馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī),設(shè)計(jì) 馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的運(yùn)用 摘要:馬鈴薯營養(yǎng)價(jià)值豐富，除了含有大量的水分和淀粉外，還含有多種易被人體消化吸收的蛋白質(zhì)，以及人體需要的維生素和礦物質(zhì)，如磷、鈣、鐵等。 馬鈴薯的產(chǎn)量高，據(jù)專家測算，馬鈴薯的理論產(chǎn)量可達(dá)到240t/hm2。大量種植馬鈴薯，對(duì)于農(nóng)民增收，促進(jìn)西部經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和實(shí)現(xiàn)西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略部署有重要意義。2005年全世界種植馬鈴薯的國家和地區(qū)已達(dá)151個(gè)，全球馬鈴薯種植面積約2000萬公頃，總產(chǎn)量3.1億噸。我國馬鈴薯種植面積已達(dá)500萬公頃，占世界的25%，總產(chǎn)量7500萬噸，占世界的19%，面積產(chǎn)量已躍居世界第一位，主要分布在內(nèi)蒙古、、貴州、甘肅、黑龍江、云南、四川等地。 我國馬鈴薯的收獲過程基本上還是傳統(tǒng)的人工割秧、鎬頭刨薯、人工撿拾。在收獲季節(jié)，大部分地區(qū)為老年和婦女勞力進(jìn)行收獲作業(yè)，人工收獲不僅生產(chǎn)效率低，而且損傷、丟失嚴(yán)重，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大，生產(chǎn)成本高。因此，廣大馬鈴薯種植區(qū)的農(nóng)民和農(nóng)業(yè)主管部門，迫切要求解決馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)過程中的機(jī)械化收獲問題。設(shè)計(jì)出專業(yè)、系統(tǒng)、優(yōu)良的馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)非常必要。 一、緒論： 馬鈴薯是我國北方主要糧食作物之一， 在內(nèi)蒙、甘肅、寧夏、河北、山西、黑龍江、河南等省大面積種植，特別是內(nèi)蒙、甘肅、河北北部等地因常年干旱少雨，氣候寒冷，沙質(zhì)土壤多，不利于其它作物的生長，馬鈴薯使成為這些地區(qū)的主產(chǎn)糧食作物。近幾年來，馬鈴薯迅速以經(jīng)濟(jì)作物走向市場，大量銷售到北京、天津、上海、廣州等各大城市，美國百事食品有限公司等國外企業(yè)也紛紛在我國以承包大面積種薯地形式而參與到馬鈴薯種植和深加工行業(yè)。隨著馬鈴薯向規(guī)模化種植的發(fā)展，農(nóng)民要求機(jī)械化收獲的愿望日趨強(qiáng)烈。近幾年，隨著早上市鮮薯需求量的增加，收獲季節(jié)提前，馬鈴薯莖葉生長旺盛，薯皮鮮嫩，機(jī)械收獲更易破皮和纏繞擁土，使農(nóng)藝要求與機(jī)械收獲適應(yīng)性的矛盾更加突出。機(jī)械化收獲馬鈴薯技術(shù)，關(guān)鍵問題是收獲機(jī)械適應(yīng)性差，傷薯率高。因此，研制開發(fā)性能優(yōu)良，適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)，傷薯率低，多型號(hào)，價(jià)格適中，并能同大中馬力拖拉機(jī)配套的收獲機(jī)械是非常必要的。 二、 馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)發(fā)展概況 （一）國外馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)研究應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀 歐美發(fā)達(dá)國家馬鈴薯收獲技術(shù)與裝備的研究開發(fā)起步早、投入大、發(fā)展快，早實(shí)現(xiàn)了專用化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和系列化。 (1)美國在1948年[17]以前用收獲機(jī)來收獲馬鈴薯，然后人工撿拾。直到1967年，開始使用聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)。20世紀(jì)80年代初期，聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)和分段收獲的面積占馬鈴薯種植面積的85%，其中聯(lián)合收獲已達(dá)到50%以上。20世紀(jì)到90年代，美國已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)械化。 (2) 原蘇聯(lián)是生產(chǎn)收獲機(jī)最早的國家。1960年，馬鈴薯聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)保有量是3萬臺(tái)；1976年，保有量為6萬臺(tái)；到20世紀(jì)90年代初，馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)共有16種機(jī)型，其中10種是聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)；90年代中期，開始生產(chǎn)自走式聯(lián)合收獲機(jī) (3) 德國20世紀(jì)在40年代主要生產(chǎn)和使用拋擲式收獲機(jī)；50年代主要生產(chǎn)和使用升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)绞斋@機(jī)和撿拾裝載機(jī)，進(jìn)行分段收獲；到1970年保有量達(dá)到6205臺(tái)；70年代開始生產(chǎn)聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，機(jī)型有20多種，均是原聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)的變型，其保有量達(dá)到6萬臺(tái)；90年代，開始生收獲-撿拾裝載機(jī)和具有自動(dòng)分選裝置的聯(lián)合收. (4)日本在1955年以前使用畜力挖掘犁，1955年～1965年生產(chǎn)懸掛式的拋擲式和升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)绞斋@機(jī)。