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第一部分 閱讀知識部分 第一章 閱讀理解,一、考綱解讀 閱讀理解測試考生的英語閱讀能力，要求考生能夠讀懂書、報、雜志、網絡中的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關信息?？忌鷳埽?.理解主旨和要義；2.理解文中具體信息；3.根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；4.通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節(jié)的暗示做出判斷和推理；5.理解文章的基本結構；6.理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。從近幾年新課標全國卷來看，閱讀理解考查的詞匯量有所增加，更加注重考查考生根據(jù)語境進行推理判斷的能力。,二、命題特點 閱讀理解的考查特點具體體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面： 1．體裁豐富，題材廣泛。 高考閱讀理解的體裁涉及記敘文、夾敘夾議文、說明文、應用文和議論文；內容涉及社會、文化、經濟、科普、新聞和廣告等多種題材，尤其是國內外的新科技、新發(fā)明，時代感強，特別關注當今的熱點話題。,2．閱讀量、信息量大。 考查閱讀能力的一個重要方面是閱讀速度，較大的閱讀量、信息量對考生的閱讀技能是一種有效的檢測方法。 近幾年高考試題都保持了較大的詞匯量，所涉及的內容廣泛而深刻，對于詞匯能力的考查也繼續(xù)保持了較高的要求，為考生提供了施展閱讀才能的機會和開闊的思維空間。,3．語篇結構復雜。 閱讀材料基本保留了其原有的語言風格，語篇結構也有一定難度。作者在闡述問題時都使用多種技巧和修辭方法，文章的展開不全是平鋪直敘，而是間有倒敘、插敘等多種方式。行文的跳躍程度較大，陳述次序富于變化，隱含信息較多，再加上閱讀材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣詞造句趨于地道，因此，許多文段讀起來感到“生澀”，有時讀懂了文字，但不一定能夠立刻領悟語篇的意思，常常要反復閱讀幾次才能讀懂。,4．語言難度較大。 具體表現(xiàn)在語句的長度、措辭的靈活性、一定量的生詞量以及替代和省略手法的運用上。簡單句、復合句、虛擬語氣、結構復雜的長句、倒裝句、省略句以及插入語等語言現(xiàn)象隨處可見，而且多種時態(tài)混用。詞匯運用要求更高，活用詞比比皆是，一詞多義、熟詞生義現(xiàn)象更是頻繁出現(xiàn)。,5．題型設置合理。 設題手法更加靈活，設題方式呈多樣化的趨勢。題干及選項設置科學嚴謹、簡潔精煉，信息定位具體，考點分布均勻，語言表達簡潔、準確。不僅考查對文中的特定信息的理解把握，又涉及文章的主旨要義、作者的態(tài)度意圖等深層理解題，更加注重考查學生的綜合分析和概括能力。題型以細節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主，主旨大意題一般每年2個左右，詞義猜測題一般每年不超過1個。,三、考查話題及題型分布 近五年高考英語全國、新課標卷閱讀理解話題分布情況：,根據(jù)最近五年全國、新課標卷高考閱讀理解的話題所涉及的內容看，高考閱讀理解注重素材的多樣化、現(xiàn)代化和生活化，不僅主題廣泛、科學實用，而且生動有趣、異彩紛呈。其題材涵蓋人物故事、名人傳記、前沿科技、環(huán)境保護、地理現(xiàn)象、歷史文化、廣告信息等，充分體現(xiàn)了“語言是文化的載體”這一重要理念，這些將是今后高考閱讀理解選材的主要方向。,五年高考英語全國、新課標卷閱讀理解題型分布情況：,高考英語閱讀理解著重考查考生對語篇的整體把握能力、根據(jù)所提供的語境進行語篇分析的能力以及綜合利用有效信息解決實際問題的能力。在近幾年的高考中，在表層理解的事實性和細節(jié)性考題占有一定比例的同時，詞義猜測、推理判斷和主旨大意等深層次試題占有越來越大的比重，這反映了高考仍突出語言運用能力考查的命題思想。,事實細節(jié)題 一、 考綱要求 高考英語閱讀理解部分考查的重點之一是考生對于文章細節(jié)信息的捕捉、理解和分析能力。細節(jié)題的比重一般為五分之一，換句話說，高考英語閱讀理解的五篇文章中，每篇文章都至少設有一道細節(jié)題。細節(jié)題主要考查考生對文章中闡述主題的細節(jié)與具體事實的把握能力，內容涉及詢問事實、原因、結果、目的等。細節(jié)題屬于淺層理解題，難度較低，答案明確具體，考生一般可以從閱讀材料中直接找到。,二、 命題規(guī)律 1．這類試題一般只針對文章中某一特定的細節(jié)，也可能涉及若干個細節(jié)，或者針對文章的主要事實，或利用圖形圖表或地圖來表示信息等。 2．此類試題一般又可分為兩類：一是直接理解題，答案可在原文中直接找到；二是詞義轉換題，答案是原文中有關詞語和句子的轉換，而不能在原文中直接找到。,三、備考策略 細節(jié)理解題占所有閱讀理解題的50%左右，是做好閱讀理解的關鍵。 細節(jié)理解題是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提問)、語意轉化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語境上的轉換，兩者存在表達上的差異，有時需要進行加工或整理后方能得出結論)、數(shù)字計算題、排列順序題、圖表圖畫題等。,所以破解事實細節(jié)類題目時，要網羅所有事實細節(jié)，然后去偽存真，揭去面紗，做到撥云見日，把握住作者真正要表達的東西，選取最佳選項。,做這類題一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀文章，找出與問題有關的詞語或句子，再對相關部分進行分析對比，找出答案。另外，在題干中尋找線索詞，并注意題干中的名詞、動詞、形容詞等實詞。注意線索詞在文章中的位置，并標出實詞的出處，為快速、準確地選擇答案打下基礎。,下面這些線索詞能夠反映句子間的邏輯關系。如：because，since，for，as等表示因果關系；after，first，next，later，meantime等表示時間關系；above，below，behind，in front of等表示方位關系；but，on the contrary，on the other hand 等表示轉折或相對關系；furthermore，whats more 等表示遞進關系；for instance，for example，such as等表示例證關系。這些表示邏輯關系的詞語能為考生解答細節(jié)題提供重要的線索，考生要特別注意。,解答此類題目有時還要注意細讀全文，變通理解，多方歸納，綜合事實細節(jié)選定答案，平時閱讀時，注意作者描述人物、事件等細節(jié)的常用寫作手法與技巧，這樣方可以不變應萬變，達到撥云見日的效果。,四、解題建議 1．高考試題中的細節(jié)理解題主要是通過語句的同義 或反義轉換來考查考生對英語語言的理解能力。解答這類題可用“尋找題眼”，即從問題入手，找到問題中的題眼，有針對性地掃讀短文，迅速鎖定相關詞句或信息點，然后尋找相關的同義或反義表述，圍繞主旨深刻理解材料。,2．一般可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案，但是不可能與閱讀材料一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型表達相同的意思。但正確選項應當與主旨相關聯(lián)。 3．