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2019-2020年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第四部分 任務(wù)型閱讀 　 任務(wù)型閱讀將會(huì)繼續(xù)在江蘇高考試題中占有較大比重，考題形式還是主要以表格形和樹狀形為主，文章體裁主要以議論文為主，閱讀量大，要求考生具有捕捉信息、組織信息和綜合概括信息的能力。 (一) (xx江蘇) People select news in expectation of a reward.This reward may be either of two kinds.One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle，the other to what he calls the Reality Principle.For want of better names，we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delayed reward. In general，the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption，accidents and disasters，sports，social events，and human interest.Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs，economic matters，social problems，science，education，and health. News of the first kind pays its rewards at once.A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.He can tremble wildly at an axemurder，shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane，identify himself with the winning team，laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs. News of the second kind，however，pays its rewards later.It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance—as，for example，when he reads of the threatening foreign situation，the mounting national debt，rising taxes，falling market，scarce housing，and cancer.It has a kind of “threat value”．It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.When a reader selects delayed reward news，he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.When he selects news of the other kind，he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world. For any individual，of course，the boundaries of these two classes are not stable.For example，a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem，rather than for its immediate reward.A coach may read a sports story for its threat value：he may have to play that team next week.A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting，not for its delayed reward，but very much as his wife reads an account of a party.In any given story of corruption or disaster，a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience，but also the delayed reward of information and preparedness.Therefore，while the division of categories holds in general，an individual’s tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another，or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward. What news stories do you read？ Division of news stories ?People expect to get 71.________ from reading news. ?News stories are roughly divided into two classes. ?Some news will excite their readers instantly while others won’t. 72.________ of the two classes ?News of immediate reward will seemingly take their readers to the very frightening scene without actual 73.________. ?Readers will associate themselves closely with what happens in the news stories and 74.________ similar feelings with those involved. ?News of delayed reward will make readers suffer，or present a 75.________ to them. ?News of delayed reward will induce the reader to 76.________ for the reality while news of immediate reward will lead the reader to 77.________ from the reality. Unstable boundaries of the two classes ?What readers expect from news stories are largely shaped by their 78.________. ?Serious readers will both get excited over what happens in some news stories and 79.________ themselves to the reality. ?Thus，the division，on the whole，80.________ on the reader. (二) (xx江蘇) The expression，“everybody’s doing it，” is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure.It is a strong influence of a group，especially of children，on members of that group to behave as everybody else does.It can be positive or negative.Most people experience it in some way during their lives. People are social creatures by nature，and so it is hardly surprising that part of their selfrespect es from the approval of others.This instinct(天性) is why the approval of peers，or the fear of disapproval，is such a powerful force in many people’s lives.It is the same instinct that drives people to dress one way at home and another way at work，or to answer “fine” when a stranger asks “how are you？” even if it is not necessarily true.There is a practical aspect to this：it helps society to function efficiently，and encourages a general level of selfdiscipline that simplifies daytoday interaction. For certain individuals，seeking social acceptance is so important that it bees like an addiction；in order to satisfy the desire，they may go so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong.Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs，or join gangs that encourage criminal behavior.Mature adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the pany where they work，or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they can’t afford in an effort to “keep up with the Joneses.” However，peer pressure is not always negative.A student whose friends are good at academics may be urged to study harder and get good grades.Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win.This type of influence can also get a friend off drugs，or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one.Study groups and class projects are examples of positive peer groups that encourage people to better themselves. Schools try to teach kids about the dangers of negative peer pressure.They teach kids to stand up and be themselves，and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong.Similarly，it can be helpful to encourage children to greet the beneficial influence of positive peer groups. (三) (xx江蘇) Quiet Virtue：The Conscientious The everyday signs of conscientiousness(認(rèn)真盡責(zé))—being punctual，careful in doing work，selfdisciplined，and scrupulous(一絲不茍的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen，the people who keep things running as they should.They follow the rules，help out，and are concerned about the people they work with.It’s the conscientious worker who helps newers or updates people who return after an absence，who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves，who always gets things done on deadline. Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field.In studies of job performance，outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs，from semiskilled labor to sales and management，depends on conscientiousness.It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization：the secretary whose message taking is perfect，the delivery truck driver who is always on time. Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer，those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.Conscientiousness also offers a buffer(緩沖)against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market，because employees with this quality are among the most valued.For the sales representatives，their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on. There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are.Their reputation for dependability influences managers’ evaluations of their work，giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict. But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems.Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves，they can hold other people to their own standards，and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior.Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious，for example，tended to criticize coworkers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized，which damaged their relationships. When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations，it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising，openness to wild ideas and spontaneity(自發(fā)性)are scarce and in demand.Success in such occupations calls for a balance，however；without enough conscientiousness to follow through，people bee mere dreamers，with nothing to show for their imaginativeness. 一、任務(wù)型閱讀的解題步驟 1．略讀?？焖贋g覽全文，理清文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)，了解文章的框架及每段大意。 2．掃讀。掃讀圖表，分析表格結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容，準(zhǔn)確定位填空的要求，以便帶著問題尋找答案。 3．細(xì)讀。深入理解文章內(nèi)容，分析整合信息，準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。歸納概括，轉(zhuǎn)換信息正確表述。 4．復(fù)查。通觀全篇，復(fù)讀檢查。 二、復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意培養(yǎng)解題能力 1．培養(yǎng)詞形轉(zhuǎn)換能力，如：用所給詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空。 (1)The car rushed down the road at astonishing speed.(astonish) (2)The postal service here is very unreliable.(serve) (3)The exam was relatively easy.(relative) 常見的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換有： 說明 舉例 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，這類動(dòng)詞變?yōu)槊~后，常跟have，make，take等詞搭配表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作 have a look(talk，wash，swim，rest，dream，laugh，ride，dance，interview，etc.) make a study(guess，visit，call，change，answer，reply，promise，request，etc.) take a seat(drive，look，bath，etc.) 表具體實(shí)物的名詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 a drop of water(水)，water the flowers(澆)；a map of Europe(地圖)，map the South Pole(繪制地圖)；a bicycle chain(鏈條)，chain a boat to a tree(拴住) 表身體部位或某類人的名詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 The stone hit him on the head.(頭) Head straight for the factory.(朝向) The nurse on duty is nursing the patient.(護(hù)理) 表抽象概念的名詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 Time is a bird for ever on the wing.(時(shí)間) Take a deep breath and I’ll time you.(計(jì)時(shí)) 有些形容詞可作動(dòng)詞用 Your watch is five minutes slow.(慢的) Slow down your car in the crowded streets.(放慢) Let’s sit in the shade and get cool.(涼爽的) Open the windows to cool the room.(使涼爽) 2.培養(yǎng)英語釋義與概括能力，如：根據(jù)提示用意義相同的詞完成各句，每空一詞。 (1)The boy felt unfortable with his new classmates.(not fortable) (2)If you ignore your diet，trouble will follow.(pay no attention to) (3)At any rate，the medical supplies will reach you within a week.(things such as food，medicines，etc.that are needed by a group of people) 3．培養(yǎng)逆向思維能力。如：根據(jù)提示用意義相反的詞完成各句，每空一詞。 (1)I am unable to cycle to school because my bicycle is broken.(able) (2)There has been a steady decrease in population in this city.(increase) (3)The rough road made the car vibrate.(smooth) 4．培養(yǎng)語篇結(jié)構(gòu)解讀能力。 如：利用完形填空和閱讀理解的文章，在閱讀后，寫出文章主題，段落大意，自己動(dòng)手繪制語篇結(jié)構(gòu)圖，以增強(qiáng)語篇結(jié)構(gòu)解讀的能力。 