70年代開始引進(jìn)英國、美國等發(fā)達(dá)國家的聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，并研制適合日本國情的聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)。東洋公司生產(chǎn)的自走式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)裝有帶液壓輸送器的薯箱和二級(jí)分裝裝置,在旱地和水澆地中都可使用。 總之，在國外幾個(gè)主要生產(chǎn)馬鈴薯的發(fā)達(dá)國家，都形成了用聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)直接收獲，或用挖掘-撿拾裝載機(jī)加固定分選裝置來進(jìn)行分段收獲的兩種全面實(shí)現(xiàn)收獲機(jī)械化的配套系統(tǒng)，基本上實(shí)現(xiàn)了馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)械化。 （二）國內(nèi)馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)研究應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀 我國在20世紀(jì)60年代[18～20]開始研制馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)，當(dāng)時(shí)主要研學(xué)原蘇聯(lián)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上做了大量工作，但機(jī)器十分龐大，流程過長，直接收獲的馬鈴薯破損率高，并沒能形成產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)中得以應(yīng)用。至今為止，我 國 馬鈴薯的收獲過程基本上還是傳統(tǒng)的人工收獲方式為主.人工刨薯不僅效率低，而且損傷、丟失嚴(yán)重，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大，作業(yè)質(zhì)量差，生產(chǎn)成本高，滿足不了馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)的需要。 哈爾濱市大順農(nóng)機(jī)公司開發(fā)出與小四輪拖拉機(jī)配套的4SG系列懸掛式薯類收獲機(jī)，內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)與山西忻州地區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)推廣站開發(fā)出4SM-40、80型單行馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)，如圖1-10所示。可一次完成馬鈴薯挖掘、分離、和鋪放作業(yè)。但這幾種機(jī)型由于設(shè)計(jì)方面的原因，作業(yè)時(shí)在起薯鏟上部容易發(fā)生堵塞，馬鈴薯碰撞損傷嚴(yán)重。 北京聚原龍公司仿造LL公司生產(chǎn)的牽引式兩行后輸出收獲機(jī)，由于材料及制作工藝問題，作業(yè)時(shí)機(jī)器經(jīng)常發(fā)生故障。 “十五”期間，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)裝北方（北京）農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械有限公司主持了國家科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃《馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化關(guān)鍵技術(shù)裝備研究開發(fā)》課題，研究開發(fā)了MAE-1520型和MAE-1650型馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)，如圖1-11所示。目前在內(nèi)蒙、、陜西、黑龍江等省區(qū)推廣試用。公司還自主開發(fā)了1710馬鈴薯聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，如圖1-12所示。機(jī)具結(jié)構(gòu)主要由牽引懸掛部件、機(jī)架、挖掘部件、輸送分離部件、兩級(jí)除莖排雜機(jī)構(gòu)、輸送裝車部件、傳動(dòng)部件等七部分組成，可一次完成切溝、挖掘、輸送分離、莖蔓清除，集中裝車等作業(yè)。目前該機(jī)型還處于研制試用階段。 “十一五”期間，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)裝北方（北京）農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械有限公司參與國家科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃《機(jī)械化挖掘收獲技術(shù)研發(fā)與示范》課題，從事《馬鈴薯聯(lián)合收獲及分段收獲模式下的馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)研制與示范》子課題，重點(diǎn)研究馬鈴薯機(jī)械化聯(lián)合收獲技術(shù)中的自動(dòng)隨行導(dǎo)向、限深挖掘技術(shù)，有效減小挖掘阻力，降低功率消耗；研究馬鈴薯輸送分離過程中的碰撞損傷問題，探明塊莖損傷機(jī)理，有效解決收獲中損傷大、分選不凈等問題；對(duì)挖掘、輸送分選等裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)、運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，開發(fā)出具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的馬鈴薯機(jī)械化聯(lián)合收獲技術(shù)裝備。 （三） 國內(nèi)多功能塊莖挖掘機(jī)的現(xiàn)狀分析 近年來,國內(nèi)市場上也出現(xiàn)了一些此類機(jī)械，如大蒜挖掘機(jī)就有對(duì)行松土鏟式和不對(duì)行平鏟式輸送方式也有多種。但大多數(shù)機(jī)型在適應(yīng)性和質(zhì)量可靠性方面仍然不同程度地存在著一些問題,主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面,一是損傷作物的問題,因?yàn)橄蟠笏?、生姜此類作?收獲時(shí)皮質(zhì)鮮嫩易損,而損傷后會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響其價(jià)格;二是適應(yīng)性差,因各地農(nóng)藝不同,行距及株距存在著差異,機(jī)具難以滿足這種要求。 由于進(jìn)口農(nóng)機(jī)具價(jià)格較高,農(nóng)民難以接受,根莖挖掘機(jī)械還是要走國產(chǎn)化道路,而且還要根據(jù)中國國情,不能盲目照搬。主機(jī)利用現(xiàn)有的機(jī)型,如田園管理機(jī)、手扶拖拉機(jī)及四輪拖拉機(jī),對(duì)國外的機(jī)型原理加以消化吸收,研制出適合中國國情的機(jī)具。 國內(nèi)根莖作物的機(jī)械化收獲還有較長的路要走,不僅需要科研部門及企業(yè)的大力研制及投入,還牽涉到農(nóng)民的認(rèn)識(shí)和接受問題。 國外發(fā)達(dá)國家（如日本、美國、法國、意大利等國）地下作物的收獲已實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化，對(duì)于長根作物（蘿卜、山藥等）和斷根作物（洋蔥、大蒜等）都有不同的挖掘機(jī)械，工藝十分的先進(jìn)，但機(jī)械價(jià)位較高，全部引進(jìn)國內(nèi)無法接受，例如，意大利產(chǎn)的DSC-120和日本寶田公司產(chǎn)的DCL-130型土豆挖掘機(jī)，大多用于沙壤土作業(yè)，這些設(shè)備不太適應(yīng)我國地下作物種植的農(nóng)藝要求和土壤狀況。根據(jù)以上分析，在國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合我國農(nóng)村市場的實(shí)際情況，分析國內(nèi)塊莖類作物的農(nóng)藝要求和土壤的物理特性而研制出的多功能塊莖類挖掘機(jī)。 綜觀國內(nèi)外多功能塊莖挖掘機(jī)的發(fā)展特點(diǎn)及外部環(huán)境，專家預(yù)測未來多功能塊莖收割機(jī)的主要發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是： 1） 開發(fā)節(jié)能、高效、可靠、環(huán)保型產(chǎn)品的多功能塊莖收割機(jī)。 2） 安全性及通用性是產(chǎn)品發(fā)展的重要目標(biāo)。 3）大型化與小型化仍是產(chǎn)品系列化的兩極方向。 4） 技術(shù)進(jìn)步、操作方便和售后服務(wù)將成為企業(yè)生存的三大關(guān)鍵因素。 （四） 塊莖作物收獲的主要方法 在原始農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，因種植作物不同，其收獲方法及使用的工具也不相同[11]。收獲塊根和塊莖作物時(shí)，除了用手直接拔取外，主要是使用尖頭木棍(木耒)或骨鏟、鹿角鋤等工具挖取。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，馬鈴薯的收獲可采用不同工具，包括鏟形耙、犁或商業(yè)馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)（可從土中將馬鈴薯挖出并通過擺動(dòng)或吹氣將土薯分離）。重要的一點(diǎn)是，在收獲期間應(yīng)避免出現(xiàn)碰傷或其它損傷，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)給貯藏期疾病提供入口。 現(xiàn)在人們基本采用單一型聯(lián)合挖掘機(jī)，與拖拉機(jī)配套使用[12]。 （五） 多功能塊莖挖掘機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 1）向適應(yīng)性，通用性發(fā)展 如采取在一臺(tái)塊莖挖掘機(jī)上換裝不同型號(hào)的清選、分離裝置，摘果裝置[13]。采用可互換的滾筒式分離機(jī)構(gòu)和圓盤割刀式分離機(jī)構(gòu),可用于花生、大蒜、洋蔥等多種根莖類作物的聯(lián)合收獲,實(shí)現(xiàn)一機(jī)多用。采用通用性好的果秧分離機(jī)構(gòu)，適用于不同種類根莖類作物的秧蔓與果實(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)、形狀、尺寸將兩者分離，以適應(yīng)多種作物和多種形式塊莖作物的收獲要求。 2）向智能化方向發(fā)展 我國的農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品要想達(dá)到農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)上的精耕細(xì)作，并追趕國際水平，就必須在智能化上下功夫[14]，給農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品配備精準(zhǔn)的多功能的農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展的潮流，經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的耕作機(jī)械應(yīng)重點(diǎn)開發(fā)根作物的收獲，以解決種植面積不斷擴(kuò)大的花生，大蒜，胡蘿卜，土豆等塊莖類果實(shí)的挖掘類挖掘機(jī)械輸送和分離問題。 