如果問題中含有否定意義的詞語，如有not, except等，要特別留心，不要理解錯了，而選相反的答案。,五、典例精析 【2015湖北卷】D The oddness of life in space never quite goes away.Here are some examples.,First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag.If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled (芭蕾)dancer.“Im an inside guy，”Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a sixmonth tour on the International Space Station.“I like to be wrapped up.”,On the station, the ordinary becomes strange.The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars.It also has no seat.With no gravity, its just as easy to pedal violently.You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want.But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼氣) has a tendency to form an invisible (隱形的)cloud around your head.You can end up with what astronauts call a carbondioxide headache.,Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat，“Your inner ear thinks yourre falling.Meanwhile your eyes are telling you youre standing straight.That can be annoyingthats why some people feel sick.”Within a couple daystruly terrible days for some astronauts brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.,Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous.For instance, astronauts lose bone mass.Thats why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule.The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a roundtrip to Mars.,1．What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space? A．Deciding on a proper sleep position. B．Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag. C．Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly. D．Finding a right time to go to sleep.,2．The astronauts will suffer from a carbondioxide headache when________． A．they circle around on their bikes B．they use microcomputers without a stop C．they exercise in one place for a long time D．they watch a movie while pedaling,3．Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because________． A．their senses stop working B．they have to stand up straight C．they float out of their seats unexpectedly D．their brains receive contradictory messages,4．One of the NASAs major concerns about astronauts is________． A. how much exercise they do on the station B．how they can remain healthy for long in space C．whether they can recover after returning home D．whether they are able to go back to the station,【試題分析】 這是一篇說明文。本文通過舉例說明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡覺時，對宇航員來說主要的挑戰(zhàn) 在于恰當?shù)乃咦藙?；宇航員在一個地方運動久了會出現(xiàn)碳毒性頭痛；宇航員的大腦接收到矛盾的信息時會感到惡心。最后告訴我們美國國家宇航局對宇航員主要的擔心是宇航員回家后的修養(yǎng)期和如何在太空長久地保持健康。,1．解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.”可知在太空睡覺時，對宇航員來說主要的挑戰(zhàn)在于恰當?shù)乃咦藙荨９蔬xA項。 答案：A 2. 解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.You can end up with what astronauts call a carbondioxide headache”可知宇航員在一個地方運動久了會出現(xiàn)碳毒性頭痛。故選C項。 答案：C,3. 解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Your inner ear thinks youre failing.Meanwhile your eyes are telling you youre standing straight.That can be annoying thats why some people feel sick.”可知宇航員在大腦接收到矛盾的信息時會感到惡心。故選D項。 答案：D,4．解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things ：.and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness.”可知美國國家宇航局對宇航員主要的擔心之一是如何在太空長久地保持健康。故選B項。 