基于PLC的電梯控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計,基于,plc,電梯,控制系統(tǒng),設(shè)計 河南科技學(xué)院 學(xué)生姓名 賈學(xué)軍 班級 機教042 指導(dǎo)教師 王玉萍 設(shè)計題目 基于PLC的電梯控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 目前已完成任務(wù) 1. 從圖書館、網(wǎng)上查找相關(guān)畢業(yè)設(shè)計的資料，能夠自己獨立的閱讀部分資料，了解參數(shù)化設(shè)計的概念、理論，對畢業(yè)設(shè)計的過程建立了整體概念； 2. 查找并完成了兩千字左右的外文翻譯； 3. 分析電梯的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)，說明了其參數(shù)化研究和編程的可行性； 4. 已經(jīng)建立了電梯控制系統(tǒng)所需要的部分參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)； 5．完成了電梯控制的PLC編程的部分梯形圖。 是否符合任務(wù)書要求進(jìn)度：符合 尚需完成任務(wù) 1.電梯的某些參數(shù)還需進(jìn)一步確定； 2.電梯控制的PLC編程梯形圖有待完善； 3.論文需進(jìn)一步總結(jié)； 能否按期完成設(shè)計：能 存在問題和解決辦法 存 在 問 題 1電梯內(nèi)部的參數(shù)還不容易確定； 2.電梯內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)原理還不是很清楚； 3.電梯控制的PLC編程還不夠完善和全面。 擬 采 取 的 辦 法 1.查閱大量相關(guān)圖書和專業(yè)雜志，找出合理的參數(shù)； 2.通過相關(guān)資料和幾位同學(xué)的探討，編寫出合理的PLC編程； 3.盡快總結(jié)出一篇完善的論文； 指導(dǎo)教師 簽 字 日期 年 月 日 教學(xué)院長(主任) 意 見 負(fù)責(zé)人簽字： 年 月 日 本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）中期進(jìn)展情況檢查表 河南科技學(xué)院 2009屆本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計） 論文題目：基于PLC的電梯控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 學(xué)生姓名：賈 學(xué) 軍 所在院系：機電學(xué)院 所學(xué)專業(yè)：機電技術(shù)教育 導(dǎo)師姓名：王 玉 萍 完成時間：2009年 5月 20 日 摘 要 隨著社會的發(fā)展，電梯的應(yīng)用越來越被企、事業(yè)單位、大型超市等場所普及，而它的安全、可靠性確備受觀注?？删幊炭刂破?PLC)是以計算機技術(shù)為核心的通用自動化控制裝置。它的功能性強,可靠性高,編程簡單,使用方便,體積小巧,將PLC 應(yīng)用于電梯控制，克服了繼電器控制的控制線路復(fù)雜、體積大、故障率高、難于維護等缺點，電梯控制系統(tǒng)的安全性、可靠性得到了很大的改善。 關(guān)鍵詞：PLC, 電梯控制系統(tǒng), 可靠性 PLC-based elevator control system design Abstract With the development of society, the elevator are applied by enterprises, institutions, large supermarket etc popularization widely, it is the view of safety and reliability. Programmable logic controller (PLC) is a general automatic control device as the core of a computer technology, its strong function, high reliability, simple programming, easy to use, small size, applying PLC to elevator control to overcome the elevator control circuit complexity, big volume, difficult to maintain and high defects. it obtained very big improvement to elevator control system of the safety and reliability. Keywords: Elevator Control System, PLC, Reliability 河南科技學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）開題報告 題目名稱：基于PLC的電梯控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 學(xué)生姓名 賈學(xué)軍 專業(yè) 機電技術(shù)教育 學(xué)號 20040315009 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 王玉萍 所學(xué)專業(yè) 機電一體化 職稱 高級實驗師 完成期限 2008年12月12日 至 2009年6月15日 一、選題的目的意義 電梯是垂直運行的電梯(通常簡稱電梯)、傾斜方向運行的自動扶梯、傾斜 或水平方向運行的自動人行道的總稱。電梯已成為現(xiàn)代生活中廣泛使用的人員運輸工具，對電梯安全性、高效性、舒適性的不斷追求推動了電梯技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。目前用可編程控制器(PLC)取代微機實現(xiàn)信號集選控制的方法，使電梯控制系統(tǒng)具有可靠性高、程序設(shè)計方便靈活、抗干擾能力強、運行穩(wěn)定等特點。所以現(xiàn)在的各種電梯控制系統(tǒng)，廣泛采用可編程控制器來實現(xiàn)。實現(xiàn)低成本高性能的電梯控制的問題顯得尤為重要。 二、國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 國際上無機房電梯已經(jīng)經(jīng)過了四代，第一代無機房電梯誕生與意大利，其誕生的主要原因是歐洲對古建筑的保護以及與液壓電梯的競爭。主要原理是電梯主機跨井道底置，即只有一個輪子在井道里；第二代無機房電梯也是井道底置式，但是將主機全部搬進(jìn)了井道；第三代無機房電梯為上置式，主機主要放置的形式為放在導(dǎo)軌上；而第三代至第四代無機房電梯的過渡產(chǎn)品為主機擱置于導(dǎo)軌頂部。 三、主要研究內(nèi)容 1. 控制系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計； 2. 電梯控制系統(tǒng)框圖設(shè)計； 3. 電氣控制部分； 4. PLC控制部分；  四、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）的研究方法或技術(shù)路線 1、查閱資料，選定設(shè)計方案； 2、確定設(shè)計方案； 3、確定工藝流程； 4、PLC的選擇； 5、繪制程序圖； 6、實驗室調(diào)試程序； 7、比較得出結(jié)論； 8、撰寫設(shè)計論文。 五、 主要參考文獻(xiàn)與資料 [1] 何衍慶.可編程序控制器原理及應(yīng)用技巧[M].北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,1998 [2] 張福恩 交流調(diào)速電梯原理、設(shè)計及安裝維修,北京- 機械工業(yè)出版社E [3] 張漢杰 現(xiàn)代電梯控制技術(shù) 哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社E [4]江秀漢.可編程序控制器原理及應(yīng)用[M].西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社,1996 [5]范永勝，王岷.電氣控制與PLC應(yīng)用.北京：中國電力出版社,2005 [6]皮壯行.可編程序控制器的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計與應(yīng)用實例[M].機械工業(yè)出版社，2000 [7]劉佩武.電梯的使用與維修[M].北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1994 [8]李惠升.電梯控制技術(shù).北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2003 [9] 趙明 工廠電氣控制設(shè)備 北京- 機械工業(yè)出版社E [10] 張桂香,馬全廣.電器控制與應(yīng)用.化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2004: [11] 路林吉,王堅.可編程控制器原理及應(yīng)用.清華大學(xué)出版社,2002 [12] 張鳳珊.電氣控制及可編程序控制器.中國輕工業(yè)出版社,1998 [13] ]陳家盛.電梯結(jié)構(gòu)原理及安裝維修.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2000 [14] 程子華，劉小明，PLC原理與編程實例分析。國防工業(yè)出版社,2006 [15]段晨東,王儉,別學(xué)軍著. PLC 級式編程技術(shù)在電梯上的應(yīng)用. 機電一體化. 