3）向多功能聯(lián)合型機(jī)械發(fā)展 增加農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的使用方向，避免機(jī)械的單一性，實(shí)現(xiàn)一機(jī)多用,可用于花生、大蒜等多種根莖類作物的聯(lián)合收獲等作業(yè)聯(lián)合在一起，并可增加其收割功能，以提高機(jī)具利用率[15]。 4）向精量化農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展 開發(fā)安裝有精量收獲的傳感器以達(dá)到提高收獲率的目的。 5）簡化操作 簡化操作減少輔助工作時(shí)間， 提高工作速度這是提高收獲作業(yè)生產(chǎn)率的又一途徑，如在可能的前提下盡量增大集果箱的容積，減少裝卸的次數(shù)，其底部采用可打開的形式，以加快其收獲完畢后清掃的時(shí)間。 （六） 馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的技術(shù)要求 國內(nèi)馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)械技術(shù)發(fā)展還處于起步階段，但各類型機(jī)均應(yīng)具備以下技術(shù)要求： 1)挖凈率：要求挖深在150—200ram之間，每行挖掘?qū)挾仍?50—500ram之間，挖凈率應(yīng)不低于98％。 2)明薯率：收獲機(jī)必須具有良好的分離機(jī)構(gòu)，能將薯塊與土壤分離，使分離后的薯塊集堆或集條以便于人工撿拾．明薯率應(yīng)達(dá)95％。 3)破損率：收獲時(shí)應(yīng)盡量減少馬鈴薯破皮、切傷等損失，破損率應(yīng)小于5％ 。 4)生產(chǎn)率：機(jī)械收獲的目的在于減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高生產(chǎn)率，適時(shí)收獲。因此，收獲機(jī)作業(yè)時(shí)應(yīng)具有一定的作業(yè)速度。 5)其它要求：馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)在盡可能減少自身動(dòng)力消耗的情況下，其配套動(dòng)力應(yīng)具有一定的儲(chǔ)備。分離機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)具有排石、去秧功能，以適應(yīng)土壤、地形等方面的變化，以及收獲后田地應(yīng)平整，不能影響以后農(nóng)田作業(yè)要求。 三、馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的分類 馬鈴薯收獲的工藝過程包括：切莖、挖掘分離、撿拾分級(jí)和裝運(yùn)序。按照完成的工藝過程，馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)大致可以分成：馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)和馬鈴薯聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)兩種馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)有機(jī)動(dòng)和畜力兩種，可完成挖掘和初步分離，用人工撿拾和分級(jí)裝運(yùn)。馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)按挖掘形式分有拋擲輪式，升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)胶驼駝?dòng)式三種。 (1)拋擲輪式馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)： 挖掘機(jī)掘起的土垡在拋擲輪拔齒的作用下，被拋到機(jī)器一側(cè)，并散落在地表，為了避免拋的分散而不便撿拾，挖掘機(jī)在工作時(shí)帶有檔簾，這種挖掘機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，重量輕，不易堵塞工作部件，適合在土壤潮濕粘重，多石和雜草茂盛的地上作業(yè)，缺點(diǎn)是埋薯多，拔齒對(duì)薯塊的損傷較大，現(xiàn)在已逐步淘汰。 （2）升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)今R鈴薯挖掘機(jī)：其分離部件為桿 條式升運(yùn)器。工作時(shí)挖掘鏟將薯塊同土壤一起鏟起，送到桿條式升運(yùn)器，在一邊抖動(dòng)一邊輸送的過程中，把大部分泥土從桿條間篩下，薯塊在機(jī)器后部鋪放成條，為了便于撿拾和裝運(yùn)，升運(yùn)篩后部固定一個(gè)可調(diào)的集條擋板，有的還裝有橫向集條輸送器。升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)酵诰驒C(jī)適宜在沙土和壤土地上作業(yè)。其特點(diǎn)是：工作穩(wěn)定可靠，但機(jī)具較重。 (3)振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)，是通過曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)擺動(dòng)?xùn)艞l分離篩進(jìn)行薯塊與土壤的分離，由于工作部件振動(dòng)，可在一定條件下產(chǎn)生較大的瞬時(shí)力，從而增強(qiáng)了碎土性能，強(qiáng)化了分選效果。 馬鈴薯聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)可同時(shí)完成切莖、挖掘、分離、撿拾分級(jí)和裝運(yùn)等工序，部分工序輔以人工。按動(dòng)力配套型式分為自走式和牽引式兩種。