答案：B,●即學即練 【2015北京卷】B Revolutionary TV Ears TV Ears has helped thousands of people with various degrees of hearing loss hear the television clearly without turning up the volume(音量) and now its better and more affordable than ever!,With TV Ears wireless technology, you set your own headset volume, while other TV listeners hear the television at a volume level thats comfortable for them.You can even listen through the headset only and put the TV on mute(靜音) if the situation calls for a quiet environmentmaybe the baby is sleeping.Or perhaps you are the only one who is interested in listening to the ballgame.,TV Ears patented technology includes a revolutionary noise reduction car tip, not used in any other commercially available headset.This tip reduces outside noise so that television dialogue is clear and understandable.Get the technology that has proven to help the most demanding customers.Thats why TV Ears has earned the trust and confidence of audiologists(聽覺學家) nationwide as well as worldfamous doctors.,Risk Free Trial! TV Ears comes with a 30day risk free trial. Special OfferNow $59.95. If youre not satisfied, return it. Moneyback guarantee! Call now ! 8001237832,【試題分析】 本文是一個廣告，介紹的是一個全新的“電視耳機”，題目比較簡單。 1．TV Ears helps you________． A．improve your sleeping quality B．listen to TV without disturbing others C．change TV channels without difficulty D．become interested in ballgame programs,解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“while other TV listeners hear the television at a volume level thats comfortable for them”可知這種新型“電視耳機”不會打擾到其他人，符合B選項中的without disturbing others。故選B。 答案：B,2．What makes TV Ears different from other headsets? A．It can easily set TV on mute. B．Its headset volume is adjustable. C．It has a new noise reduction car tip. D．It applies special wireless technology.,解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一行“includes a revolutionary noise reduction ear tip, not used in any other commercially available headset?！笨芍@個全新的“電視耳機”包括一個全新的降噪耳塞，符合C中的”It has a new noise reduction ear tip?！惫蔬xC。 答案：C,3. This advertisement is made more believable by________． A．using recommendations B．offering reasons for this invention C．providing statistics. D．showing the results of experiments.,解析：細節(jié)理解題。文中方框的內容很明顯是來自醫(yī)生和顧客的推薦(recommend)，故選A。 答案：A,意義猜測題 一、 考綱要求 猜詞悟義是應用英語的重要能力，也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯?？忌鷳獙W會通過構詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義。,詞義猜測題有逐漸增加的趨勢，尤其是猜測詞組、句義題。因為猜測詞組、句義題涉及題材背景、句子結構、文章主旨、作者的觀點態(tài)度等。聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關鍵。近幾年閱讀理解的生詞率略有上升，加大了猜測力度。命題者著重考查考生利用同義或反義關系、構詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。,二、 命題規(guī)律 1．要求根據(jù)閱讀材料所提供的信息，結合中學生應有的常識和經驗，正確判斷生詞詞組的含義或成熟詞在特定語境中表達的具體含義以及一些句子的意思。 2．要求猜測詞義的詞一般為實詞及其詞組，通過構詞、定義、對比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索確定詞義的具體內容。 3．代詞復指理解題也是猜測詞義的常考類型。用“邏輯關系梳理法”、“遞向尋蹤法”理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關系是關鍵所在。,三、備考策略 詞義猜測題要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境上下文來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關鍵。命題者在出這類題時慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。 1．根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進行猜測。 有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。,2．根據(jù)同位關系進行猜測。 閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時后面緊跟一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋，這時可利用同位關系對前面或后面的詞義或句意進行猜測。 3．根據(jù)構詞法(合成、派生、轉化等)進行猜測。 