2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題二 代詞 新人教版.doc
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2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題二 代詞 新人教版 一、人稱代詞的用法 人稱代詞在運(yùn)用中應(yīng)注意下面幾個(gè)問題: 1.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中人稱代詞的使用應(yīng)該根據(jù)人稱代詞具體作什么成分而定。 It was I that first arrived at the airport. 2.句子中沒有謂語動(dòng)詞,也就是說謂語動(dòng)詞被省略時(shí),人稱代詞要用賓格。 —I’d like to go to climb the mountain this weekend. —Me,too. 3.當(dāng)說話者不清楚或沒必要知道說話對(duì)象的性別時(shí),可以用it來表示。 It’s a lovely baby.Is it a boy or a girl? 二、物主代詞的用法 形容詞性物主代詞不與a,those,some,another,which等詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞,但在雙重所有格中可同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞,如:each sister of his。 三、反身代詞的用法 含有反身代詞的動(dòng)詞短語: devote oneself to致力于 dress oneself自己穿衣 enjoy oneself過得快活 feel oneself覺得正常 四、指示代詞的用法 1.this,that的用法 (1)在打電話時(shí),this指自己,that指別人。 (2)習(xí)慣用法:that is to say也就是說。 2.such,so,same的用法 (1)such指如前所述的這樣的人或事物。此時(shí),如果遇到a/an,such必須放在其前;如果遇到no,two,several等詞時(shí),such必須置于其后。 Tom is such a nice person. (2)so作指示代詞時(shí),代替一個(gè)句子或短語所表達(dá)的事情。 —Have you phoned your parents? —No,but I’ll do so soon. (3)same ①same必須與定冠詞the連用,在句中可作主語、表語、賓語或定語。 The same happened once. ②the same后跟as用以引出所談及的范圍,as后可以是名詞、代詞,也可以是句子。 He is of the same age as you. 五、不定代詞的用法 1.none,nobody/no one,nothing的用法區(qū)別 (1)none既可指人,也可指物,且表數(shù)量概念,常回答how many,how much引導(dǎo)的疑問句;nobody/no one只能指人,且表泛指概念,常回答who引導(dǎo)的疑問句;nothing只能指物,且表泛指概念,常回答what引導(dǎo)的疑問句。 —How much money do you have? —None. (2)none后面可跟of短語,而nothing和nobody/no one卻不能。 None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. 2.one與it用于替代時(shí)的區(qū)別 one用于指代與前面提到的相似的人或物;it用于指代前面所提到的同一件事或物。 Your hat is really pretty.I’d like to buy one. Your skirt is beautiful.Where did you buy it? 六、幾個(gè)特殊的短語 1.What for?為何目的?為何理由?(=Why?) 2.What if...?要是……會(huì)怎樣呢? 3.What about/How about...?做……好嗎?(用于征求意見,后面常接動(dòng)名詞)。 主謂一致 一、就近一致原則 1.由or,not only...but also...,neither...nor...,either...or...,whether...or...,not...but...等連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列主語時(shí),通常根據(jù)就近一致原則,謂語動(dòng)詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。 Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind. 2.here/there引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子而主語又不止一個(gè)時(shí),通常根據(jù)就近原則,謂語動(dòng)詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。 Here is a ruler,a few pencils and two copybooks. 二、意義一致原則 1.謂語動(dòng)詞必須用單數(shù)的情況 (1)表示學(xué)科的名詞以及works(工廠),news(消息)等作主語時(shí),雖然本身為復(fù)數(shù)形式,但表示單數(shù)意義時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 Politics is his favorite subject. (2)表示某些組織機(jī)構(gòu)的名詞、書/報(bào)名、國名、地名等作主語時(shí),雖然形式上是復(fù)數(shù),但所表示的意義是單數(shù),所以謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Do you know when the United Nations was set up? 2.謂語動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)的情況 表示總稱意義的名詞,如people,police,public,cattle等作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The police are searching for the murderer. 3.謂語動(dòng)詞的形式依據(jù)主語表示的意義而定 (1)集體名詞,如family,class,group,team,club,pany,government,population等作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的形式根據(jù)其在語境中表示的意義而定。當(dāng)其表示集體意義,強(qiáng)調(diào)整體概念時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)其表示集體中各個(gè)組成部分,強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 As far as I know,his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers. (2)“the+形容詞/分詞”表示“一類人”時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The poor were looked down upon in the old days. 