機(jī)械橫移式加熱爐出鋼機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)含7張CAD圖
機(jī)械橫移式加熱爐出鋼機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)含7張CAD圖,機(jī)械,橫移式,加熱爐,出鋼機(jī),設(shè)計(jì),cad
出自 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel和http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wheel
車輪
.一個(gè)車輪是一個(gè)圓形裝置,能夠在其軸旋轉(zhuǎn),移動(dòng)或交通便利,同時(shí)支持負(fù)載( 大眾 ) ,或從事勞動(dòng)的機(jī)器。常見(jiàn)的例子是在運(yùn)輸應(yīng)用。一個(gè)車輪連同車軸克服摩擦 ,促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)滾動(dòng) 。為了使車輪旋轉(zhuǎn),一個(gè)時(shí)刻需要應(yīng)用到它的軸輪,無(wú)論是經(jīng)由重力,或由另一應(yīng)用外力。更普遍的任期也可用于其他圓形物體旋轉(zhuǎn)或打開(kāi),如船舶的車輪 , 方向盤和飛輪 。
目錄
· 1 詞源
· 2 歷史
· 3 力學(xué)與功能
3.1 穩(wěn)定性
· 4 替代
· 5個(gè) 符號(hào)
· 6 討論
· 7 參考
詞源
英文車輪來(lái)自原始印歐語(yǔ) * k 瓦特綻出瓦特樂(lè) , [ 1 ]這是一個(gè)擴(kuò)展形式的根源* k 瓦特法 ,意思是“轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),走動(dòng)。 ”.這也是根希臘 κυκλο? kuklos的梵 輪 ,和波斯 charkh ,所有的意思是“循環(huán)”或“車輪” , [ 2 ] ,并在立陶宛 , sukti手段“旋轉(zhuǎn)” 。拉丁詞羅塔是從原始印歐語(yǔ)* 旋轉(zhuǎn) ,擴(kuò)大鄰級(jí)形式的根源* 漚,意思是“推出,圍繞” 。 [ 3 ]
歷史
阿描繪onager拉車的蘇美爾 “戰(zhàn)斗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)烏爾 ” (大約3200年)
阿輪輻車輪陳列在國(guó)家博物館的伊朗 ,在德黑蘭 。車輪的日期是公元前3000年2月底和出土Choqa Zanbil 。
最當(dāng)局關(guān)于車輪作為一個(gè)最古老和最重要的發(fā)明 ,它起源于古代的美索不達(dá)米亞在公元前3000年第5次 ( Ubaid期 ) ,最初的功能, 哈利波特的車輪 。近北面的高加索幾個(gè)墳?zāi)贡话l(fā)現(xiàn),其中自3700年人被掩埋貨車或手推車(兩種類型) 。最早的描述可能是輪式車輛(這里車皮四個(gè)車輪,兩個(gè)軸) ,是對(duì)3500年陶壺出土波蘭南部。 [ 4 ]
車輪達(dá)到歐洲和西亞在公元前4000年,與印度河谷的公元前第三個(gè)千年。在中國(guó) ,當(dāng)然是在車輪目前通過(guò)了戰(zhàn)車鈣。1200年, [ 5 ]雖然巴比低( 2000年)主張?jiān)缙谥袊?guó)輪式車輛,大約公元前2000年。是否有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的“發(fā)明輪子”在東亞,還是提出了這個(gè)概念后跳的方式有喜馬拉雅障礙仍然是一個(gè)未決問(wèn)題。
雖然他們沒(méi)有發(fā)展適當(dāng)?shù)能囕喌膴W爾梅克和某些其他西半球 文化似乎已經(jīng)接近它,因?yàn)檐囕啺愎ぷ魇瘔K被發(fā)現(xiàn)的對(duì)象確定為兒童的玩具可追溯到公元前約1500年。[ 9 ]早期古代努比亞人使用車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)陶器和水車輪。 [ 6 ] [ 7 ]有人認(rèn)為,努比亞水車輪可能已被氧化驅(qū)動(dòng)[ 8 ]這也是眾所周知,努比亞人用馬驅(qū)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)車進(jìn)口埃及 。 [ 9 ]
發(fā)明了車輪因此屬于晚期新石器時(shí)代 ,并可能被視為與其他技術(shù)進(jìn)步,產(chǎn)生了早期青銅時(shí)代 。請(qǐng)注意,這意味著通過(guò)了若干輪較少甚至幾千年后的發(fā)明農(nóng)業(yè) ?;厥咨踔吝M(jìn)一步,這是有興趣,盡管現(xiàn)在最新的出現(xiàn)解剖學(xué)上的現(xiàn)代人類ca.150000年前,十四點(diǎn)三〇 〇萬(wàn)這些年來(lái)“輪少” 。能力的人,完全平等走我們自己的地球如此之久的前四輪構(gòu)想最初可能是令人驚訝,但人口是非常小的,通過(guò)這一時(shí)期的大部分和車輪,這就需要有一個(gè)車軸和插座實(shí)際上是有益的,不是簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)備,因?yàn)樗雌饋?lái)可能。決策和平衡的輪子需要一個(gè)熟練的 輪匠 。
廣泛使用的車輪很可能推遲,因?yàn)槠椒€(wěn)的道路 ,需要車輪是有效的。 [ 10 ]運(yùn)載貨物的回本來(lái)的首選方法運(yùn)輸超過(guò)表面載有許多障礙。缺乏發(fā)展道路無(wú)法廣泛采用的輪運(yùn)輸,直到進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)。
早期的車輪是簡(jiǎn)單的木制磁盤帶孔的軸。由于結(jié)構(gòu)的木材切片的橫向干線是不適合的,因?yàn)樗鼪](méi)有足夠的結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度,以支持重而不崩潰;四舍五入件縱向板是必需的。
在輪輻車輪最近發(fā)明,并允許建造更輕,更快的車輛。已知最早的例子是在Andronovo文化 ,可以追溯到約公元前2000年。不久后,馬文化的高加索地區(qū)用馬車輪輻輪戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)車的較大部分的三個(gè)世紀(jì)。他們將深入到希臘半島,他們加入現(xiàn)有的地中海各國(guó)人民產(chǎn)生,最終古典希臘后打破邁諾安支配地位和合并為首的前古典斯巴達(dá)和雅典 。 凱爾特戰(zhàn)車介紹了鐵輪子周圍環(huán)在公元前3000年的第一。[ 11 ]在輪輻車輪已經(jīng)在繼續(xù)使用沒(méi)有重大修改,直到19世紀(jì)70年代行政長(zhǎng)官時(shí),鋼絲輪轂和氣動(dòng)輪胎的發(fā)明。 [ 11 ]