自走式的代表機(jī)型有美國Loganfarm Equipment O.LTD生產(chǎn)的W9032、W9034、W9038等4行收獲機(jī)，其特點(diǎn)是行走輪上安裝有計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，可根據(jù)GPS地理信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行定位；另外還有德國Grimme公司生產(chǎn)的兩行自走式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)，主要特點(diǎn)是機(jī)器自身設(shè)計(jì)有收集裝置，無需人工撿拾，節(jié)省了勞動(dòng)力。機(jī)器有分選臺(tái)，馬鈴薯塊莖在收獲同時(shí)被分級(jí)，減少后續(xù)作業(yè)流程。牽引式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)按輸出方式分為側(cè)輸出和后輸出兩種。側(cè)輸出代表機(jī)型有美國4行牽引式馬鈴薯聯(lián)合獲機(jī)和德國Grimme公司生產(chǎn)的GZ DLI型馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)，GZ DLI型馬鈴薯機(jī)獲機(jī)具有小型、聯(lián)合等特點(diǎn)，自身有升運(yùn)裝置，可將馬鈴薯收集在同步行走的運(yùn)輸車內(nèi)；Double L公司及LookWood公司的LL-815型聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，該機(jī)在自動(dòng)化控制、薯塊分離以及減少薯塊損傷等方面都有獨(dú)到之處，但沒有升運(yùn)裝置，仍需人工撿拾。后輸出代表機(jī)型有德國Grimme公司生產(chǎn)RL-1700型馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)，與LL-815型收獲機(jī)相似，同樣需人工撿拾。 四、馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)存在的問題 （1）機(jī)具的適用性能不夠完善。目前的國內(nèi)馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)械研制大多是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)，以小型、配套動(dòng)力小、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、輕便為主，普遍存在可靠性差, 作業(yè)質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定，作業(yè)時(shí)在起薯鏟部容易發(fā)生壅土阻塞；分離效果不好，明薯率較低；馬鈴薯搓皮碰撞較重，尤其是薯皮蹭破損傷。 （2）機(jī)具功能少。馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)不但要完成挖掘，還要完成分離、篩選、裝車，直至運(yùn)到收購處，以減少人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高收獲的自動(dòng)化程度。國內(nèi)現(xiàn)有馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)大都能完成挖掘和初步分離，但需用人工撿拾和分選。國外馬鈴薯聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)技術(shù)成熟，但價(jià)格昂貴，體積龐大，不適合我國小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)方式。 (3) 生產(chǎn)規(guī)模與種植形式問題。目前, 農(nóng)村小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)方式制約了大中型馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的發(fā)展, 使馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)出現(xiàn)了先小型, 后小中型并舉的現(xiàn)象。馬鈴薯種植沒有統(tǒng)一規(guī)范。由于氣候、土質(zhì)和種植習(xí)慣等原因,在種植方式上有壟作、平作；在作物定植上,行距、株距不一。不但機(jī)型需要多樣化,以適合不同種植形式，而且在使用中存在機(jī)組進(jìn)地行走難和對(duì)壟作業(yè)難等問題，影響作業(yè)質(zhì)量和效果。 五、總結(jié) 隨著人們生活水平的提高，農(nóng)作物的收取越來越機(jī)械化，其中為代表的馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)，在農(nóng)作物中扮演者重要的角色，再能收取的前提下我們又要精益求精，通過對(duì)國內(nèi)外馬鈴薯農(nóng)作物的分析，以及對(duì)多種收割機(jī)的研究，針對(duì)不同需求，挖掘機(jī)的種類也不同，但是最基本的要求：挖凈率、明薯率、破損率、生產(chǎn)率、馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)在盡可能減少自身動(dòng)力消耗的情況下，其配套動(dòng)力應(yīng)具有一定的儲(chǔ)備。分離機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)具有排石、去秧功能，以適應(yīng)土壤、地形等方面的變化，以及收獲后田地應(yīng)平整，不能影響以后農(nóng)田作業(yè)要求；在此前提下馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)按挖掘形式分有拋擲輪式，升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)胶驼駝?dòng)式三種，但是馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)還是存在著：1）機(jī)具的適用性能不夠完善 2）機(jī)具功能少3）生產(chǎn)規(guī)模與種植形式問題等問題；相信隨著農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展和提高，馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)不僅可以節(jié)省更多的時(shí)間，也可以更高質(zhì)量的收取，挖掘機(jī)會(huì)更精益求精，更完善！ The potato excavator application in real life Abstract: The rich nutritional value of potatoes, in addition to containing a lot of water and starch, but also contains a variety of easily digested protein, and vitamins and minerals the body needs, such as phosphorus, calcium, and iron. Potato production is high, according to expert estimates, the theoretical yield of potatoes can be reached 240t/hm2. Massive planting potatoes for farmers' income and promote economic development in the western western development and the achievement of strategic significance. Potato cultivation worldwide in 2005 reached 151 countries and territories worldwide potato cultivation area of ??about 20 million hectares, total 310 million tons.China's potato acreage has reached five million hectares, accounting for 25% of the world total 75 million tons, accounting for 19% of the world production has leapt to the area in the world, mainly in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Gansu, Heilongjiang Yunnan, Sichuan and other places. Our potato harvesting process is basically the traditional manual cutting seedlings, pickaxe planing potato, artificial pick. In the harvest season, most of the areas and harvest operations for older women labor, manual harvesting is not only low production efficiency, and damage, serious loss, high labor intensity, high production costs. Therefore, the majority of farmers and agriculture departments in charge of potato growing areas urgently required to solve the potato harvest mechanization of the production process problems. Design a professional system, excellent potato digger is necessary. Keywords: potato; excavator; I. Introduction: Potatoes are one of the main food crops in northern China, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Ningxia, Hebei, Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Henan and other provinces large-scale cultivation, especially in Inner Mongolia, Gansu, northern Hebei and other places due to perennial drought, cold weather, sandy soil and more, is not conducive to the growth of other crops, potatoes makes it the main producing crops in these areas. In recent years, the potato crops to market quickly with a large number of sales to the major cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, the United States and other foreign companies Pepsi Foods Ltd. have also contracted in the country with a large area of ??seed potatoes to form and participate in potato cultivation and processing industries. With the large-scale cultivation of the potato to the development of farmers required increasingly strong desire to mechanized harvesting. In recent