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2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 專題八 狀語(yǔ)從句 新人教版 一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 1．before引導(dǎo)的從句中不用否定式謂語(yǔ)。常用如下句型： It is long before...(過(guò)了好久才……) It is not long before...(過(guò)了不久就……) 2．since后面所用動(dòng)詞不同，該動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)時(shí)間的計(jì)算方法也不同。 It is two years since he joined the army. It is two years since he smoked. 二、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 多由where和wherever引導(dǎo)。 Where there is a will，there is a way. 二、原因狀語(yǔ)從句 在表示原因時(shí)，because語(yǔ)氣最重，其次是as，since，now that，故在回答why問(wèn)句或者在強(qiáng)調(diào)句對(duì)原因進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用because。for是并列連詞，表示推測(cè)的理由或者進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，不能放在句首，for前要用逗號(hào)。 —Why were you absent? —Because I was ill. 三、目的狀語(yǔ)從句 1．so that/in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用can/could/may/might/will/would＋動(dòng)詞。 Please turn off the light so that I can go to sleep. 2．for fear that，in case，lest表示“以防，免得”。 He is working hard for fear that he should fail. 四、條件狀語(yǔ)從句 1．providing/provided (that)假如，假若 Providing (that) no one has further questions，the meeting will be over. 2．on the understanding that＝on condition that在……條件下 I give you money on the understanding that you finish your homework. 五、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 注意such引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。 試比較： This is such an interesting book that everyone likes to read it. This is such an interesting book as everyone likes to read. 六、目的狀語(yǔ)從句與結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 in order that可放在句首，只能引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句；so that引導(dǎo)目的或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，不能放在句首。 試比較： He spoke so slowly that we all followed him.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)＝He spoke slowly，so we all followed him. He spoke slowly so (in order) that we could all understand him.(目的狀語(yǔ)從句) 七、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 1．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，作“盡管”解，用倒裝句，語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋籂钫Z(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)/表語(yǔ)/動(dòng)詞原形＋as＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)……。如果句首是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作表語(yǔ)，名詞前無(wú)冠詞。 Clever as you may be，you can’t do that. Clever boy as he is，he can’t solve the problem. 2．while有時(shí)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，作“盡管”、“雖然”講，多用于句首。 While I admit the problems are difficult，I don’t agree that I can’t solve them. 八、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 多由where和wherever引導(dǎo)。 Where there is a will，there is a way. 九、方式狀語(yǔ)從句 方式狀語(yǔ)從句常由as(按照)，just as(正像)，as if＝as though(仿佛，好像；從句可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)等引導(dǎo)。 I changed my mind as you suggested. 定語(yǔ)從句 一、關(guān)系代詞的用法 1．that和which的用法 (1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，必須用關(guān)系代詞that的情況： ①當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one時(shí)。 You should hand in all that you have. ②當(dāng)先行詞前面被the only，the very，any，few，little，no，all等詞修飾時(shí)。 This is the only thing that has been tried. ③當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。 This is the best that has been used against pollution. ④當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或它前面有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。 This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. ⑤當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? ⑥當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí)。 Which is the bike that you lost? ⑦有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另外一個(gè)宜用that。 They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution. ⑧當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. (2)定語(yǔ)從句中必須用which的情況： ①在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，只用which，不用that。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him. ②當(dāng)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞提前時(shí)，只用which，不用that。 This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived. 注意：在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。 This is the pen (which/that) I’m looking for. 不可以說(shuō)：This is the pen for which I’m looking. 2．who，whom和whose的用法 當(dāng)先行詞指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用who，不可省略；在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whom/that，可以省略；在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whose，不可省略。 She is the girl who lives next door. That’s the girl (whom/that) I teach. 3．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 “介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介詞＋which/whom。 (1)當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which或whom，且不能省略。 They may start as a group of highschool students，for whom practising their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame. (2)在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)介詞位于定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí)，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而且作介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。 (3)“復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ)＋關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句常與先行詞用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，定語(yǔ)從句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall apple tree. (4)介詞＋which/whom＋不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。 The poor man has no house in which to live. ＝The poor man has no house to live in. ＝The poor man has no house in which he can live. 4．a(chǎn)s和which的區(qū)別 (1)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中，而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句之后。相同的是兩者都可替代主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容，而不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞。 The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect. (2)當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句放在主句前面時(shí)，只能用as。 As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month. ＝The moon travels round the earth once every month，as/which is known to everybody. ＝It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. ＝What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(后兩句屬名詞性從句范疇。) 另外，as多用于下列習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中： as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那樣 as we had expected正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣 as often happens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣 as has been said before如上所述 as is mentioned above正如上面提到的 (3)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句放在主句后面時(shí)，也并不是as就永遠(yuǎn)等于which。 ①當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句是否定句或表示否定時(shí)，只能用which。 He came here very late，which was unexpected(not expected)． Mr.Smith usually praises his student Rose in public，which she doesn’t like at all. ②當(dāng)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面常接動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：be known，be said等。如果從句中行為動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，一般用which作主語(yǔ)。 ③as常用在as often happens，as was said earlier，as I understand，as appears等結(jié)構(gòu)中。 Jack has won the first prize，as often happens. ④as仍然保持作連詞時(shí)常有的某種含義。 David is tall，as are my brothers. ⑤當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)后跟一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 Betty always tells a lie，which her parents feel strange. 二、關(guān)系副詞的用法 1．當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用關(guān)系副詞。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when＝on which) Can you tell me the office where he works？(where＝in which) 2．介詞＋關(guān)系代詞(which)＝where/when。有時(shí)為表達(dá)清楚，還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加介詞from，to等。 China is the birthplace of kites，from where kites spread to Japan and Korea. 3．高考對(duì)關(guān)系副詞where的考查。 高考試題中對(duì)于where的考查趨于復(fù)雜，從先行詞為明顯的“地點(diǎn)”轉(zhuǎn)為“地點(diǎn)的模糊化”。事實(shí)上，對(duì)于where這個(gè)詞，考生不能只理解為表地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)先行詞表示某人/物的situation，或某事所發(fā)展的stage，或表達(dá)某事的某個(gè)方面時(shí)都可用where這個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。 The accident has reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in. 三、定語(yǔ)從句用法其他要點(diǎn) 1．關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，不可省略。 2．定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與先行詞保持一致。 當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)的方面，應(yīng)該與先行詞保持一致。 I，who am your teacher，will try my best to help you. (1)one of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 The Great Wall is one of the worldfamous buildings that draw lots of visitors. (2)the only one of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 注意：not the only one of...＝one of... (3)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí)，若as與which作主語(yǔ)，則從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 Great changes have taken place in China，as is known to all. He has passed the College Entrance Examinations，which makes his parents quite happy. 狀語(yǔ)從句答題技巧 技巧1　掌握連詞意義，判斷從句類型 從句類型不同，引導(dǎo)從句的連詞也不同。選擇連詞的前提是確定從句的類型。要確定從句類型，就要正確翻譯句子。翻譯正確就能夠判斷出該從句是狀語(yǔ)從句中的哪一種，選擇也就很容易了。 [考題印證] Tim is in good shape physically________he doesn’t get much exercise.(xx湖南，32) A．if　　B．even though　　C．unless　　D．a(chǎn)s long as 答案　B 解析　句意為：Tim盡管不怎么鍛煉，但體型很好。if如果；even though即使，盡管；unless如果不，除非；as long as只要。 技巧2　區(qū)分常用句型結(jié)構(gòu) 英語(yǔ)中有些固定句型，需要用不同的連詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，熟記這些句型，有時(shí)起到事半功倍的作用。如It is/has been ＋ 一段時(shí)間＋ since...；It is/was ＋具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)＋when...；It will be/was ＋一段時(shí)間＋before...；It is/was ＋時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)＋that...等。還要區(qū)分把兩種從句結(jié)合在一起的情形。 [考題印證] I will put the book________you placed it and make a mark at the place________I put it. A．where；at which B．a(chǎn)t which；at which C．where；which D．a(chǎn)t which；where 答案　A 解析　前后兩個(gè)從句都表示地點(diǎn)的含義。是定語(yǔ)從句還是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，做題的關(guān)鍵是看有沒(méi)有表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作先行詞。如果有表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，就是定語(yǔ)從句；如果沒(méi)有便是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。該題中第一個(gè)從句為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)從句為定語(yǔ)從句，因此答案為A項(xiàng)。 定語(yǔ)從句答題技巧 技巧1　從句成分分析法 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。解題時(shí)先對(duì)從句進(jìn)行分析，確定從句中所缺的成分，然后根據(jù)所缺成分選擇關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。 [考題印證] The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister________she would stay for an hour． (xx江西，31) A．where B．who C．which D．what 答案　A 解析　句意為：這個(gè)女孩安排在培訓(xùn)中心和她的妹妹上鋼琴課，在那兒她要待上一個(gè)小時(shí)。where在句中引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the training centre。 技巧2　特殊先行詞記憶法 當(dāng)先行詞是case，point，situation，condition等且從句中不缺少主要成分時(shí)，從句用where引導(dǎo)；先行詞是occasion時(shí)，從句常用when引導(dǎo)；先行詞是the way且從句不缺少主要成分時(shí)，用that或in which引導(dǎo)(或省略關(guān)系詞)；先行詞是reason且從句中缺狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；當(dāng)主句中出現(xiàn)as，so，such，the same時(shí)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句用as引導(dǎo)。 [考題印證] She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A．that B．which C．where D．when 答案　D 解析　stay在此處的意義與a period of staying相同，故用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，且when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 技巧3　先行詞還原法 在解答有關(guān)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”類試題時(shí)，可把先行詞代替關(guān)系詞放到從句中，如果此句意思通順，則為正確答案。 [考題印證] Wind power is an ancient source of energy________we may return in the near future. (xx上海，38) A．on which B．by which C．to which D. from which 答案　C 解析　句意為：風(fēng)力是很古老的一種能源，不久的將來(lái)我們也許會(huì)再利用它。此句可還原為Wind power is an ancient source of energy which/that we may return to in the near future. 1．At 13，Samuel received a training course in drawing for three years，________ he got a good opportunity for further development. A．a(chǎn)fter that B．a(chǎn)fter which C．a(chǎn)fter it D．a(chǎn)fter this 答案　B 解析　after which意為after he received a training course in drawing for three years。句中沒(méi)有并列連詞，故不能選C、D兩項(xiàng)；that不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，故A項(xiàng)也不符合。 2．There are species living in the depths of the oceans ________ we still know little. A．for which B．in which C．of what D．of which 答案　D 解析　考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處考查介詞前置的定語(yǔ)從句。句意為：在我們知之甚少的大洋深處有許多種生物。 3．—Have you made any plan for the ing Spring Festival? —I don’t mind what to do________there’s less homework from the teachers and more pocket money from my parents. A．a(chǎn)s long as B．a(chǎn)s far as C．now that D．in order that 答案　A 解析　考查連詞辨析。答句句意為：我不介意做什么，只要是老師少留點(diǎn)作業(yè)，爸媽多給些零花錢就可以了。as long as只要，符合句意。 4．________，his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. A．Strange as might it sound B．As it might sound strange C．As strange it might sound D．Strange as it might sound 答案　D 解析　句意為：盡管他的想法聽(tīng)起來(lái)有些奇怪，但與會(huì)的所有人都接受了。as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的形容詞要前置，但as后仍為陳述語(yǔ)序。 5．________is announced in today’s paper，they have succeeded in solving many problems in accordance with the new theory. A．It B．That C．As D．What 答案　C 解析　考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處是as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，as替代后面整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容。句意為：正如今天的報(bào)紙所宣稱的：他們根據(jù)新的理論成功地解決了許多問(wèn)題。 6．Taobao is Asia’s largest retail(零售的) network platform，________people can buy and sell many kinds of things. A．where B．when C．that D．whose 答案　A 解析　考查定語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)先行詞platform 在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)可知應(yīng)該用where(＝on which)。 7．I can not understand why Libya will bee so plicated ________ I understand more from the medium. A．a(chǎn)fter B．before C．while D．when 答案　B 解析　考查時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的連詞辨析。句意為：在我從媒體了解更多的信息之前，我不明白為什么利比亞的形勢(shì)會(huì)變得如此復(fù)雜。也就是說(shuō)，他是在通過(guò)媒體了解了更多的信息之后才理解的。before在……之前，符合句意。 8．I would accept that if I were you，________we’ll have to cancel it. A．a(chǎn)nd B．or C．while D．so 答案　B 解析　考查連詞辨析。句意為：我要是你我就會(huì)接受，要不然的話我們得取消它。表示與前面相反的動(dòng)作，所以用or。 9．She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students，________ allows them to municate freely with each other. A．which B．where C．what D．who 答案　A 解析　考查定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞，此處which 作從句的主語(yǔ)，指代前面的整個(gè)部分“She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students”。 10．You will succeed in the end ________ you give up halfway. A．even if B．a(chǎn)s though C．a(chǎn)s long as D．unless 答案　D 解析　考查狀語(yǔ)從句連詞。 句意為：你一定會(huì)成功的，除非半途而廢。unless除非，符合句意。 11．In some cultures it is traditional for boys to attend school ________ girls stay at home and do housework. A．a(chǎn)nyhow B．however C．while D．a(chǎn)s 答案　C 解析　考查連詞辨析。這里男孩子上學(xué)和女孩子在家做家務(wù)是一種對(duì)比關(guān)系，所以選while(然而，卻)。 12．She may have been caught in the heavy traffic，________ she won’t arrive here by five o’clock. A．in case B．in case of C．in that case D．in which case 答案　D 解析　句意為：她可能遇上交通堵塞了，那樣的話，她就不能5點(diǎn)到達(dá)了。本題考查定語(yǔ)從句，故D項(xiàng)正確。如果變?yōu)椴⒘芯?，則C項(xiàng)正確。 13．To show our respect，we usually have to take our gloves off ________we are to shake hands with. A．whichever B．whenever C．whoever D．wherever 答案　C 解析　這里whoever 引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于no matter who。句意為：為了表達(dá)我們的尊敬，無(wú)論和誰(shuí)握手，我們都得摘掉手套。 14．Is this the reason________he gave us for the delay of the project? A．how B．what C．why D．that 答案　D 解析　考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處reason作gave的賓語(yǔ)，故選D。 15．I hate to say this，________you forgot to shut the door when you left the office yesterday. A．a(chǎn)nd B．but C．so D．or 答案　B 解析　考查but的用法。用來(lái)引出一個(gè)不得不說(shuō)的話題，用but。句意為：我不想說(shuō)的，但是你昨天離開(kāi)辦公室的時(shí)候忘了關(guān)門。