發(fā)明了車輪也很重要的技術(shù) ,一般情況下,重要的應(yīng)用,包括水車的齒輪 (又見(jiàn)安梯機(jī)制 )中, 紡車和阿斯特羅萊布或torquetum 。更現(xiàn)代后裔車輪包括螺旋槳 ,在噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的飛輪 ( 陀螺 )和渦輪機(jī) 。
力學(xué)與功能
車輪是一種裝置,能夠有效的運(yùn)動(dòng)物體之間的表面存在著一個(gè)迫切的力量的對(duì)象表面。常見(jiàn)的例子是一個(gè)車?yán)L制的馬,和羅拉的飛機(jī)上皮瓣機(jī)制。
車輪配合車軸 ,無(wú)論是方向盤開(kāi)啟橋,或軸輪流對(duì)象機(jī)構(gòu)。機(jī)械師是相同的在這兩種情況下。
低抵抗運(yùn)動(dòng)(相比拖動(dòng))是解釋如下(請(qǐng)參閱摩擦 ) :
· 正常力在滑動(dòng)界面是相同的。
· 滑動(dòng)距離,減少對(duì)某一旅行距離。
· 摩擦系數(shù)的界面上通常較低。
軸承的使用,以減少摩擦界面上。
例如:
· 如果拖動(dòng)100 公斤對(duì)象為10 米沿表面μ = 0.5 ,在正常的武力是981 ?和工作完成(需要能量 )是(工作=力x距離) 981 × 0.5 × 10 = 4905 焦耳 。
· 現(xiàn)在對(duì)象4個(gè)車輪。正常的部隊(duì)之間的4個(gè)車輪和車軸是相同的(總) 981氮,承擔(dān)μ = 0.1 ,并說(shuō),車輪直徑為1000毫米,軸直徑為50毫米。.因此,雖然行動(dòng)的目的仍然十米的滑動(dòng)摩擦表面只有幻燈片互相距離0.5米所做的工作是981 x 0.1 x 0.5 = 49焦耳。
額外的能源丟失駕駛道路接口。這是被稱為滾動(dòng)阻力這主要是一個(gè)變形的損失。
車輪單獨(dú)不是一臺(tái)機(jī)器,但是當(dāng)連接到一個(gè)軸 ,它構(gòu)成了輪軸 ,一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)器 。.驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪的一個(gè)例子輪軸。請(qǐng)注意,驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪車輪早了約6000年。
穩(wěn)定
靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定輪式車輛
為unarticulated車輪,攀登障礙,會(huì)導(dǎo)致車身旋轉(zhuǎn)。如果旋轉(zhuǎn)角度太高,車輛將成為靜態(tài)不穩(wěn)定和翻倒。在高速行駛,車輛可以成為動(dòng)態(tài)不穩(wěn)定,能夠側(cè)翻的一個(gè)障礙小于其靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定極限。沒(méi)有銜接,這可能是不可能的立場(chǎng),以便恢復(fù)。
為前端至后端的穩(wěn)定,最大的障礙高度一個(gè)unarticulated輪式車輛可以爬上職能之一,是軸距和橫向和縱向位置的質(zhì)心(厘米) 。
臨界角的角度是在該中心的大規(guī)模的車輛開(kāi)始通過(guò)外部的聯(lián)絡(luò)點(diǎn)的車輪。過(guò)去的臨界角,反應(yīng)部隊(duì)在車輪再也不能抵消時(shí)刻所造成的車輛的重量,以及車輛翻倒。 At the critical angle, the vehicle is marginally stable.在關(guān)鍵的角度看,車輛輕微穩(wěn)定。 The critical angle θ c r i t can be found by solving the equation:臨界角θ ? r我噸 ,可通過(guò)求解方程:
where哪里
r is the radius of the wheels; R為半徑的車輪;
x c m is the horizontal distance of the center of mass from the rear axle; and x ?米的水平距離中心大規(guī)模從后軸;和
y c m is the vertical distance of the center of mass from the axles. ? ?米的垂直距離中心大規(guī)模從車軸。
For small wheels, this formula can be simplified to:小車輪,這個(gè)公式可以簡(jiǎn)化為:
The maximum height h of an obstacle can be found by the equation:最大高度h的一個(gè)障礙可以找到的方程:
where w is the wheelbase. 其中 w是軸距。
Alternatives 替代品
While wheels are used for ground transport very widely, there are alternatives, some of which are suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective.雖然車輪用于地面運(yùn)輸十分廣泛,有替代品,其中一些適合地形在車輪無(wú)效。 Alternative methods for ground transport without wheels (wheel-less transport) include:替代方法的地面運(yùn)輸沒(méi)有車輪(輪不到運(yùn)輸)包括:
· Being raised by electromagnetic energy ( maglev train and other vehicles)目前提出的電磁能量( 磁懸浮列車和其他車輛)
· Dragging with runners ( sled ) or without ( travois )拖動(dòng)與亞軍( 雪橇 )或無(wú)( travois )
· Being raised by air pressure ( hovercraft )目前提出的空氣壓力( 氣墊船 )