三、復(fù)習(xí)建議 學(xué)生在做任務(wù)型閱讀時(shí)常遇到的困難是：難以理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)與圖表；難以用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞的適當(dāng)形式填空；不會(huì)概括；方法不當(dāng)，信心不足等等。因此，在備考復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)要有的放矢地進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，特別要在以下幾個(gè)方面注意積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 1．學(xué)會(huì)查讀 (1)帶著問題有意識地在細(xì)節(jié)處和關(guān)鍵處做標(biāo)記； (2)留意最醒目的字眼(time，age，number，place...)； (3)依據(jù)信息詞搜索所需要的內(nèi)容。如： ①5W＋H：who，what，when，where，why，how； ②時(shí)間先后：first，then，after that，next，finally； ③因果：because，thus，lead to，caused by，as a result of； ④比較：similarly，differently，like，unlike，but，while，however，instead，on the contrary。 2．學(xué)會(huì)組織、表述信息 (1)用名詞所有格代替of。如： the citizens’ longer living代替the longer living of the citizens (2)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。如： 原文：Taking a gap year and going to university offer valuable experience in similar ways... 轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Similarities between taking a gap year and going to university... (3)句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。如： 原文：One likely development will be a gradual change in the family unit；the other likely development will be a change in the proportion of the nation’s workforce. 轉(zhuǎn)換成三個(gè)詞以內(nèi)的名詞短語：family unit change；workforce proportion change (注意抓住句子中傳達(dá)主要信息的關(guān)鍵詞) (4)另選其他詞來釋義。如： 原文：...The ministry warned that thefts and robberies inside or near banks rose rapidly，with the victims mostly women and elderly people...It advised people not to take large amount of cash while traveling，especially during the approaching Spring Festival season，which always witnesses a large number of crimes. 轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中：Theft and robbery accounted for 80%；women and elderly people were mostly targeted for；people were advised to avoid taking a large amount of cash. 3．學(xué)會(huì)歸納、概括 原文第一段：By the end of this decade，more than half of the world’s population will live in cities.Urbanization brings many problems to almost every country in the world，among which energy is one of the most serious one. 概括成題目：Title：Urbanization and Development 復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)注意積累一些概括性的詞匯，它們的特征是：(1)概括性，在最大限度上覆蓋欄內(nèi)信息；(2)針對性，不能太大也不能太小，量體裁衣，大小適度；(3)醒目性，注意措詞。如：reason(s)，cause(s)，result(s)，effect(s)，consequence(s)，advice，suggestion(s)，opinion(s)，problem(s)，measure(s)，solution(s)，way(s)，form(s)，feature(s)，characteristics，type(s)，advantage(s)，disadvantage(s)，difference(s)，similarities，name(s)，age，time，costs，event(s)，purpose(s)等。 提醒：完成作業(yè)　強(qiáng)化練(二十三)(二十四)  二輪專題強(qiáng)化練 強(qiáng)化練(二十三)強(qiáng)化練(二十三)　任務(wù)型閱讀(1) (建議用時(shí)：13分鐘/篇) [1] (xx南京市高三三模) The emotional bond a child secures with its parents has a greater impact on its education than previously thought，a report suggests.The Sutton Trust study says children’s early attachment to parents has farreaching consequences for their ability to speak，learn and think.Parents who are insecure themselves find it harder to provide children with security，it says.And the report calls for more help so parents can develop such crucial bonds.The study focuses on the application of the theory of attachment—a key theory in children’s development and psychology.This says the degree to which children are secure and resilient as they grow up depends on their own early experiences with their mothers and fathers and how they have bonded. The report from the Sutton Trust education charity，entitled Baby Bonds，makes the case that it has an important impact on children’s future educational chances as well as their emotional wellbeing.It is based on an analysis of more than 100 studies on the issue，including home visits and assessments and observations of children in a range of countries.The Trust argues that although psychologists have been aware of attachment theory，it has not been seen by policy makers as a key influence on educational attainment.And it asks them to take this into account.The report says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bonds—known as secure attachment—they are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behavior before they reach school. And it cites international studies which suggest this continues late into life，with insecure children more likely to leave school early or duck out of employment or training.They are also more likely to suffer from aggression，defiance and hyperactivity later in life. The Sutton Trust says its analysis of the research suggests that about 40% of children in the UK lack a secure attachment with their parents.Lead author Sophie Moullin said that when her team looked at large scale representative studies in a number of countries they all found，from their observations，that between 38% and 42% of children suffered from poor attachment in all the different study locations.She added，“Secure attachment really helps children with emotional and social development and at school it really helps them to manage their behavior.Shouting，looking out of the window，hitting each other...These are the things that teachers will tell you that are stopping children from learning.It’s really only as we understand more about these behavior problems that we have decided that a lot of it goes back to this early bonding with parents.” Research director at the Trust Conor Ryan said，“Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to more social mobility，as there is such a clear link to education，behavior and future employment.The educational divide emerges early in life，with a 19month school readiness gap between the most and least advantaged children by the age of five. This report clearly identifies the fundamental role secure attachment could have in narrowing that school readiness gap and improving children’s life chances.