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英漢翻譯實用教程第五講 英譯漢 （4）,英、漢兩種語言在語法、句子結(jié)構(gòu)等方面有著很大的差異，在翻譯時我們?yōu)榱耸棺g文通順流暢，符合譯語的表達習慣，我們可以改變原來句子的語序或結(jié)構(gòu)， 重新組織句子。一般說來句子有以下幾種翻譯方法。,,一、 Conversion of Word Order (語序調(diào)整) 1) Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. 昆塔覺得，即使他家鄉(xiāng)的野獸也比這些人自尊自重。（插入語換序） 2) From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots. 他們從一走上祖國的土地的時刻起，就受到同胞們熱情接待。（定語從句換序）,,3） Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他們樂觀、能干、熱情， 總是想方設(shè)法使你一路上順利舒適。（狀語移位， 并轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹^語） 4） By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives. 大戰(zhàn)終了時， 這個組織拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利時人和法國人的生命為代價。（被動句中把原文中的主語譯為譯文中的賓語）,,二、名詞從句的翻譯(Translation of English Nominal clauses) English subordinate clauses are classified into six groups, namely, subject clause, objective clause, predicative clause, appositive clause, attributive clause and adverbial clause. Since the first four of them function as nouns in a complex sentence, they are generally called nominal clauses. In this section we are going to find some specific methods of translating nominal clauses.,,Subjective clauses: Usually we would like to translate noun clause in the same order, that is to say, to remain their original position. Examples: 1) What he told me was only half-truth. 他告訴我的只是半真半假的東西而已。 2) Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression. 他此行所見所聞都給他留下了深刻的印象。 3) Whoever comes to our public reference library will be welcome. 什么人到我們公共圖書館來參觀都可以。,,*When it functions as a formal subject, the subject clause may either precede or follow the principle clause. 4) It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. 他參不參加會議都沒多大關(guān)系。 5) It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 駕駛員在飛機墜毀后，竟然還能活著， 這看來是不可想象的事。 6) It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 真奇怪， 她竟然沒有看出自己的缺點。,,Objective Clauses: Generally speaking, there is no need to change the position of the object clause in translation. However, in some cases, when “it” functions as the formal object of a complex sentence, or sometimes, preceded by a preposition, a change of order is necessary. 1) I understand that he is well qualified, but I feel that he needs more experience. 我知道他完全夠條件，但我覺得他需要更多的經(jīng)驗。 2) I take it for granted that you will come and talk the matter over with him. 我理所當然的認為， 你回來跟他談這件事的。 3) I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting. 我被選參加會議， 感到十分榮幸。,,Predicative Clauses: English predicative clauses, like object clauses, are generally translated without changing their original position. 1） This is where the shoe pinches. 這就是問題的癥結(jié)所在。 2） Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不總是如其表象。 3）His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him. 他對新聞界的看法是， 記者們不是支持他， 就是反對他。,,Appositive clauses: Apposition, a state of affairs in grammar in which one simple sentence contains two or more noun phrases that describe the same person or thing and are used in the same way, appears more frequently in English than in Chinese. The following methods are usually used too translate appositive clauses.,,Keeping to the original order: 1）He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示希望能再來中國訪問。 2） We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可以信任的問題。 3）She had no idea why she thought of him suddenly. 她不明白自己為什么突然想到了他。