· Riding an animal such as a horse 騎馬的動(dòng)物 ,如馬
· Human powered:人類供電:
o Walking on one's own legs 散步對(duì)自己的腿
o Being carried ( litter/sedan chair or stretcher )正在開(kāi)展( 垃圾/轎子或擔(dān)架 )
· A walking machine阿步行機(jī)
· Caterpillar tracks (although it is still operated by wheels) 卡特彼勒軌道 (雖然它仍然是由輪轂)
· Spheres , as used by Dyson vacuum cleaners 領(lǐng)域 ,所用的戴森真空吸塵器
In symbology 在符號(hào)
The Romani flag羅姆國(guó)旗
In the Unicode computer standard, the Dharmacakra is called the "Wheel of Dharma " and found in the eight-spoked form.在統(tǒng)一的計(jì)算機(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn), Dharmacakra被稱為“輪大法 ” ,并發(fā)現(xiàn)了8輪輻形式。 It is represented as U+2638 (?)這是派ü 2638 ( ? )
The wheel has also become a strong cultural and spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see chakra , reincarnation , Yin and Yang among others).車輪也已成為一種強(qiáng)大的文化和精神比喻為一個(gè)周期或經(jīng)常重復(fù)(見(jiàn)輪 , 輪回 , 陰陽(yáng)等) 。 As such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled vehicles were forbidden in old Tibet .因此,由于地形復(fù)雜,輪式車輛被禁止在舊西藏 。
The winged wheel is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the coat of arms of Panama and the logo of the Ohio State Highway Patrol .該翼輪是進(jìn)步的象征,看到在許多情況下,包括國(guó)徽 , 巴拿馬和標(biāo)識(shí)的俄亥俄州州高速公路巡邏隊(duì) 。
The introduction of spoked ( chariot ) wheels in the Middle Bronze Age appear to have carried somewhat of a prestige.采用輪輻( 戰(zhàn)車 )車輪在中東青銅時(shí)代似乎已進(jìn)行一定的威望。 The solar wheel appears to have a significance in Bronze Age religion , replacing the earlier concept of a Solar barge with the more "modern" and technologically advanced solar chariot .在太陽(yáng)輪似乎有一個(gè)重要的青銅器時(shí)代的宗教 ,取代先前的概念太陽(yáng)能駁船與更多的“現(xiàn)代”和技術(shù)先進(jìn)的太陽(yáng)能戰(zhàn)車 。
The wheel is also the prominent figure on the flag of India .車輪也是著名人物的旗幟印度 。 The wheel in this case represents law ( dharma ).車輪在這種情況下,代表法( 弘法 ) 。 It also appears in the flag of the Romani people , hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins.它也出現(xiàn)在國(guó)旗的羅姆人 ,暗示他們的游牧歷史和他們的印度血統(tǒng)。
In recent times, the custom aftermarket car/automobile roadwheel has become a status symbol .最近, 自定義 售后 汽車/汽車已成為一種身份的象征 。 These wheels are often incorrectly referred to as " rims ".這些車輪往往誤稱為“ 邊緣 ” 。 The term "rim" is incorrect because the rim is only the outer portion of a wheel (where the tire is mounted), just as with a coffee cup or meteor crater.所謂“環(huán)”是不正確的,因?yàn)橹挥协h(huán)外部分的車輪(其中輪胎裝) ,正如一個(gè)咖啡杯或流星隕石坑。 These "rims" have a great deal of variation, and are often highly polished and very shiny.這些“邊緣”有很大的變化,而且往往是高度拋光和非常有光澤。 Some custom "rims" include a bearing-mounted, free-spinning disc which continues to rotate by inertia after the automobile is stopped.一些自定義“邊緣”包括軸承安裝,自由旋轉(zhuǎn)盤繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)的慣性后,汽車停了下來(lái)。 In slang, these are referred to as " Spinners ".在俚語(yǔ),這些被稱為“ 紗廠 ” 。
討論Talk:Wheel對(duì)話:車輪
Contents目錄
· 1 What this article 'should' be about 1 什么本條'應(yīng)該'約
· 2 Notice of intention to overhaul 2 意向通知整頓
