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一,二,三,四,五,非謂語動詞是動詞的變體,是為了滿足動詞作除了謂語之外的其他成分而產生的。從該意義上來說,非謂語動詞是動詞的升級版本,彌補了動詞的先天不足。在語法填空和短文改錯題中,這是必考點之一,非常重要。根據(jù)非謂語動詞的類別及功能,該部分涉及的熱點有動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞以及v.-ing等。解決非謂語動詞用法的關鍵是:一、時態(tài):把握非謂語動詞和謂語動詞的時間關系;二、語態(tài):把握非謂語動詞和邏輯主語之間的主動或被動關系;三、句式結構:with的復合結構,獨立主格結構,獨立結構以及使役動詞的用法等。,一,二,三,四,五,一、非謂語動詞的形式變化,一,二,三,四,五,二、動詞不定式 動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,在句子中可以充當除去謂語之外的所有句子成分。 1.不定式作主語 (1)表示具體的某次動作或一件未完成的事或表示目的。如: To lie to your father is wrong.向你父親撒謊是不對的。 (2)it用作形式主語的常見句型: It takes sb.some time to do sth. It is +adj.+for sb.to do sth.(形容詞指某事物的特征、特點) It is +adj.+of sb.to do sth.(形容詞指人的性格、品德)如: It’s important for us to keep the water clean. 保持水質清潔對我們來說是很重要的。 It’s very kind of you to say so. 你這樣說真是太好了。,一,二,三,四,五,2.不定式作表語 (1)表示具體動作,特別是將來的動作或者表示計劃、安排、命令、勸告等。主語常常是表示意向、打算、計劃的詞,如wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,job等。如: My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein. 我的愿望是做一個像愛因斯坦那樣的科學家。 (2)注意seem,appear的用法。如: They seemed to be eating something when I entered the room. 我進入房間時,他們好像在吃東西。 (3)be to blame (責備),be to let(出租) 常用主動式表示被動。如: You are to blame.你應該受到責備。,一,二,三,四,五,3.不定式作賓語 (1)跟在某些動詞之后,簡單口訣如下: 三個希望兩答應:hope/wish/want/agree/promise 兩個要求莫拒絕:demand/ask/refuse 設法學會做決定:manage/learn/decide 不要假裝在選擇:pretend/choose 如: They managed to escape from the burning building. 他們設法從著火的大樓逃了出去。,一,二,三,四,五,(2)某些動詞后接“疑問詞+不定式” 常見的有:teach,decide,wonder,show,learn,forget,ask,find out,advise,discuss等。如: I don’t know whether to answer the letter. 我不知道是否要回信。 (3)it用作形式賓語來代替不定式的常用句型是:主語+謂語+it(形式賓語)+賓語補足語(形容詞或名詞)+不定式。 常見謂語動詞有:consider,regard,suppose,think,believe,make,feel,find,know等。如: They find it difficult to repay the money. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)還這筆錢很困難。 We consider it a waste of time and money to go on with the project. 我們認為繼續(xù)進行這個項目既費時又費錢。,一,二,三,四,五,4.不定式作定語 (1)不定式可用在名詞、代詞、序數(shù)詞、the only和形容詞最高級等后面作定語。不定式作定語常表示將來的動作,而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示正在進行的或主動的動作,過去分詞作定語表示的則是完成的或被動的動作。常被不定式修飾的名詞有:chance,need,promise,time,opportunity,way等。如: He had no chance to go to school before liberation. 解放前他沒有上學的機會。 (2)不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動賓關系,如果該不定式是不及物動詞,其后應加上必要的介詞。如: She is now looking for a room to live in. 她現(xiàn)在正在找一所房子來居住。,一,二,三,四,五,(3)如果不定式能與主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系,則常用主動式,而不用被動式,否則用被動式。如: Do you have any clothes to be washed?(I will wash them for you.) 你有要洗的衣服嗎? 對比:Do you have any clothes to wash?(You wash the clothes yourself.) 你有衣服要洗嗎? 5.不定式作狀語 (1)不定式作目的狀語往往是高考命題的重點。為了加以強調,有時可把不定式放在句首,或在其前加上in order或so as。用作目的狀語的不定式是一個尚未發(fā)生的將來動作。如: In order to arrive before dark,we started early. 為了在天黑前到達,我們很早就動身了。,一,二,三,四,五,(2)不定式作原因狀語常用在某些表示情感、情緒等的形容詞后面,如happy,kind,surprised,frightened,angry,shocked,glad,delighted,disappointed,sorry等。如: I am so sorry to hear about your failure on business. 聽到關于你生意失敗的事我很遺憾。 (3)不定式作結果狀語用于so.as to.,such.as to,enough to.,too.to,only to等結構中(其中only to常表示出乎意料的結果)。如: He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out. 他匆忙去了售票處,結果被告知所有的票已經(jīng)賣完了。 She was too excited to say a single word. 她太興奮而說不出話來。,一,二,三,四,五,6.不定式作賓語補足語 (1)接帶to的不定式作賓語補足語,此類動詞(短語)有:advise,allow,ask,cause,command,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,invite,leave,like,mean,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer,request,tell,want,warn,wish,call on,depend upon,long for,wait for等。,一,二,三,四,五,(2)接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語的動詞(短語)有:make,have,let等使役動詞以及see,watch,notice,observe,look at,feel,hear,listen to等感官動詞。如果這些動詞或短語用于被動語態(tài),則to不可省略。動詞help后的不定式符號to可以省略,也可以保留。如: I won’t have you say such things. 我可不允許你說這樣的話。 She was seen to enter the manager’s office ten minutes ago. 十分鐘前有人看見她進了經(jīng)理辦公室。 注意:使役動詞leave和get后的賓語補足語用帶to的不定式形式。 (3)用在with/without的復合結構中,不定式表示將來的動作。如: With many tough problems to settle,the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有很多棘手的問題要解決,這位新當選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。,一,二,三,四,五,三、v.-ing的用法 v.-ing具有動詞和名詞的特點:動詞的特點體現(xiàn)在可以有自己的賓語、狀語和補足語,有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化;名詞的特點體現(xiàn)在可以作主語、賓語、表語和定語。 1.v.-ing作主語 (1)v.-ing作主語可放在句首,謂語動詞用單數(shù),通常用來表示抽象動作或反復發(fā)生的動作或表示一件已知的事或已有的經(jīng)驗。如: Reading good books makes us happy. 讀好書使我們快樂。,一,二,三,四,五,(2)it用作形式主語的常見句型:It is no good/no use/useless/worthwhile/fun/a waste of time+v.-ing。如: It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收。 注意:“There is no +v.-ing”表示“不可能,無法做……”。如: There is no getting along with him. 簡直無法同他相處。 (3)可以有自己的邏輯主語,當作主語時,其邏輯主語常使用名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞。如: Tom’s coming is what we have expected. 湯姆的到來在我們的預料之中。 His leaving is a great loss. 他的離去是一個巨大的損失。,一,二,三,四,五,2.v.-ing作表語 v.-ing作表語時,句子主語常是表示無生命事物的名詞或what引導的名詞性從句。作表語的v.-ing與主語通常是對等的關系,表示主語的內容,主語、表語可互換位置。如: His favorite sport is swimming.=Swimming is his favorite sport. 他最喜歡的運動是游泳。,一,二,三,四,五,3.v.-ing作賓語 (1)常見后接v.-ing作賓語的動詞(短語)有:consider,suggest/advise,excuse/pardon,admit,delay/put off,fancy,avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice,deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imagine,risk,can’t help,mind,allow/permit,escape等。如: David suggested selling your house and car to pay the debt. 戴維建議賣掉你的房子和車來抵債。 I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒誤了那趟火車的風險。,一,二,三,四,五,(2)有些動詞接不定式或v.-ing作賓語皆可,但是意義區(qū)別較大。如: remember to do sth.記住要去做某事 remember doing sth.記得曾做過某事 forget to do sth.忘記要做某事 forget doing sth.忘記做過某事 regret to do sth.很抱歉或遺憾地要去做某事 regret doing sth.后悔做了某事 mean to do sth.打算做……,想要去做 mean doing sth.意味著,一,二,三,四,五,(3)作介詞的賓語,也常用于固定短語和句型中。如:be/get used to,devote.to.,look forward to,pay attention to,get down to,think of,be proud of,prevent.from.,keep.from.,be engaged in,feel like以及have some difficulty/trouble/problems/fun/pleasure/a good time/a hard time (in).,There is no need/use/harm/hurry (in).等。如: We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學期制訂一項新的計劃。 (4)it可作形式賓語,代替v.-ing,句型為:主語+謂語+it(形式賓語)+賓語補足語+v.-ing。 賓語補足語只限于少數(shù)幾個詞或短語,如:useless,worthwhile,senseless,fun,no good,no use等。如: I find it useless advising him to change his mind. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)勸說他改變主意是沒有用的。,一,二,三,四,五,(5)v.-ing和不定式作賓語的轉化:want,need,require,deserve等動詞以物作主語時,其后的賓語用主動式表示被動含義或用不定式的被動式。如: Those young trees need watering/to be watered. 那些小樹需要澆水了。 4.v.-ing作定語 只能放在名詞前面,說明該名詞的性能或用途,不用來表示動作。如: You’d better take some sleeping pills before going to bed. 睡覺前你最好服用些安眠藥。,一,二,三,四,五,四、分詞的用法 分詞可分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種,在句中可作狀語、定語、表語和補語等。 1.分詞作狀語 (1)分詞在句中可作時間、原因、結果、條件、方式、伴隨狀語,其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的動作,過去分詞表示被動或完成的動作。其中,分詞作時間、條件、原因、讓步等狀語時,可以和狀語從句替換。如: Having waited in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. =After he had waited in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. 排了半小時的隊后,湯姆突然意識到把錢包落在家里了。,一,二,三,四,五,(2)分詞作伴隨狀語時,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的動作,過去分詞表示被動或完成的動作。不能用狀語從句替換,但可以改寫成并列結構。如: He walked down the hill,singing softly to himself. =He walked down the hill and sang softly to himself. 他向山下走去,輕輕地哼著歌。 (3)某些動詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化,且往往用于一些系表結構中,表示一種狀態(tài),這樣的詞(短語)有:lost,seated,hidden,stationed (駐扎),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in,tired of等,不管它們作什么成分,都不用其現(xiàn)在分詞形式。如: Absorbed in his book,he didn’t notice me enter the room. =As he was absorbed in his book,he didn’t notice me enter the room. 因為沉浸在書中,他沒有注意到我進了房間。 (4)分詞在句中作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致;如果不一致,必須用獨立主格結構來表示,即在分詞形式前加上它的邏輯主語。如: So many people being absent,we decided to put off the meeting. 