,,Converted into an attributive clause or an independent clause: 1)Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored. 然而， 從一開始， 我仍活著這個事實卻偏偏被忽視了。 2) They were very suspicious of the assumption that he would rather kill himself than surrender. 對于他寧愿自殺也不投降這種假設(shè)， 他們是很懷疑的。 3) It doesn’t alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 延遲應(yīng)由他負責， 這個事實是改變不了的。,,Using punctuation marks or specific words: Punctuation marks such as colon, dash or such expressions as “這樣”, “這種”， “即” etc. , are usually used to introduce appositive clauses. 1) But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但是現(xiàn)實地考慮一下， 我們不得不承認這樣一個事實：我們的前景并不妙。 2) And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit. 而且總是有這種可能性---一個小小的點火花， 可能會意外地繞過了最為精心設(shè)計的線路。 3) The fact that the gravity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth explains many things. 地球引力把一切東西都吸引向地心這一事實解釋了許多現(xiàn)象。 4) Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste” material could be turned into plastics. 不久前， 科學家們有了一個令人振奮的發(fā)現(xiàn)， 即可以把這種廢物變?yōu)樗芰稀?,Changing the relation between the noun and the appositive clause, the noun being converted into a verb. 1) An order has been given that the researchers who are now in the sky-lab should be sent back. 已下命令將現(xiàn)在在航天實驗室里的研究人員送回來。 2) Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result can be obtained without any error. 即使是最精確的實驗，也沒有希望獲得無任何誤差的實驗結(jié)果。 3) However, the writing of chemical symbols in the form of an equation does not give any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur. 但是將化學符號寫成反應(yīng)式， 并不意味著所表示的反應(yīng)確實會發(fā)生。,,三、定語從句的翻譯(Translation of Attributive Clauses) 1. 譯成前置定語(合譯法) 把定語從句譯成漢語帶“的”的定語短語，放在被修飾詞之前， 從而將復(fù)合句譯成漢語簡單句。例如： 1) The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下干活的人對他都怕得要死。 2) Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我們必須解決的一個迫切問題。 3) This is the reason why I am not in favor of revising the plan. 這就是我不贊成修改計劃的原因。,,4) “How could a great paper like the Washington Post, full of brilliant editors, get so involved in its own conceit and arrogance to pursue a story which its own staff was saying was fabricated from the beginning?” 像《華盛頓郵報》這樣一家擁有許多出色編輯的大報， 為何自以為是和高傲自大到如此地步， 竟然追求一篇連自己的編輯人員從一開始也認為是虛構(gòu)的報道？” 5)When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 他常常聚精會神地做工作， 這時他會廢寢忘食。 6)The sun , which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 那個整天躲在云層里的太陽， 現(xiàn)在又光芒四射地露面了。,,2. 譯成并列分句（分譯法） 如果從句太長， 譯成前置定語顯得太長而且不符合漢語表達習慣， 往往可以譯成后置的并列分句。例如： 1) A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一種物質(zhì)， 在適當溫度下能燃燒并放出熱量。 2) Newton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter morning. 牛頓發(fā)明了一只蠟燭的紙燈籠， 在昏暗的冬天早晨上學時帶著燈籠照路。 3) We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy. 我們把郊游推遲到下星期， 到那時我們不會這么忙了。,,4) In power stations, coal or oil is burned and changed into electricity, which is then sent over to homes and factories. 在發(fā)電站里， 煤和油燃燒變成電， 然后電沿著導(dǎo)線輸送到住家和工廠。 5) She was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes. 她沒有失去知覺， 這從她的眼睛可以看出來。 6) Nearly everyone knows the story of “the dog that worried the cat that caught the rat that ate the grain that lay in the house that Jack built.” 幾乎人人都知道這個故事：“ 杰克蓋了房， 房里堆了糧， 耗子把糧吃光， 貓把耗子抓傷， 狗又把貓逼上房?！?,3. 混合譯法 有時根據(jù)漢語的表達習慣， 可以把原句中的主語和定語從句溶合在一起譯成一個獨立的句子。這種方法比較適合翻譯限制性定語從句和“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中含有的定語從句。例如： 1)There are many people who want to apply for the position. 有很多人想應(yīng)聘這個崗位。 