上海科技文獻(xiàn)出版社,2001 年第5 期 六、 指導(dǎo)教師審批意見 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 簽名： 年 月 日 河南科技學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）任務(wù)書 題目名稱 基于PLC的電梯控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 學(xué)生姓名 賈學(xué)軍 所學(xué)專業(yè) 機電技術(shù)教育 班級 042班 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 王玉萍 所學(xué)專業(yè) 機電一體化 職稱 高級實驗師 完成期限 2008年12月22日 至 2009年6月5日 一、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計主要內(nèi)容及主要技術(shù)指標(biāo) 1.主要內(nèi)容 利用PLC作為電梯的控制核心，實現(xiàn)電梯運行的自動化，提高電梯乘用的安全性和舒適性。研究內(nèi)容包括電梯主電路設(shè)計，檢測電路設(shè)計、PLC控制電路設(shè)計等。 2.技術(shù)指標(biāo) （1）系統(tǒng)要求使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電源； （2）傳感器檢測信號的轉(zhuǎn)換； （3）系統(tǒng)有很好的抗干擾性。 二、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）的基本要求 1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）一份：有300字左右的中英文摘要，正文后有20篇左右的參考文獻(xiàn)，正文中要引用5篇以上文獻(xiàn)，并注明文獻(xiàn)出處。論文字?jǐn)?shù)在8000字以上； 2.有不少于2000漢字的與本課題有關(guān)的外文翻譯資料； 3.畢業(yè)設(shè)計總字?jǐn)?shù)在10000字以上； 4.編寫相關(guān)梯形圖。 三、畢業(yè)設(shè)計進(jìn)度安排 1.2008年12月12日-12月16日，下達(dá)畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書；寒假期間完成英文資料翻譯 和開題報告。 2. 2009年2月25-3月9日（第1-2周），指導(dǎo)教師審核開題報告和設(shè)計方案。 3. 2009年3月10日-5月4日（第3-10周），畢業(yè)設(shè)計單元部分設(shè)計。 4. 2009年5月5-11日（第11周），畢業(yè)設(shè)計中期檢查。 5. 2009年5月12-6月1日（第12-14周），設(shè)計仿真、程序調(diào)試、線路板制作調(diào)試， 整理、撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計報告。 6. 2009年6月2-15日（第15-16周）上交畢業(yè)設(shè)計報告，指導(dǎo)教師、評閱教師審查 評閱設(shè)計報告，畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯資格審查。畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯，學(xué)生修改整理設(shè)計報告。 河南科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）課題審核表 院（系）名稱 機 電 學(xué) 院 專業(yè)名稱 機械設(shè)計及其自動化 指導(dǎo)教師 姓名及職稱 王玉萍 （助教） 課題名稱 基于PLC的電梯控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 課題來源 生產(chǎn)實踐 立題理由 和所具備 的條件 PLC是眾多程序設(shè)計軟件中被廣泛使用的編程軟件，它具有抗干擾能力強，可靠性高，編程直觀、簡單、適應(yīng)性好、功能完善. 接口功能強等功能，利用PLC作為電梯的控制核心，能夠提高電梯乘用的安全性和舒適性。學(xué)生具備相關(guān)的知識，通過該課題的設(shè)計研究，將綜合運用所學(xué)專業(yè)的課程，從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生查閱技術(shù)資料的能力、綜合運用所學(xué)知識的能力、結(jié)合實際獨立完成課題的工作能力。 該課題具備較好的研究條件，首先圖書館有大量相關(guān)圖書資料及豐富的網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源；學(xué)生可進(jìn)行實地考察；設(shè)計中用到的PLC，實驗室有相關(guān)設(shè)備供學(xué)生使用，為畢業(yè)設(shè)計提供了基礎(chǔ)條件。通過設(shè)計使學(xué)生掌握控制系統(tǒng)的基本設(shè)計方法。 教研室 審批意見 教研室主任簽字： 年 月 日 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè) 計）工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo) 小組審批意見 組長簽字： 年 月 日 注：本表經(jīng)教務(wù)處復(fù)審后存院（系）備查。 Machine design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineering material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product The machine design must regard as the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good personnel design should dare to propose the new idea. moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons absolutely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, them perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operated. Design personnel's basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) Designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) Does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products? (3) Produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) Product service is whether convenient? (5) Product whether there is sale? Whether may gain? Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seek these better methods. Recent year, the engineering material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker's health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer's aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees .its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case are because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding. 機械設(shè)計理論 機械設(shè)計是一門通過設(shè)計新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個領(lǐng)域，主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思，還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。 進(jìn)行各種機械設(shè)計工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計人員或者機械設(shè)計工程師。機械設(shè)計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機械制圖、運動學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。 如前所訴，機械設(shè)計的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。 應(yīng)當(dāng)把機械設(shè)計看成是機械設(shè)計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個良機。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個好的設(shè)計中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運算。例如，即使將一個小數(shù)點的位置放錯，也會使正確的設(shè)計變成錯誤的。 