· 3 Authentication for The Iranian wheel picture 3 認(rèn)證伊朗輪圖片
· 4 Some linguistic evidence 4 有些語(yǔ)言上的證據(jù)
o 4.1 Cart vs wagon 4.1 車與旅行車
· 5 Archaeology 5 考古學(xué)
· 6 Axles 6 軸
· 7 Symbol 7 符號(hào)
· 8 reason for not using wheels 8不使用車輪理由
· 9 The Bronocice pot - Waza z Bronocic 9 Bronocice鍋-瓦薩? Bronocic
· 10 Bronocice鍋
· 11 Merging "Wheel and axle" and "Wheel", discuss. 11 合并“輪軸”和“車輪” ,討論。
· 12 Inconsistency 12 不一致性
· 13 Africa 13 非洲
· 14 Diagram out of place? 14 圖的地方?
· 15 Origin of wheels 15日 車輪的由來(lái)
[ edit ] What this article 'should' be about [ 編輯 ] 什么本條'應(yīng)該'約
I think this article should be only about those things that we put on vehicles (and some other objects) to allow them to roll along.我認(rèn)為這應(yīng)該是條只有這些事情,我們把車(和其他一些物體) ,使他們能夠推出沿。 This is what people think of when the wheel is talked about as the quintessential invention.這是人認(rèn)為當(dāng)車輪談到作為典型的發(fā)明。 It is this improvement in the transport of goods and people that aided the spread of civilization and trade.正是這種改善運(yùn)輸貨物和人員,幫助傳播文明和貿(mào)易。
Other things that happen to be called wheels should not be on this page if they operate on different princinples and serve other purposes.其他的事情發(fā)生在被稱為車輪不應(yīng)在此網(wǎng)頁(yè)上,如果他們工作在不同的和服務(wù)其他用途。
My intention is to move the article in the above direction.我的用意是將文章中的上述方向發(fā)展。 What do you think? Jimbowley 12:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)你覺(jué)得呢? Jimbowley 12時(shí)31分, 2007年10月15 ( UTC )表示
No comments?沒(méi)有評(píng)論? OK to summarise what I am trying to do: I aim to modify the pages wheel wheel and axle simple machine to make it clear that a wheel on an axle on a cart is not a wheel and axle in the simple machine sense.行總結(jié)我所努力做的事情:我的目標(biāo)是修改網(wǎng)頁(yè)輪 輪軸 簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)器 ,使之清楚,一個(gè)車輪車軸上的車不是一個(gè)輪軸的簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械常識(shí)。
This task is made more difficult because wheel and axle is not well defined and there are many wrong or poor examples in teaching materials on the web.這項(xiàng)任務(wù)變得更加困難,因?yàn)檩嗇S沒(méi)有明確界定,并有許多錯(cuò)誤的或貧窮的例子教材在網(wǎng)上。 But I will try. Jimbowley 14:00, 31 October 2007 (UTC)但我會(huì)嘗試。 Jimbowley 14:00 , 2007年10月31 ( UTC )表示
hi what up您好什么行動(dòng)
hi您好
[ edit ] Notice of intention to overhaul [ 編輯 ] 意向通知整頓
I find this description of the wheel to be very lacking.我認(rèn)為這說(shuō)明方向盤是非常缺乏。 The writer seems to think that dry equations actually impart a real knowledge of what is happening mechanically.作者似乎認(rèn)為干方程實(shí)際上真正的知識(shí)傳授的機(jī)械所發(fā)生的事情。 Far from it.遠(yuǎn)非如此。 Also, the history section was much better about a year ago.另外,歷史科好得多大約一年前。 I'm planning a total rewrite.我計(jì)劃總重寫。 If anyone has much to say for this version, please speak up in the next few days. JDG 05:02, 6 May 2005 (UTC)如果任何人有很多說(shuō)的這個(gè)版本,請(qǐng)說(shuō)出在未來(lái)幾天內(nèi)。 JDG 05:02 , 2005年5月6日( UTC )表示