三、語法一致原則 1.由and連接的兩個(gè)名詞作主語 (1)“a/the+名詞單數(shù)+and+名詞單數(shù)”表示一個(gè)人(雙重身份),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city. (2)“a/the+名詞單數(shù)+and+a/the+名詞單數(shù)”表示兩個(gè)人,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The teacher and the poet have just arrived. (3)“every+名詞單數(shù)+and+every+名詞單數(shù)”表示每一個(gè)人,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country. (4)通常由兩個(gè)部件組成的物品如:a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 Bread and butter is not to his taste. 2.表示時(shí)間、數(shù)量、長度及價(jià)格的名詞,盡管有時(shí)是復(fù)數(shù)形式但常被看作是一個(gè)整體,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 Is fifty pounds enough? 3.“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的形式根據(jù)of后的名詞的形式來定,如果名詞是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果名詞是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 Twothirds of the books are about science. Only 30% of the work was done yesterday. 代詞答題技巧1 整體把握代詞知識(shí),重視不定代詞用法 首先要從整體上把握代詞的知識(shí),如代詞種類的劃分:①人稱代詞;②物主代詞:形容詞性物主代詞,如your;名詞性物主代詞,如yours;③反身代詞;④相互代詞;⑤指示代詞;⑥不定代詞;⑦疑問代詞;⑧連接代詞(名詞性從句);⑨關(guān)系代詞(定語從句)。了解各類代詞的一般用法,重點(diǎn)掌握幾組易混詞,尤其是不定代詞的用法區(qū)別。不定代詞在具體語境中的區(qū)別:部分否定與完全否定的區(qū)別;特指與泛指;兩者與三者或以上;人稱代詞與關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別。做題的關(guān)鍵在于分析透句子的結(jié)構(gòu),理解語境的要求,達(dá)到正確交際的目的。 [考題印證] When you introduce me to Mr.Johnson,could you please say________for me?(xx福建,22) A.everything B.a(chǎn)nything C.something D.nothing 答案 C 解析 句意為:當(dāng)你把我介紹給約翰遜先生的時(shí)候,請(qǐng)為我說些好話好嗎?something用于疑問句中表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)、建議等。此處表示請(qǐng)求,故選C。A表示“一切事情”;B表示“任何事情”;D表示“沒有事情”。 代詞答題技巧2 充分利用上下文語境,理清上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系 有些對(duì)代詞考查的題目,要借助于上下文語境才能確定正確選項(xiàng)。在解答代詞題目時(shí),我們應(yīng)分析前后文,明確代詞所指代的對(duì)象和范圍,確定代詞指代的是特指還是泛指,指代的是可數(shù)概念還是不可數(shù)概念,是肯定還是否定。 [考題印證] You are a team star!Working with________is really your cup of tea. (xx安徽,21) A.both B.either C.others D.the other 答案 C 解析 句意為:你是一個(gè)有團(tuán)隊(duì)精神的人,與別人合作對(duì)你來說太容易了。others其他人;the other兩個(gè)中的另外一個(gè);both兩個(gè)都;either(兩者之中)任一的。A、B、D三項(xiàng)均不符合句意。 主謂一致答題技巧 找準(zhǔn)主語核心詞,確定動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù) 在某些句子中,主語往往受到其他詞的影響,學(xué)生找不準(zhǔn)中心詞導(dǎo)致出錯(cuò)率較高,如主語后面接with,together with,along with,but,as well as,rather than,including,except等詞或短語時(shí),謂語應(yīng)與前面的名詞保持一致,記住:謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要和主語中的中心詞保持一致。熟記一些常見的表達(dá)如“many a +單數(shù)名詞”作主語,動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);“more than one+單數(shù)名詞”作主語,動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);“one or two +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語,動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)等等。 [考題印證] Listening to loud music at rock concerts________caused hearing loss in some teenagers. (xx湖南,33) A.is B.a(chǎn)re C.has D.have 答案 C 解析 句意為:聽搖滾音樂會(huì)中的大聲的音樂已導(dǎo)致一些青少年失聰了。本題主語為動(dòng)名詞短語,故謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系可知,此處應(yīng)是主動(dòng)語態(tài),故C項(xiàng)正確。 1.Our pany is seeking for a manager,especially________with creativity and imagination. A.the one B.each C.one D.that 答案 C 解析 考查代詞的用法。此處one代替a manager。句意為:我們公司正在尋找一位經(jīng)理,尤其是一位具有創(chuàng)造力和想象力的經(jīng)理。 2.The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase________. A.them B.those C.it D.that 答案 C 解析 考查代詞的用法。此處it表同一指代,指代the employment rate。句意為:就業(yè)率在大城市繼續(xù)增長,這多虧了當(dāng)?shù)卣黾泳蜆I(yè)率的努力。 3.