這么多人缺席,我們決定將會議延期。,一,二,三,四,五,2.分詞作定語 (1)現(xiàn)在分詞的主動式作定語表示某個正在進行的動作或某個經(jīng)常性的主動動作或狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示一個時間上正在發(fā)生而語態(tài)上是被動的動作。如: The flowers smelling sweet in the garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. 花園里散發(fā)著香味的鮮花吸引著參觀者來欣賞自然美景。 The question being discussed is important. 正在被討論的這個問題很重要。 (2)過去分詞作定語表示某個被動的或完成的動作,有時也可以表示一個經(jīng)常性的被動動作(無時間性)。如: Is this the book written by Henry James? 這是亨利詹姆斯寫的書嗎? He is a teacher respected by all his students. 他是位受到學生尊重的老師。,一,二,三,四,五,3.分詞作賓語補足語 (1)用在感官動詞see,observe,notice,watch,hear,smell,listen to,look at,feel,find 或使役動詞have,get,leave,keep等后面。現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行的主動動作,過去分詞表示已完成的被動動作。 (2)用在with/without的復合結構中。過去分詞作賓語補足語表示被動和完成的動作;現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行的主動動作。如: We found the house easily with the little boy leading the way. 在這個小男孩的引領下,我們很容易地找到了這個房子。 With all the things she needed bought,she went home happily. 她高興地回家了,帶著買的所有她需要的物品。,一,二,三,四,五,4.分詞作表語 (1)現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的特征,一般表示主語的性質、特征,常具有“某物或某事令人……”的意思。如: The film was moving.這部電影很感人。 (2)過去分詞多用來描述人或高級動物的心理狀態(tài),表示情感、情緒的過去分詞常具有“某人感到……”的意思。如: They are satisfied with their present job. 他們對當前的工作感到滿意。,一,二,三,四,五,五、獨立結構作狀語 有些非謂語動詞短語可以獨立存在,在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語,可作為習慣用法。這些短語有:generally speaking (總的說來),frankly speaking (坦率地說),judging from (從……判斷),to be honest(老實說),to be sure (確實),to tell you the truth (說實話),to cut a long story short (長話短說),to be frank (坦率地說),to make matters/things worse (更糟糕的是),believe it or not等。 另外,given,considering,providing/provided,supposing等可用作連詞或介詞。,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真題變式訓練) 1.While waiting for the opportunity to get (promote),Henry did his best to perform his duty. 2. (observe) carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab. 3.Last night,there were millions of people (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV. 4.There are still many problems (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the moon. 5.The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore,he can go shopping without (recognize). 6.Today there are more airplanes (carry) more people than ever before.,promoted,Observe,watching,to be solved,being recognized,carrying,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,7. (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Shanghai,Linda appears more mature than those of her age. 8.For those with family members far away,the personal computer and the phone are important in staying (connect). 9.Children,when (accompany) by their parents,are allowed to enter the stadium. 10. (understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.,Having spent,connected,accompanied,Understanding,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅱ.單句改錯 1.After sitting a few minutes I just let to go and stopped thinking. 2.With a lot of difficult problems settled,the manager felt like a cat on hot bricks. 3.I like getting up very early in summer,for the morning air is so good to be breathed. 4.We were worried he would blame us for have stood in his way. 5.That’s the reason why a sad film can contribute to comfort a sad person more than a pleasant one.,答案:去掉to,答案:settled→to settle,答案:be breathed→breathe,答案:have→having,答案:comfort→comforting,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,6.Tracy spent her spare time teach me for almost three days. 7.I’m easy-going,get along well with my classmates. 8.New York was then a Dutch city set up by people come from Holland in Europe which was called New Amsterdam. 9.How exciting we were! 10.The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad2 more comfortable hold.,答案:teach→teaching,答案:get→getting,答案:come→coming,答案:exciting→excited,答案:hold→to hold,