在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴，從而構成一個詞，乍看起來，這個詞可能是新詞，但掌握了一定的構詞知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。,4．根據(jù)因果關系進行猜測。 在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預測結果，根據(jù)結果也可以找出原因。 5．根據(jù)上下文的指代關系進行猜測。 文章中的代詞it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認真查找；也有時需要對前面提到的內容進行總結，才能得出代詞所指代的事。,6．根據(jù)同義關系進行猜測。 當詞或短語之間有并列連詞and 或or時，其連接的兩項內容在含義上是接近的或遞進的，由此確定同等關系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。 7．根據(jù)轉折或對比關系進行猜測。 根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉折、對比或不相干的意義。,8．通過上下文理解猜測詞義。 通過上下文的具體信息猜測詞義是目前高考閱讀理解題中最常見的一種命題形式。 四、解題建議 1．理解含生詞部分的上下文來推測其意思，“順著”作者的思想、態(tài)度去理解，然后“上下求證”是否合乎邏輯或作者的思想等。,2. 根據(jù)前后的因果關系來推斷其中的某個生詞或短語的意思。既可由因推果，也可由果推因。 3．必須通過上下文得出其在特定場合下的特殊意思，那些常規(guī)含義的選項不會是要選擇的正確答案。,五、典例精析 【2015四川卷】E No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.But a new study suggests they used a little rock ‘n’roll.Longago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientists say. “Technically, I think what theyre proposing is possible，” physicist Daniel Bonn said.,People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.And theres no obvious answer.On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pick up truck.The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.,The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板)．Then they would have dragged them along paths.To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated_the_paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.,Evidence from the sand supports this idea.Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths. However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way , who led the new study.West said ，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought ，‘Why dont they just try rolling the things？’”“A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides”， he realized.“That”，he notes，“should make a block of stone，a lot easier to roll than a square”．,So he tried it． He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30kilogram stone block.That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on the ground. They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.,West hasnt tested his idea on larger blocks, but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding.At least, workers wouldnt have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths. 1．Its widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by________． A．rolling them on roads B．pushing them over the sand C．sliding them on smooth paths D．dragging them on some poles,2．The underlined part “l(fā)ubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means________． A．made the path wet B．made the path hard C．made the path wide D．made the path slippery,3．What does the underlined word “it”in Paragraph 7 refer to? A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached. B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels. C．Rolling poles to move the blocks. D．Rolling the blocks with fat.,4．Why is rolling better than sliding according to West? A．Because more force is needed for sliding. B．Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle. C．Because sliding on smooth road is more dangerous. D．Because less preparation on path is needed for rolling.,5．What is the text mainly about? A. An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site. B．An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site. C．