—Excuse me,do you want David or Brown to do it? —________is up to the job,I’m afraid. A.Either B.Both C.None D.Neither 答案 D 解析 考查代詞的用法。句意為:——打擾一下,你想讓David還是Brown做這項(xiàng)工作呢?——恐怕兩者都不能勝任這項(xiàng)工作。neither表示“兩者都不”,符合句意。 4.Some experts are warning that the step the US government has taken to deal with the current crisis is ________ of much risk. A.ones B.those C.that D.one 答案 D 解析 考查代詞的用法。此處one代替step。句意為:一些專家警告美國政府對(duì)待目前經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)所采取的步驟是很危險(xiǎn)的一步。 5.The old lady is said to have three children,two of ________ studying abroad. A.whom B.them C.a(chǎn)ll D.who 答案 B 解析 “two of ________ studying abroad”不是句子而是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),故選B。 6.I tried two different methods,yet ________ of them seemed to work very well. A.neither B.none C.each D.both 答案 A 解析 考查代詞的用法。句意為:我試了兩種不同的方法,但似乎沒有一種起作用。根據(jù)two different ways可知選neither,表示“兩者都不”。 7.If I can help ________,I prefer living in Hangzhou because the weather here is better than ________ of Zhengzhou. A.that;that B.it;that C.that;one D.it;it 答案 B 解析 it指代下文的內(nèi)容;that指代上文中的不可數(shù)名詞weather。 8.It is not J.K.Rowling but her works that ________ us excited. A.makes B.is made C.make D.a(chǎn)re made 答案 C 解析 本句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子的主語,由not...but...連接名詞或代詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞和but后的內(nèi)容取得一致,故謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故答案為C。 9.________ likes money,but money is not ________. A.Everyone;everything B.Anyone;anything C.Someone;nothing D.Nobody;everything 答案 A 解析 not與everything構(gòu)成部分否定。句意為:人人愛金錢,但金錢不是萬能的。 10.Butter and bread ________ their daily food,but the bread and the butter ________ up now. A.is;is eaten B.a(chǎn)re;have been eaten C.a(chǎn)re;are eaten D.is;have been eaten 答案 D 解析 butter and bread抹上黃油的面包,已經(jīng)是一種約定俗成的食物了,所以用單數(shù)形式;the bread and the butter意為“面包和黃油”,是兩種食物,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 11.An average of 200 letters a week ________ received by the newspaper’s offer.Such ________ the case with us at present. A.a(chǎn)re;is B.has been;has been C.have been;is D.is;are 答案 A 解析 an average of+名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);the average of+名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);第二個(gè)句子是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),主語是the case,故謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 12.At the bus stop ________ a soldier and two young people on their way to the village. A.were B.was C.is D.sits 答案 A 解析 表處所的介詞短語置于句首時(shí)句子要用倒裝,該句的主語是a soldier and two young people,所以謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 13.The teacher together with the students ________ discussing Reading Skills that ________ newly published in America. A.a(chǎn)re;were B.is;were C.a(chǎn)re;was D.is;was 答案 D 解析 “主語+together with+名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,句中謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)前面的主語定;先行詞Reading Skills應(yīng)是一本書的名字,其定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 14.Either you or one of your students ________ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. A.a(chǎn)re B.is C.have D.be 答案 B 解析 句意為:你或者你的一位學(xué)生要參加定于明天的會(huì)議。本題主語由either...or...連接,謂語動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)or之后的部分來確定單復(fù)數(shù)形式,該句中or后是one of your students,所以謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 15.Dr.Smith,together with his wife and daughters,________ visit Beijing this summer. 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