2) Fortunately there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless. 幸好有些化學燃料是潔凈無煙的。,,3) The acid test is expected to come today or early next week when a bill goes before the U.S. Congress for approval of the sale of US $60 million worth of spare parts to Taiwan. 出售價值六千萬美元的零件給臺灣的法案將在今天或下周初提交美國國會批準， 屆時嚴峻的考驗就要到來了。 4) We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity. 我們駕駛的飛機幾乎每一個部件都有國籍的某些標志。,,4．譯成狀語從句 英語中有些定語從句， 兼有狀語從句的職能，在意義上與主句有狀語關(guān)系， 說明原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等關(guān)系。翻譯時應(yīng)善于從原文的字里行間發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯關(guān)系， 然后譯成漢語各種相應(yīng)的偏正復(fù)句。例如： 1) Man can’t live on the moon, where there is no air or water. 人不能月球上生活， 因為那里沒有空氣和水。（譯成原因狀語從句） 2) Electrical energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy. 當把電供給電燈時， 它就會變成光能。（譯成時間狀語從句）,,3) Nothing is difficult in the world for anyone, who dares to scale the height. 世上無難事， 只要肯登攀。（譯成條件狀語從句） 4) The manufacture of this equipment is a very complex one, which took us a lot of time. 這一儀器的生產(chǎn)非常復(fù)雜，結(jié)果花了我們很多時間。。（譯成結(jié)果狀語從句）,,5） He wishes to write an article, which will attract public attention to the air pollution in this city. 他想寫一篇文章， 以此來引起公眾對這座城市空氣污染的關(guān)注。（譯成目的狀語從句） 6）He likes Miss Nancy very much, who despises him. 盡管南希小姐很討厭他， 他卻很喜歡她。（譯成讓步狀語從句）,,5、特種定語從句的翻譯 特種定語從句主要是指由which 或as多或少引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，which或 as多或少指代整個主句。 由 which引導(dǎo)的 定語從句常譯成“從而”、“因而”。由as表及里引導(dǎo)的定語從句常譯成“這”、“如”、“像”等詞。例如： 1）Light travels in straight lines, which explains why shadows are formed when it goes past an object. 光以直線傳播， 這說明光經(jīng)過物體時形成陰影的原因。 2）To find the pressure we divide the force by the area on which it presses, which gives us the force per unit area. 要求壓強， 則把力除以它所作用的面積，從而得出單位面積上的力。,,3) Metals have many good properties, as has been stated before. 金屬有很多良好的性能， 這在前面已經(jīng)講了。 4) As is known to us, diesel engines are cheaper to run than gasoline engines. 正如我們所知， 使用柴油機比使用汽油機便宜。,,Put the following into Chinese, paying special attention to the techniques of the translation of attributive clauses. 一．合譯： 1. In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all. 在存放電子計算機的房間，不能有一點灰塵。 2. I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people. 我要充分利用我剩下的歲月，盡量為人民多做些事情。,,二．分譯： 3. The process by which energy is changed from one form into another is called the transformation of energy. 能量從一種形式變?yōu)榱硪环N形式， 這一過程稱為能量轉(zhuǎn)換。 4. They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines, without which the yield would be halved. 他們?nèi)贝钇咸鸭艿臈U兒， 沒有桿搭架子， 葡萄產(chǎn)量就會減少一半。,,三．混合譯： 5. You compare her with your English --- women who wolf down from three to five meat meals a day; and naturally you find her a sylph. 你們英國女人每天狼吞虎咽地吃上三粲到五粲的肉食， 你們拿她來比她們， 當然覺得她是窈窕仙女了。 6. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 樓下有人要見你。,,四．特種定語從句譯法： 7． He is a professor, as is clear from his manner. 他是個教授，這可以從他的舉止上明顯地看出來。 8.They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us. 他們對我們的要求置之不理， 這是我們大家都十分生氣。,,五．譯成狀語從句： 9. Electronic computers, which have many advantages, can’t carry out creative work and completely replace people. 盡管電子計算機有很多優(yōu)點， 但是它們不能進行創(chuàng)造性的工作，也不能完全代替人。（讓步） 10. We have to oil the moving parts of the machine, the friction of which may be reduced greatly. 我們必須給機器的可動部件加油， 以便使摩擦大大減少。（目的）,,四、狀語從句的翻譯(Translation of Adverbial Clauses) 將狀語從句譯成漢語時, 一般應(yīng)按照漢語的語序習慣來譯, 即根據(jù)從句所表達的不同語氣和意義, 可將狀語從句放在句首, 也可以放在句尾。