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2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識 專題十 特殊句式 新人教版 一、倒裝句 1．全部倒裝 (1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。 Look，there’s that bookshop I was telling you about. (2)表示時間、地點和動作轉(zhuǎn)移的副詞如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首時，為使生動地描述情景而采用倒裝語序。此時，句子多用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。 There goes the phone.I’ll answer it. (3)such作表語置于句首時。 Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th century’s greatest scientist. (4)直接引語的全部或部分位于句首時。 “If you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes. (5)表示地點的介詞短語位于句首時。 In the center of the square stands a monument. (6)為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，或使上下文銜接緊密，而將作表語的介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首，引起倒裝。 Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil. 2．部分倒裝 在下列幾種情況下，只把助動詞、系動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。 (1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意義的單詞或短語位于句首時。 Little does he care about what others think. (2)在not...until...，no sooner...than...，scarcely/hardly...when...，not only...but also...，neither...nor...等句式中。 Neither does he drink nor smoke. (3)當(dāng)only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句位于句首時。 Only then did I find I had made a mistake. (4)在so/such...that...從句中，當(dāng)so＋形容詞/副詞或such＋名詞位于句首時。 So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest. (5)當(dāng)表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人或事物時，常用so/as＋系動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞＋主語，表示“……也是……”。 Times have changed and so have I. (6)當(dāng)neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的內(nèi)容也適用于另一個人或事物時，常用neither/nor＋系動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞＋主語，表示“……也不……”。 They couldn’t understand it at that time，and nor could we. (7)省略if的虛擬條件句，把助動詞were，had，should提到主語前面。 Had it not been for your help，we shouldn’t have achieved so much. (8)as和though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。 Try as she might，Sue couldn’t get the door open. (9)“may＋動詞原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝語序。 May you succeed! 二、強調(diào)句 1．使用助動詞do，does和did對謂語動詞進行強調(diào)。 First impressions really do count. 2．運用強調(diào)句型來強調(diào)除謂語以外的其他句子成分。 強調(diào)句型的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is/was＋被強調(diào)部分＋that/who＋句子的其他部分?？捎脕韽娬{(diào)句子的主語、賓語、狀語成分。在復(fù)習(xí)強調(diào)句型時，要注意以下幾個方面： (1)強調(diào)句型中的主謂一致 在強調(diào)句型中，當(dāng)對陳述句中的主語進行強調(diào)時，無論被強調(diào)的主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主句中的謂語動詞都要用單數(shù)形式It is/was...，同時，that從句中的謂語動詞要與被強調(diào)的主語在人稱和數(shù)方面保持一致。 It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble. (2)當(dāng)對地點狀語、時間狀語或其他狀語從句進行強調(diào)時，只能用連接詞that，而不能用when，where，why或how等。 It was on August 8,xx that 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing. (3)強調(diào)句型的疑問句 在強調(diào)句中，無論被強調(diào)部分是什么句子成分，變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧鋾r，都須將主句改為疑問語序，即將“It is/was＋被強調(diào)部分＋that＋其他成分”改為“Is/Was it＋被強調(diào)部分＋that＋其他成分？”或“疑問詞＋is/was it that＋其他成分？”結(jié)構(gòu)。 Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy? When was it that she changed her mind? (4)在對not...until結(jié)構(gòu)中的until時間狀語或時間狀語從句進行強調(diào)時，要將句中的not移至until之前，構(gòu)成：It is/was not until...that...。注意that從句中的謂語動詞要變成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒裝語序。 I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.＝It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 三、省略句 1．