她旁邊，她才感到很緊張的。 B．強(qiáng)調(diào)句與定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等其他句型的區(qū)別 有時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)句在形式上和定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句很相似。我們除了從意思上進(jìn)行區(qū)分外，還能根據(jù)強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷，如能去掉It was ...that ... 后，句子仍然通順，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。 It was at the railway station that we first met 16 years ago. 是在火車站我們16年前第一次相逢。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)at the railway station） It was the railway station where we first met 16 years ago. 這是我們16年前第一次相逢的火車站。（定語(yǔ)從句，where 是關(guān)系副詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)） It was in this street that the car accident happened the other day. 前幾天發(fā)生汽車事故的就是在這條街上。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)in this street） It was this street where the car accident happened the other day. 這是前幾天汽車事故的那條街。（定語(yǔ)從句，where 是關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)） It was at midnight that he got home yesterday. 他昨天是半夜到家的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)at midnight） It was midnight when he got home yesterday. 昨天他到家時(shí)已是半夜。（when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，it 是代詞，指時(shí)間） C. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一般疑問(wèn)句和特殊疑問(wèn)句 1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一般疑問(wèn)句基本句型是：Is/Was + it + that +句子其他成分？ Did he see you in the office just now？ -- Was it in the office that he saw you just now？他見你的地方是在辦公室嗎？ Does he often go to the library Is it to the library that he often goes 他經(jīng)常去的地方是圖書館嗎？ 2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句的基本句型是：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+ is/was + it + that + 句子其他成分 When did you first go to the Great Wall？ -- When was it that you first went to the Great Wall？你究竟什么時(shí)候第一次去長(zhǎng)城的？ Where did you go last night -- Who was it that told you about it 究竟是誰(shuí)告訴你這件事的？ Why did you keep silent at the meeting？ n Why was it that you kept silent at the meeting？你究竟為什么在會(huì)上保持緘默？ 3. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)句的疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)： ① 一般疑問(wèn)句基本句型是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞+it+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+that+句子其他成分？ Could he be killed at home 他是在家被殺的嗎？ --Could it be at home that he was killed 他被殺的地方會(huì)是在家里嗎？ Might she leave her keys in the office 也許她把鑰匙丟在辦公室了 --Might ti be in the office that she left her keys？ 也許她把鑰匙丟在辦公室了 ②特殊疑問(wèn)句基本句型是：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞+it+be+that+主語(yǔ)+句子其他成分 Where might the accident happen？ -- Where might it be that the accident happened？可能是在什么地方發(fā)生這個(gè)事故的？ Who can it be in the office now？ -- Who can it be that is in the office now？現(xiàn)在還在辦公室里的會(huì)是誰(shuí)呢？ 二、 what引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) 用“what從句 + be + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分”或“被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分 + be + what從句”表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 John wants a good rest. 約翰想要好好休息一下。 --What John wants is a good rest. 約翰想要的是好好休息一下。 或： A good rest is what John wants. 好好休息一下正是約翰想要的事。（比較少見） Id like you to work on Exercise Two on Page 38. 我要你們做38頁(yè)上的練習(xí)二。 -- What Id like you to work on is Exercise Two on Page 38. 我要你們做的作業(yè)是38頁(yè)上的練習(xí)二。 I need two books. 我要兩本書。 -- What I need are two books. 我要的是兩本書。（注意謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)） 注意： 在這種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，除了what外，人們很少使用其他連詞。 避免說(shuō)：Where you should play football is the play ground, not the classroom. 最好說(shuō)：The place where you should play football is the playground, not the classroom. 你們踢足球的地方是操場(chǎng)，而不是教室。 避免說(shuō)：When I read English aloud is early morning. 最好說(shuō)：The time I read English aloud is early morning. 我是在清晨朗讀英語(yǔ)。 避免說(shuō)：Why she was absent from class was that she was feeling unwell. 最好說(shuō)：The reason why she was absent from class was that she was feeling unwell. 她缺課的原因是她身體不好。