“More support from health visitors，children’s centers together with local authorities in helping parents improve how they bond with young children could play a role in narrowing the education gap.” The Sutton Trust Study Introduction The study reveals children’s early attachment to parents 1.________ affects their ability to speak，learn and think. Method of the study Researchers 2.________ more than 100 case studies on the issue through visiting homes，assessing children and 3.________ children. Statistics of the study ?In the UK，only about 60% of children have a secure attachment with their parents. ?In other countries where the studies were carried out，the numbers are quite 4.________. Negative effects of insecure 5.________ ?A 6.________ of secure parental bonding may lead to poor language and behavior for preschool children. ?At the age of five，the 7.________ school readiness gap between children can be 19 months. ?Without secure attachment，future life difficulties such as quitting school,8.________ from work and other emotional issues would emerge. The significance of parental attachment Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to a change in people’s social 9.________ because it narrows children’s school readiness gap and it improves children’s life chances. Suggestion A 10.________ effort is needed for strong parentchild bonding. [2] Young people are definitely less courageous(勇敢的) than they were 30 years ago.Why is this？It’s because they are spoiled，and take for granted everything that they have or are given. Thirty years ago，there wasn’t nearly as much blatant(公然的) disrespect for elders，peers，or other people in general.At that time，young people were taught that to get anything or get anywhere in life，they’d have to work for it and earn it. If young people aren’t being taught the basics of respecting others，and aren’t being taught that they need to work to make a living，then where are they to learn courage? Courage isn’t necessarily about risking your life，for whatever reason.It is about being able to face any kind of hardship，and to make decisions and face the consequences of those decisions. Courage means being able to learn from hard times，and to take those lessons with you through life.It means having the resourcefulness(足智多謀) to find ways to deal with your problems yourself，and not being afraid to do so. Too many young people now rely on parents，siblings，older relatives and others to get them through life.Too often they turn to these figures whenever they get into trouble，and expect to have their problems solved for them. If we are to help our young people bee more courageous，we should stop spoiling them，stop doing everything for them，and teach them the skills necessary to make basic life decisions on their own. Once these basic principles are instilled(灌輸) in our young people，I think we’ll find that they are more courageous than we could have dreamed，and more like the young people of thirty years ago than we had ever imagined. It’s time to go back to older values and ideas，and to bring courage back into our young people and society. Theme 11.________ with young people 30 years ago，those are less courageous. The behavior of young people today ?They generally show 12.________ for elders and other people. ?They take for granted whatever they have or receive. ?Many of them are too 13.________ on their parents or other relatives to get them through life. 14.________ ?They are not 15.________ of the basics of respecting others. ?They are not taught to work hard to 16.________ their dreams. ?They don’t have the 17.________ to make wise decisions and overe difficulties independently. ?They tend to expect others，such as their parents or siblings，to help them out when they are in 18.________. Tips ?Never 19.________ them；only help them when necessary. ?Teach them the skills they need to make basic life decisions by themselves. Conclusion ?It’s time we went back to older values and ideas，and 20.________ courage back into our young people and society.  二輪專題強(qiáng)化練 強(qiáng)化練(二十四)強(qiáng)化練(二十四)　任務(wù)型閱讀(2) (建議用時(shí)：13分鐘/篇) [1] (xx淮安、宿遷、連云港、徐州四市高三第一次調(diào)研) While feelings of disgust can increase behaviors such as lying and cheating，cleanliness can help people return to ethical behavior，according to a recent study by marketing experts at Rice University，Pennsylvania State University and Arizona State University.The study highlights the