狀語從句中的省略 由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，如果其謂語為be，而主語與主句的主語相同時，則從句的主語和be可省略?；驈木涞闹髡Z為it時，謂語為be，也可省略從句中的it和be。如： When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.遇到麻煩時，我總是找同學(xué)幫忙。 If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once. 可能的話，這臺機器會立即修好。 2．不定式的省略 單獨使用不定式符號to代替不定式后被省略的動詞，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等詞后；或放在表情緒的詞后，代替被省略的動詞，常見詞有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，則要保留be，have，have been。 I asked him to see the film，but he didn’t want to. —Will you please look after my house when I’m away? —I’m glad to. —Are you a sailor? —No.But I used to be. Your work hasn’t been handed in，but it ought to have been. 3．?？嫉膸讉€省略形式 if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller...than等 4．并列句中的省略 并列句中的兩個對等句里的動詞相同時，后者的動詞可以省略。如： He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.他要去香港，但是他的弟弟要去美國。 My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth. 我的房間在三樓，他的在五樓。 四、注意事項 1．如果由特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語從句時，從句必須使用陳述語序，不可用疑問語序。 He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake. 2．強調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的反意疑問句式。 在強調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，其反意疑問句的主語及助動詞必須與主句It is/was...保持一致。 It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isn’t it? 3．強調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)與定語從句的混合使用。 在高考試題中，為了增加試題的難度，常將強調(diào)句型與定語從句混合起來，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加復(fù)雜。我們要注意從語法角度來分析句子，理清結(jié)構(gòu)“強調(diào)句型與定語從句”。 It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her. 4．強調(diào)句型與時間狀語從句的辨析。 當(dāng)用強調(diào)句型強調(diào)時間狀語時，去掉“it is/was”和連詞“that”原句仍然完整。而在時間狀語從句中，若去掉“it is/was”和連詞“when/before”，原句不完整。 It was at 14∶28 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(強調(diào)句型) It was 14∶28 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(狀語從句) 技巧1　分析句型結(jié)構(gòu)，注意特殊句式 在一些試題中要注意區(qū)別一些特殊的句型，如倒裝句、強調(diào)句、反意疑問句、祈使句等，特別注意強調(diào)句型的一般疑問句、特殊疑問句形式。 [考題印證] It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village________the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.(xx安徽，27) A．where B．that C．when D．which 答案　B 解析　句意為：僅僅用她從村莊里買來的一些簡單的東西，女主人就做了一頓豐盛的晚餐。從句式看此句是強調(diào)句，故選B項。 技巧2　還原特殊句型，顯現(xiàn)本來面目 一般說來，對于一些特殊的句型，我們可以把它還 原為正常的句型，如把倒裝句還原為陳述句，把省略句補全等等。 [考題印證] —Is everyone here? —Not yet...Look，there________the rest of our guests！(xx江蘇，33) A．e B．es C．is ing D．a(chǎn)re ing 答案　A 解析　句意為：——大家都來了嗎？——還沒有……看！我們其余的客人來了。there放在句首時，句子謂語動詞用完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，由guests可知the rest指代復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，故謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 1．It ________ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ________ I found we had a lot in mon. A．was until；when B．was until；that C．wasn’t until；when D．wasn’t until；that 答案　D 解析　It was...that...構(gòu)成強調(diào)句，對not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks進行強調(diào)。在這種強調(diào)句式中，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。如果被強調(diào)的部分是表示人的名詞時，可以用who代替that引出句子的其他部分。 2．—Will you go to see the movie A Simple Noodle Story tomorrow evening? —No，I am going to a lecture，or at least I am planning________. A．to B．so C．go D．that 答案　A 解析　考查省略的用法。I am planning to是I am planning to go to a lecture的省略。 3．I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer，________？ A．do I B．don’t I C．will they D．won’t they 答案　C 解析　句意為：我認(rèn)為不會有人自愿，是不是？當(dāng)陳述部分是“I don’t think/suppose＋賓語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)時，附加問句的主語與動詞與從句一致且用肯定形式。 