必要時也可以將其譯成一個單句或其它從句， 如定語從句等。我們通?？梢圆捎靡韵聨追N方法來翻譯狀語從句。,,1．前置譯法 1) While she spoke, tears were running down. 她說話時， 淚水直流。 2) Please turn off the light when you leave the room. 離屋時請關(guān)燈。 3）It was better in case they were captured. 要是把他們捉到了，那就更好了。,,4) While I grant his honesty, I suspect his memory. 雖然我對他的誠實沒有異議， 但我對他的記憶力卻感到懷疑。 5) No matter what misfortune befell him, he always squared his shoulders and said: “Never mind, I’ll work harder.” 不管他遭受什么不幸事兒， 他總是把胸一挺， 說：“沒關(guān)系， 我再加把勁?！?6) Though I were starving, I would not ask a favor of him. 我縱然餓死，也不去向他求助。,,2．后置譯法 1) The steel is heated until it becomes red. 將鋼加熱到發(fā)紅。 2) We should start early so that we might get there before noon. 我們應(yīng)該早點動身， 以便中午前趕到那里。,,3) I could understand his point of view, in that I’d been in a similar position. 我能夠理解他的觀點， 因為我自己也有過類似的處境。 4) Electricity flows through a wire just as water flows through a pipe. 電流通過導(dǎo)線，正像水流過管子一樣。 5．You can drive tonight if you are ready. 你今晚可以出車， 如果你愿意的話。 （這種歐式句型經(jīng)借用以后， 已經(jīng)成了漢語的一種組句方式， 并為中國讀者所接受，但譯成這樣的句式要視上下問的語境， 千萬不可刻意為之，如使用不當， 效果截然相反。）,,3．譯成分句 1) The tape recorder is so small that you can carry it in your pocket. 這臺錄音機體積小， 可以把它放在衣袋里。 2) They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid. 他贖金還沒有交， 他們就把他放了。 3) Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 他深信這件事正確可靠，因此堅持己見。,,4) I still think that you made a mistake while I admit what you say. 就算你說得對，我仍然認為你做錯了。 5) After all, it did not matter, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free. 反正關(guān)系不大， 二十四小時以后他們就要自由了。 6）Most comets are so dim that they cannot be seen by the naked eye. 大多數(shù)慧星都很暗， 肉眼是看不見的。,,Put the flowing sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the translation of adverbial clauses. 1. The crops failed because the season was dry. 因為氣候干旱， 作物欠收。 2. Most parts of that machine will be made of plastics instead of metal so that its weight may be greatly decreased. 那臺機器的大部分零件將不用金屬而用塑料制成， 為的是大大減少其重量。,,3. He is very ignorant so much so that he cannot read his own name. 他非常無知， 連自己的名字都不會寫。 4. They had not been married a month before they quarreled. 結(jié)婚未滿月， 夫妻已反目。 5. He was old and poor, though he was happy. 他又老又窮，但過得很快活。 （though用在主句之后， 有時表達轉(zhuǎn)折的意思。有時還可以譯為“可是”，“不過”， “然而”等。）,,6. Wise men love truth, though fools shun it. 聰明的人熱愛真理，而愚蠢的人卻回避真理。 7. She will never accept any dictates, no matter where they come from. 她決不會接受無論來自哪一方面的任何霸道行徑。（譯成定語從句。） 8. He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her. 為了不驚醒她， 他輕輕地推開房門，悄悄地溜了出去。,,五、長句譯法 英漢兩種語言句式結(jié)構(gòu)不同, 漢語重意合, 而英語重形合, 句子往往比較長。這是因為在英語句子中修飾成分和并列成分較多， 而且各種短語或從句充當句子成分， 從而形成枝杈橫生的“參天大樹”。翻譯長句時，首先要通過句法分析弄清原句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)， 判斷句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句， 并找出句子的主要成分。還要進一步弄清主要成分和修飾成分之間的種種關(guān)系，跡象表明判斷各修飾成分的歸屬以及句中代詞所指代的對象。 在正確分析和理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上， 翻譯時還要注意運用恰當?shù)臐h語表達手段使譯文通順、達意。翻譯長句時一般使用下面幾種方法：,,1.順譯法 漢語的表達習慣是多用小句子， 多用較短的前置修飾語， 詞語相對穩(wěn)定并通常按時間順序或邏輯順序來安排詞語和句子的先后位置。因此， 在翻譯英語長句時通?？刹捎谩皵嗑洹焙汀白冃颉钡姆椒?。如果原文所敘述的一連串動作基本上按動作發(fā)生的時間先后安排或原句的內(nèi)容按邏輯關(guān)系安排時，翻譯時則可按照原文順序譯出。例如：,,1) Four scores and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. 87年前， 我們的先輩們在這個大陸上創(chuàng)立了一個新的國家， 它以自由為立國之本， 奉行所有人生來平等的原則。 2) The statement declared that the international order must be changed or the gap between developed and developing countries would continue to widen. 