JDG, I agree with you that the article could use a good overhaul. JDG ,我同意你的,這一條可以利用良好的大修。 One thing which comes to mind for inclusion, is a counter to the view commonly expressed or implied that societies which lacked significant use of technology associated with the wheel are thereby deficient in some regard, and that the possession of wheel-based technologies necessarily confers some crucial advantage over those without it.特別值得一想到的包容性,是一個(gè)反的觀點(diǎn)普遍明示或暗示的社會(huì)缺乏大量使用的技術(shù)與車輪因而在某些方面有缺陷,而且擁有四輪為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)不一定賦予一些關(guān)鍵優(yōu)勢(shì)是它。 Many (primarily non-academic) references overplay this distinction.許多人(主要是非學(xué)術(shù))凡表演過(guò)火這種區(qū)別。
As an efficient transport technology, the wheel requires not only the axle and vehicle chassis, but a suitable domesticated draught animal for propulsion, not to mention suitable terrain.作為一個(gè)高效率的運(yùn)輸技術(shù),車輪不僅需要車軸及汽車底盤,但是一個(gè)合適的馴化役畜的推進(jìn),更不用提合適的地形。 Such animals were completely lacking in the pre-Columbian Americas, pre-colonised Australia, etc., and failure to explore this technology further should hardly be surprising.這些動(dòng)物被完全缺乏前哥倫布美洲,前殖民澳洲等,并沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步探討這個(gè)技術(shù)應(yīng)該很難令人吃驚。 Even so, many impressive civilisations and edifaces were constructed without its substantive aid, such as the Egyptian pyramids, Mayan, Aztec, Zapotec and Inca cities, Great Zimbabwe, the Easter Island statues, etc etc.即使如此,許多令人印象深刻的文明和建造了沒(méi)有實(shí)質(zhì)性的援助,如埃及金字塔,瑪雅,阿茲臺(tái)克,薩波特克和印加城市,大津巴布韋,復(fù)活節(jié)島雕像,等等等等
A case could be made that applications of the technology, such as for chariots in warfare, provided an advantage to the possessors (eg, Hittites v. Egyptians).一個(gè)例子可以提出申請(qǐng)的技術(shù),如在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的戰(zhàn)車,提供了一個(gè)有利的擁有者(如赫梯訴埃及人) 。 However, whilst undeniably a substantial and largely beneficial technology, the extent to which it has aided the development of those who employed it will need to be mapped out with some care.然而,盡管不可否認(rèn)大量有益的和主要的技術(shù),在何種程度上助長(zhǎng)了它的發(fā)展是誰(shuí)雇用,就必須制定出一些照顧。 -- cjllw | TALK 02:22, 2005 May 26 (UTC) - cjllw | 淺談 02:22 , 2005年5月26日( UTC )表示
[ edit ] Authentication for The Iranian wheel picture [ 編輯 ] 認(rèn)證伊朗輪圖片
In reply to Dab's objection that the spoked Iranian wheel dated in the 2nd Millenium BCE may not be authentic, to his request, I visited National Museum of Iran , and took the 3 pictures below.在回答民建聯(lián)的反對(duì)伊朗的輪輻車輪月在公元前2千年不得效力,他的請(qǐng)求,我訪問(wèn)了伊朗國(guó)家博物館 ,并采取了3圖片如下。
The wheel in display at the Museum車輪在博物館展出
Zooming in on the Label縮放在標(biāo)簽上的
The Label of the wheel.標(biāo)簽車輪。
The curator of the museum verified that the spoked wheel's date had been determined by Carbon dating among other techniques, and that it had been excavated in Susa.該博物館館長(zhǎng)證實(shí),該輪輻車輪的日期已經(jīng)確定由碳等技術(shù),并指出已出土蘇薩。 The wooden parts of course were added for display.木制部分課程增加了展示。 But the rest is made of an alloy of Copper and Tin.-- Zereshk 14:41, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)但其他制成的合金銅和錫.-- Zereshk 14:41 , 2005年6月25日( UTC )表示