一個好的設(shè)計人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計人員必須要有耐心，因為 所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設(shè)計，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機械設(shè)計師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗證的設(shè)計原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。 新設(shè)計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險。應(yīng)該強調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。 在設(shè)計的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實際的想法，也會在設(shè)計的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設(shè)計方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機器。設(shè)計人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項容易的工作，因為實際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。 另一個重要問題，設(shè)計工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計人員必須就初步設(shè)計同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ，需要解決下列問題： （1） 所設(shè)計的這個產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要？ （2） 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競爭能力？ （3） 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟？ （4） 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便？ （5） 產(chǎn)品有無銷路？是否可以盈利？ 只有時間能對上述問題給出正確答案。但是， 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計、制造和銷售只能在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對最終設(shè)計方案進(jìn)行磋商。 通常 ，在制造過程中會出現(xiàn)某個問題。可能會要求對某個零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時或者裝箱外運前的試驗中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計是一個動態(tài)過程。總是存在著更好的方法來完成設(shè)計工作，設(shè)計人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。 近些年來，工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外，選擇過程應(yīng)該是一個對材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評價過程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn)，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會對材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源，可能會要求使用不同的材料。來自國內(nèi)和國際競爭、對產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力，都會促使人們對材料進(jìn)行重新評價。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外，材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識得更清楚。因此，為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果，設(shè)計工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。 制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計。設(shè)計通常可以分為幾個明確的階段：（a）初步設(shè)計；（b）功能設(shè)計；（c）生產(chǎn)設(shè)計。在初步設(shè)計階段，設(shè)計者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個方案，然后決定這種思想是否可行；如果可行，則應(yīng)該對其中一個或幾個方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段，關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是：是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇；如果沒有的話，是否有較大的把握在成本和時間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。 在功能設(shè)計和工程設(shè)計階段，要做出一個切實可行的設(shè)計。在這個階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙，選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機或者實物模型，并對其進(jìn)行試驗，評價產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗可能會表明，在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前，應(yīng)該更換某些材料，但是，絕對不能將這一點作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能，認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機時，所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同，并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟地制造出來，或者是樣機與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同，則這種樣機就沒有多大的價值。設(shè)計工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作，而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計階段去做。因為，在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的，這些人對產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計工程師。 在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計階段中，與材料有關(guān)的主要問題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來，使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng)，能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟地進(jìn)行加工，而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。 在制造過程中，不可避免地會出現(xiàn)對使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗表明，可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費的代價要高。在設(shè)計階段做好材料選擇工作，可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然，這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是，必須對新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評價，以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前，沒有真正了解它們的長期使用性能而引起的。 產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計人員和公司在選擇材料時，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其長期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時候；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。 通過對上述五個問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。 從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì)，特點和加工方法有一個全面而基本的了解.