An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site. D．An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.,【試題分析】 本文主要講述的是關于金字塔的建造，不同的專家有著不同的見解。這篇文章主要講述了兩種看法。 1．C 2.解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段的“To make the work easier”，以及下文的“either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.”可知，這樣做是為了讓路更加平滑，故選擇D。 答案：D,3．解析：詞義猜測題。這是考查指代詞的指代內容，由于是指代詞，可知內容應該在上文，根據(jù)第六段的內容可知，選擇A，意為把桿綁在石塊上，然后滾動石塊。 答案：A 4．D 5．C,●即學即練 【2014四川省綿陽中學高三上學期第五次月考】 Audrey Hepburn (奧黛麗赫本) won an Academy Award as Best Actress for her first major American movie, Roman Holiday, which was released in 1953.But she is remembered as much for her_aid_work as for her acting.,Born in Belgium in 1929, Audreys father was British and her mother was Dutch.Audrey was sent to live at a British school for part of her childhood.During World War II, she lived and studied in the Netherlands.Her mother thought it would be safe from German attacks.Audrey studied dance as a teenager and during college when she returned to London after the war.But she realized she wasnt going to be a ballerina (芭蕾舞女演員)．So she began taking acting parts in stage shows.Later she began to get small parts in movies.,But it was Audrey Hepburns move to America that brought her true fame.In 1951 she played the character “Gigi” in the Broadway play of the same name to great critical praise.Two years later, Roman Holiday made her a star at the age of 24. Audrey made more than 25 movies.Among her most popular roles was Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiff anys in 1961.Three years later she played Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady.,She was married two times and had one son by each husband.In 1989, the UN Childrens Fund named Audrey a goodwill ambassador.She travelled all over the world in support of UNICEF (聯(lián)合國兒童基金會) projects.The UN agency said she was a tireless worker.She often gave 15 interviews a day to gain money and support for UNICEF projects.,Audrey Hepburn often said her loyalty to UNICEF was the result of her experiences as a child during World War II.She said she knew what it was like to be starving and to be saved by international aid.She was a goodwill ambassador until her death in 1993 from colon cancer. 【試題分析】 文章介紹了著名影星赫本的生平事跡。1953年主演的《羅馬假日》使她一舉成名。從1989年直至1993年去世，赫本一直擔任聯(lián)合國兒童基金會的特使，為拉美和非洲兒童提供很大的幫助。,1．In Paragraph 1, “her aid work” means________． A．winning an Academy Award as Best Actress B．taking acting parts in stage shows C．making her own movies D．acting as a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF 解析：詞義猜測題 第一段是全文的概括，其重心在后面，即奧黛麗赫本 盡管獲得奧斯卡最佳女主角獎，但她擔當?shù)脑ぷ魍瑯邮谷算懹?。再結合文章接下來的敘述可知，D項正確。 答案：D,2．The reason why Audrey lived and studied in the Netherlands was that________． A．she wanted to be a ballerina B．her parents were from Britain C．it was safe there D．the education there was excellent 答案：C,3．We can infer from the passage that________． A．Audreys parents lived in Germany during World War Ⅱ B．Audrey lived in America in the 1950s C．Audrey was made to give up dancing D．the character “Gigi” in the Broadway play was her most popular role 答案：B,4．________is the right order for Audreys life. ①The first time she began to play in movies. ②She returned to London from the Netherlands. ③She won an Academy Award as Best Actress. ④She travelled all over the wor1d in support of UNlCEF projects. ⑤She played a part in My Fair Lady.,A．