聲明宣稱國際秩序必須改變， 否則發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家之間的差距將繼續(xù)擴大。,,3) Throughout the ages only honest laboring people see the truth that wealth is created through labor. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only they create and accumulate wealth for both society and themselves through practical work. 歷來只有真正老實勞動者， 才懂得勞動生產(chǎn)財富的道理， 才能排除一切想入非非的發(fā)財思想， 而踏踏實實地用自己的辛勤勞動， 為社會也為自己創(chuàng)造財富和積累財富。,,2. 倒譯法 倒譯法是指顛倒英語長句的語序， 將句子成分的前部分放到譯文的后部， 或?qū)⒑竺娌糠址诺阶g文前面。這樣易會更加符合漢語習慣。 1) A student of mathematics must become familiar with and fix in mind the signs and symbols, the definitions and technical terms in mathematics, in order that he may be able to have the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for further study. 為了能打下數(shù)學基礎(chǔ)， 掌握好數(shù)學，以便進一步學習深造， 一個學數(shù)學的人必須熟悉并牢記數(shù)學中所用的記號和符號， 定義和術(shù)語。,,2) A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. 50年代后期的美國出現(xiàn)了一個真正的奇觀：窮知識分子以“垮掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國典型的窮人。正是在這個時候大批大學畢業(yè)生被趕進了知識分子貧民窟。,,3. 分譯法 分譯法是翻譯長句時常用的方法。所謂“分譯”， 就是將長句的某些成分從句子主干中拆開， 另作處理。運用分譯法可以使疑問層次清楚、簡潔明確。當原句中的從句或修飾語與主句間的關(guān)系不十分密切時， 可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣把從句或短語化為句子， 分開敘述。例如：,,1) Manufacturing process may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 制造過程可分為單件生產(chǎn)和批量生產(chǎn)。單件生產(chǎn)指少量的生產(chǎn)，批量生產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)指大量相同零件的生產(chǎn)。,,2) Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation clause under which each member nation must give treatment to other member nations’ imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most favored nation. 關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的第一條是著名的最惠國條款， 每一個成員國給予其他成員國的進口貨物的待遇至少應(yīng)和給予最惠國的待遇同樣的優(yōu)惠。,,3) The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw. 外賓觀看了在北京舉行的這場錦標賽。 這場比賽在發(fā)扣球、轉(zhuǎn)球、保險球、吊球和扣殺反面技術(shù)都十分精湛， 最后打成平局。他們看得簡直入迷了。,,4.重新組合譯法 所謂“重新組合”， 就是脫離原句的層次和結(jié)構(gòu)的安排， 按漢語敘事論理的習慣重新組合成句。運用重新組合法來翻譯可以擺脫原文語序和句子形式的約束， 使譯文自然、流暢， 更加符合漢語的表達習慣。當原句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同時， 則可打破原文詞序和結(jié)構(gòu)， 按照時間順序和邏輯順序重組句子。這是長句翻譯中較難掌握的一種方法， 需要有較好的母語和外語駕馭能力。例如：,,1) It is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes to a feeling of well-being whether or not exercise adds to the length of life. 不管運動是否能延年益壽, 但一定量的運動可以增進健康并使人精神愉快, 這一點卻是人們共有的體驗。,,2) They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 對于以往的幾代人來說， 舊式的體力勞動是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段， 而技術(shù)的進步則摧毀了窮人賴以生存的體力勞動。 因此， 首先體驗到科技進步之害的是窮人。,,Put the following long sentences into Chinese. 1. The united Nations Secretary General says he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors. 聯(lián)合國秘書長說他確信安理會會批準與伊拉克達成的有關(guān)聯(lián)合國武器核查人員的協(xié)議。（順譯）,,2．In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago---although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it. 雖然現(xiàn)在積累起來的知識要多得多， 而一個人也只可能了解其中的一小部分， 但事實上， 各學科之間界線卻變得越來越模糊不清， 科學再次近似與兩百年前那樣的“單一整體”。（倒譯）,,3. My mother died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass away. 我的母親是在她88歲那年去世的. 這對于一位40歲就身體纖弱、被公認為有痼疾纏身、注定不久于人世的人來說， 是難得的高齡。(分譯),,4. Lest one assume that a knowledge of electronic structure enabled chemists to arrange the elements in systematic table, it should be noted that electrons were not known until over 30 years after the table was in use. 必須指出， 周期表使用了三十年以后， 人們才知道電子； 而決不要認為是化學家們知道了電子結(jié)構(gòu)以后， 才排成元素周期表的。 (重組),