4．—I just wonder ________ that made Mark Twain so famous a writer. —Of course his early experiences. A．it was what B．what he did C．how he did D．what it was 答案　D 解析　句意為：——我只想知道是什么使得馬克吐溫成為一個如此出名的作家?！?dāng)然是他的早期經(jīng)歷了。從題干的含義看，本題涉及強調(diào)句的特殊疑問句和語序。被強調(diào)的成分在從句中作主語，用what，且wonder后作賓語的疑問句要用陳述句語序，故選D。 5．—It’s nice.Never before________such a special drink! —I’m glad you like it. (2011福建，29) A．I have had B．I had C．have I had D．had I 答案　C 解析　句意為：——太好喝了。我以前從未喝過這么特別的飲料！——你能喜歡我很高興。否定詞never置于句首，句子需用部分倒裝語序，排除A、B兩項；又由時間狀語before可知，句子要用現(xiàn)在完成時，故C項正確。 6．Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours________a decision.(2011湖南，32) A．they reached B．did they reach C．they reach D．do they reach 答案　B 解析　句意為：他們只有在討論這個問題幾個小時后才做決定。“only＋狀語從句”放在句首，主句需用部分倒裝句式，由從句中的“had discussed”可知主句應(yīng)用一般過去時態(tài)。 7．—The man has great determination and never gives up halfway． —________． A．So do you B．Neither do you C．So is with you D．It is the same with you 答案　D 解析　當(dāng)表達前者的情況適合于后者，而這種情況既有否定也有肯定時，用It is the same with．．．或So it is with．．．。 8．It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do ________ benefits our work most. (2011陜西，23) A．who B．which C．that D．what 答案　C 解析　句意為：對我們的工作最有益的不是我們做了多少，而是我們對所做的事情注入了多少愛。本句是一個強調(diào)句，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：It is/was...that/who...。因為所強調(diào)的內(nèi)容是“not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do”，所以選that。另外，強調(diào)句式常與定語從句結(jié)合起來考查。如：It was the words that he spoke that made the teacher angry.。 9．The police were seeking more information to find out ________ the rich merchant. A．who was it that killed B．who it was that killed C．it was who killed D．who was it killed 答案　B 解析　句意為：警方在搜查更多線索，以便查清是誰殺了這位富商。本題考查特殊疑問句的強調(diào)句式。首先考慮Who killed the rich merchant？的強調(diào)句應(yīng)為：Who was it that killed the rich merchant？然后考慮把“...find out who killed the rich merchant.”變?yōu)椤?..find out who it was that killed the rich merchant.”。故選B。 10．—Have you got any plans for the ing birthday? —Yes.________，I’m going to try bungee jumping. A．If not B．If busy C．If anything D．If possible 答案　D 解析　句意為：——你對你馬上到來的生日有什么計劃嗎？——有的。如果可能的話，我打算去試一下蹦極跳。A“如果不”；B“如果忙”；C項“若有區(qū)別”；D項相當(dāng)于If it is possible(如果可能的話)。 11．Only when________in the afternoon________able to leave. A．the match was over；they were B．was the match over；were they C．was the match over；they were D．the match was over；were they 答案　D 解析　考查倒裝句。句意為：只有當(dāng)下午的比賽結(jié)束后他們才能夠離開。only引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句位于句首時，主句需要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，從句不倒裝。 12．—________you write so well? —By reading and keeping diaries every day. A．How is it B．What is it C．How is it that D．What is it that 答案　C 解析　考查強調(diào)句型。問句是強調(diào)句的特殊疑問形式，還原為陳述句是：It is by reading and keeping diaries every day that I write so well.其中對方式進行提問用how。 13．Mrs.Green got up late，so she ran as fast as she could________the bus. A．catch B．to catch C．catching D．caught 答案　B 解析　該句中could后省略了謂語動詞run，后面應(yīng)用不定式表目的，故選B。 14．He is supposed to make his visit to the club soon，but I’m not sure whether he________or not. A．does B．is C．had D．will 答案　D 解析　考查時態(tài)與省略句。由前面is supposed to...soon可知應(yīng)用一般將來時。will是will make his visit的省略，即我不知道他是否會來俱樂部。 15．________has been heated discussion over which country bakes the world’s best pizza: Italy，where pizza began or the US，where it was globalized. A．It B．There C．That D．This 答案　B 解析　考查there be句型。there be句型中的be可以根據(jù)具體的要求有多種變化形式。本句用了現(xiàn)在完成時，表示“一直有這種激烈的討論”，所以選B項。