Zereshk, I asked because you had labelled the wheel "2000 BC".我問(wèn),因?yàn)槟阋呀?jīng)標(biāo)記的車輪“公元前2000年。 ” Now of course you realize that "late 2nd millennium" means "just before 1000 BC", ie almost 1000 years younger.現(xiàn)在你當(dāng)然明白, “遲交第二千年”是指“公元前1000年之前” ,即近千年年輕。 That date is completely unproblematic and I accept it without batting an eyelid.這個(gè)日期是完全不成問(wèn)題,我接受它沒(méi)有擊球的眼瞼。 It isn't even particularly early, chariots were around in Mesopotamia since 1600 BC or so.它甚至不是特別早,戰(zhàn)車大約在公元前1600年以來(lái)美索不達(dá)米亞左右。 But thanks for checking + taking the picture! dab ( ? ) 14:58, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)但由于檢查+考慮的圖片! 民建聯(lián) ( ? ) 14點(diǎn)58分, 2005年6月25日( UTC )表示
Always happy to verify.總是高興地核實(shí)。 Can you please see to it that Wheel Iran.jpg is updated?您能看到它的車輪更新? It's still displying the old picture I put up.-- Zereshk 15:04, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)它仍然舊圖片我提出了.-- Zereshk 15時(shí)04分, 2005年6月25日( UTC )表示
it's a cache issue.這是一個(gè)緩存的問(wèn)題。 It will appear.它會(huì)出現(xiàn)。 But why did you overwrite the old image?但是,你為什么覆蓋舊的形象? This one will have to be cropped.這一次將要出現(xiàn)。 Where did you get the one without background?你從哪里得到一個(gè)沒(méi)有背景? Incidentially, I am surprised that were wheels with metal rim in 1000 BC.,令我感到驚訝的是車輪與金屬環(huán)在公元前1000年。 But surely, parts of the wood must be preserved (otherwise, how would they have Carbon dated it?) Maybe just the central spokes are replacement, and the rim is the original wood? dab ( ? ) 15:08, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),部分木材必須保留(否則的話,如何將它們碳月嗎? )也許只是中央輻條的更換,以及環(huán)是原始木材? 民建聯(lián) ( ? ) 15時(shí)08分, 2005年6月25日( UTC )表示
hey, and if they let you walk around with your camera in the museum like that, I am sure you can do a whole lot of other GFDL'd images of notable artefacts for Wikipedia, hint hint,?;o) dab ( ? ) 15:13, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)嘿,如果他們讓你走走你的相機(jī)在博物館這樣的,我相信你可以做很多其他的整體形象顯著文物的維基百科,暗示暗示, ; O )的數(shù)字音頻廣播 ( ? ) 15 : 13 , 2005年6月25日( UTC )表示
Indeed.確實(shí)。 Is it too late to visit there again and snap some more photos?是太晚了訪問(wèn),并提前一些照片嗎? I hope not.?;-) -- Natalinasmpf 21:17, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)我希望不會(huì)。 ;-) - Natalinasmpf 21時(shí)17分, 2005年6月25日( UTC )表示
Pictures are allowed at close range, provided no flashes are used.圖片可以在近距離,沒(méi)有提供閃光燈的使用。 I'll visit the museum again on my next trip to Iran.我會(huì)再次訪問(wèn)該博物館在我下次訪問(wèn)伊朗。 I'll see if I can get special permission to visit their non-exhibit collection (as I have done before).-- Zereshk 10:15, 19 February 2006 (UTC)我去看看我能得到特別許可,訪問(wèn)它們的非展覽收集(如我之前完成) .-- Zereshk 10時(shí)15分, 06年2月19日( UTC )表示
[ edit ] Some linguistic evidence [ 編輯 ] 一些語(yǔ)言證據(jù)
JP Mallory writes: 太平紳士馬洛瑞寫道:
Tomas Gamkrelidze and Vyachislav Ivanov, interestingly enough, have noted that one of our words associated with wheeled vehicles, Proto-Indo-European *k w ek w lo bears striking similarity to the words for vehicles in Sumerian gigir , Semitic *galgal , and Kartvelian * grgar .托馬斯和伊萬(wàn)諾夫,有趣的是,已經(jīng)注意到,我們的一個(gè)詞與輪式車輛,原始印歐語(yǔ)* k 瓦特綻出瓦特羅熊驚人的相似之處的話中的車輛蘇梅利亞, 閃,并Kartvelian。 With the putative origin of wheeled vehicles set variously in the Pontic-Caspian, Transcaucasia or to Sumer , we may be witnessing the original word for a wheeled vehicle in four different language families.與假定的起源輪式車輛設(shè)置不同的黑海,里海, 高加索或蘇美爾 ,我們可以看到原始的Word的輪式車輛在四個(gè)不同的語(yǔ)言的家庭。 Furthermore, as the Proto-Indo-European form is built on an Indo-European verbal root * k w el —'to turn, to twist', it is unlikely that the Indo-Europeans borrowed their word from one of the other languages.此外,作為原印歐語(yǔ)形式是建立在一個(gè)印歐語(yǔ)口頭根* k 瓦特埃爾 - '打開(kāi),扭曲' ,這是不可能的印度支那歐洲人借他們的話從其他語(yǔ)言。 This need not, of course, indicate that Indo-Europeans invented wheeled vehicles, but it might suggest that they were in some for of contact relation with those Near Eastern languages in the fourth millennium BC — James P. Mallory , In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth , Thames and Hudson, 1989, p.這沒(méi)有必要,當(dāng)然,表明印支歐洲人發(fā)明的輪式車輛,但它可能表明,他們?cè)谝恍┯嘘P(guān)的聯(lián)絡(luò)與近東語(yǔ)言在公元前4千年- 詹姆斯P馬洛瑞 ,尋求印度-歐洲人:語(yǔ)言,考古和神話 ,泰晤士和Hudson , 1989年,第 163. 163 。
We are not so much speaking of the invention of the wheel as we are of wheeled vehicles .我們沒(méi)有這么多發(fā)言的發(fā)明輪子,因?yàn)槲覀兊妮喪杰囕v 。 Toys supporting very little weight are one thing; a practical vehicle that can support its own weight as well as cargo is something entirely different.玩具支持很少重量是一回事,實(shí)際的車輛,使之能夠支持自己的體重,以及貨物是完全不同的。 -- FourthAve 21:26, 10 August 2005 (UTC) - FourthAve 21點(diǎn)26分, 2005年8月10 ( UTC )表示
[ edit ] Cart vs wagon [ 編輯 ] 車與旅行車
Any discussion of wheeled vehicles has to carefully distinguish between carts (one axle, two wheels) and wagons (two axles, four wheels).任何討論的輪式車輛必須仔細(xì)區(qū)分車(一軸,兩個(gè)輪子)和水車(兩個(gè)車軸,四個(gè)車輪) 。 The distinction is recorded in the Proto-Indo-European language , and descends into all branches of the language family.這種區(qū)別是記錄在原始印歐語(yǔ) ,并降納入所有部門的語(yǔ)系。 American English has mucked things up by terming automobiles and railway carriages (either passenger or freight) as 'cars'; 'car' originally referred to a cart-like vehicle, and in artistic contexts (painting, sculpture), often a chariot.美國(guó)英語(yǔ)已mucked東西了terming汽車和火車車廂(無(wú)論是客運(yùn)或貨運(yùn))的'車' , '車'最初提到車樣車,并在藝術(shù)背景(繪畫(huà),雕塑) ,往往是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)車上。 -- FourthAve 10:56, 11 August 2005 (UTC) - FourthAve 10點(diǎn)56 , 2005年8月11日( UTC )表示
This is one large wheel made from wood. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.232.33.135 ( talk ) 20:08, 20 February 2009 (UTC)這是一個(gè)大的車輪從木材。 -之前簽署意見(jiàn)增加92.232.33.135 ( 對(duì)話 ) 20:08 , 09年2月20號(hào)( UTC )表示
[ edit ] Archaeology [ 編輯 ] 考古
There does seem to be evidence that wheeled vehicles were invented in Europe first, and just maybe, in Northern Europe:人們似乎確實(shí)的證據(jù)表明,輪式車輛的發(fā)明在歐洲第一,僅僅是也許,在北歐:
· The GrN dates and the Flintbek age seem to suggest that wheeled vehicles were invented in Europe together with the ard, ox-team and yoke, not in the Near East.該日期和年齡似乎表明,輪式車輛的發(fā)明在歐洲同卡,牛隊(duì)和枷鎖,而不是在近東。 But the data are still scarce and the BR III DIC-dates raise interesting questions.但數(shù)據(jù)仍然很少和巴三字典日期提出有趣的問(wèn)題。 (For complete article see: The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East. Antiquity 73, 1999:778-790) [1] (如需完整的文章見(jiàn):最早的證據(jù)輪式車輛在歐洲和近東地區(qū)。古代73 , 1999:778-790 ) [ 1 ]
· See also the picture of the spectacular pot excavated at Bronocice , Poland, which shows apparently the very first depiction of a wheeled vehicle (here, a wagon) anywhere .又見(jiàn)圖片的壯觀壺出土Bronocice ,波蘭,這表明顯然是第一次描繪輪式車輛(在這里,旅行車) 的任何地方 。
I find this as shocking as I imagine you are.我覺(jué)得這是令人震驚,我想像你。 -- FourthAve 21:58, 10 August 2005 (UTC) - FourthAve 21:58 , 2005年8月10 ( UTC )表示
[ edit ] Axles [ 編輯 ] 車軸
DQ Adams and JP Mallory do the article "Axle" in EIEC .德泉Adams和太平紳士馬洛瑞文章做“橋”的EIEC 。 They note there were two types of axles.他們注意到有兩種類型的車軸。 The more common was a fixed axle where the wheel rotated on it; this is found in Mesopotamia, the Pontic-Caspian steppe, NE Europe.更常見(jiàn)的是一個(gè)固定軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的車輪上,這是在美索不達(dá)米亞的黑海,里海草原,東北歐洲。 The second type had the axle rotate with the wheel; this attested in Switzerland and southern Germany, and seems to have once been more widespread, to have been replaced by the first type.第二類有軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的車輪,這證明了在瑞士和德國(guó)南部,并似乎已被更廣泛的一次,已經(jīng)取代了第一種類型。
The most "abundant evidence" for early wheeled vehicles is from the steppe at the foot of the Caucasus; see Kura-Araxes culture and the Maykop culture , both of which most likely had Indo-European speaking components.-- FourthAve 15:42, 14 August 2005 (UTC)最“大量證據(jù)表明”早期輪式車輛是從草原腳下高加索;見(jiàn)庫(kù)拉- Araxes文化和Maykop文化 ,這兩個(gè)最有可能在印歐語(yǔ)發(fā)言組件.-- FourthAve 15點(diǎn)42 , 2005年8月14號(hào)( UTC )表示
I have read in academic works that the earliest spoked wheel was found in the Netherlands.我已閱讀的學(xué)術(shù)著作,最早的輪輻車輪被發(fā)現(xiàn)在荷蘭。 The most likely origin for the wheel was developed from rollers fitted on sleighs to cross the tundra and steppe in Ukraine and under the now flooded Black Sea.最有可能的原產(chǎn)地的車輪是由輥裝有雪橇穿越凍土地帶和草原烏克蘭和根據(jù)現(xiàn)在淹沒(méi)黑海。 What really supports the invention of the wheel is the expansion of people from the Ukraine to Ireland (Celts) and the northern borders of China (Tocharians et al).真正支持發(fā)明的車輪是擴(kuò)大人民從烏克蘭愛(ài)爾蘭(凱爾特人)和北部邊界的中國(guó)(吐火羅等人) 。 A similar expansion moved south (Arians vis. White skinned) and the only realistic explanation is that these people had both the wheel and possibly wheat or other grain cultivation.一個(gè)類似的擴(kuò)張南移(阿里烏派相。白皮膚)和唯一現(xiàn)實(shí)的解釋是,這些人有兩個(gè)車輪,并可能小麥或其他谷物的種植。 It created a need to expand to prevent over population.它創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)需要擴(kuò)大,以防止多人口。 This is a theme that Middle Eastern writers have alluded to from ancient times up to the last moveme
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