②①③⑤④ B．①②③⑤④ C．②①⑤③④ D．①②⑤③④ 答案：A,推理判斷題 一、考綱要求 高考英語閱讀理解中的推理判斷題，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎上，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推斷題屬于主觀性較強的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時，同學們要嚴格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細節(jié)、事實以及作者的措詞、態(tài)度和語氣，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞句，然后利用自己已獲得的相關知識進行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結論。,二、 命題規(guī)律 1．推理判斷題考查的都是最簡單的推理判斷能力，不會涉及到復雜的推理和判斷。 2．綜合利用文章中提供的細節(jié)、事實并根據(jù)上下文提供的線索進行邏輯分析，尤其要讀透文章字里行間的含義，即透過表面認識本質，從而通過自己的推理、判斷和引申來得出正確的認識。 3．推理判斷題涉及的文章內容可能是一句話或幾句話、可能是一個或者兩三個段落、甚至也可能是整篇文章。,三、備考策略 推理判斷題屬于深層理解題，要注意以下幾個方面的問題： 考生做題時一定要從整體上把握語篇內容，在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息間架起橋梁，透過字里行間，去體會作者的“弦外之音”。,首先，考生在閱讀時，要抓住文章的主題和細節(jié)，分析文章結構，根據(jù)上下文內在聯(lián)系，挖掘文章的深層含義。在進行推理時，考生一定要仔細閱讀短文，千萬不可脫離原文而僅憑個人的看法，主觀臆斷。 其次，對于暗含在文章中的人物的行為動機、事件的因果關系及作者未言明的傾向、意圖、態(tài)度、觀點等要進行合乎邏輯的判斷、推理、分析，進一步增強理解能力，抓住材料實質性的東西。 再次，在解答推理性問題時，應清楚所要解答的問題是針對某個細節(jié)進行推斷，還是針對主題思想、作者的意圖進行推斷。,針對細節(jié)的推斷可運用scanning方法，迅速在閱讀材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進行推理判斷。 針對主題思想作推斷時，其解題的主要依據(jù)是文章的主題思想，然后再分析句子之間的邏輯關系，區(qū)分觀點與例證、原因與結果、主觀點與次觀點。,四、解題建議 1．要善于抓住某一段話中的關鍵信息，即某些關鍵詞或短語去分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維或正面推理，從而推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。 2．做推理題時，有時需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎上，整合與題目相關的有用信息，綜合起來去推理判斷，確定最佳結論。 3．針對主題思想作推斷時，其解題的主要依據(jù)是文章的主題思想，然后再分析句子之間的邏輯關系，區(qū)分觀點與例證、原因與結果、主觀點與次觀點。,五、典例精析 【2015重慶卷】B In ancient Egypt, a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment.Modern businesses have been following his lead，with more tactics(策略)．,One tactic involves where to display the goods.For example, stores place fruits and vegetables in the first section.They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food(垃圾食品)later in their trip.In department stores，the womens shoe section is generally next to the womens cosmetics(化妝品) section：while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe, bored customers are likely to wander over cosmetics they might want to try later.,Besides, businesses seek to appeal to customers senses.Stores notice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping.They make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day.Music sells goods, too.Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played, sales of French wine went up.,When it comes to the selling of houses, businesses also use highly rewarding tactics.They find that customers make decision in the first few second upon walking in the door, and turn it into a business opportunity.A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly.When entering the house, the customer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows, and then the pool through an open stairway leading to the lower level.The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these $10 million houses.,1. Why do stores usually display fruits and vegetables in the first section? A．To save customers times. B．To show they are high quality foods. C．To help sell junk food. D．To sell them at discount prices.,2. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following encourages customers to buy? A．Opening the store early in the morning. B．Displaying British wines next to French ones