years, with the increasing demand for fresh potatoes in the morning the city, ahead of the harvest season, potato leaf growth vigorous, fresh potato skin, broken skin and wound mechanical harvesting easier owned land, so agronomic suitability requirements and mechanical harvesting more contradictions outstanding. Mechanized potato harvesting technology, the key issue is poor adaptability harvester, potato injury rate. Therefore, research and development performance, adaptability, potato injury rate, more models, affordable, and can be large and medium horsepower tractors with mechanical harvesting is necessary. II. potato harvester Development Overview European and American countries started research and development of potato early harvest technology and equipment, investment, rapid development, early realization of specialization, standardization and serialization. (1) the United States in 1948 [17] prior to harvest potatoes with a harvesting machine, then manually pick. Until 1967, started using combine harvester. The early 1980s, Combine Harvester and segmentation harvested potato planting area accounts for 85% of the area, of which combine harvester has reached more than 50%. 20th century to the 1990s, the United States has basically achieved the potato harvest mechanization. (2) the former Soviet Union is the first national production harvester. In 1960, potato harvester ownership is 30,000 units; 1976, ownership of 60,000 units; By the early 1990s, a total of 16 kinds of potato harvesting machine models, of which 10 species are combined harvester; 90s medium-term, began producing self-propelled combine harvester (3) Germany in the 1940s of the 20th century the main production and use of throwing harvester; 50's main production and use of elevators and pick loaders Harvester chain, segmented harvest; to 1970 population reached 6205 units; 70 Combine Harvester, began production, there are 20 kinds of models, combine harvester are the original variant, the population reached 60,000 units; 1990s, students began to harvest - picking up automatic loader and sorter with combined income . (4) the use of animal digging plow in Japan before 1955, 1955 to 1965, the production of throw-style hanging chain and elevator harvester. 1970s began to introduce Combine Harvester UK, USA and other developed countries, Japan's national conditions and the development of suitable Combine Harvester. Potato boxes and secondary packaging equipment Toyo produced self-propelled potato harvester fitted with hydraulic conveyor in dryland and irrigated land in can be used. In short, in several major producing countries abroad potatoes are harvested directly with the formation of a combine harvester, or digging - pick two loaders plus fixed sorting device to harvest the full realization of sub-harvest mechanization of auxiliary systems basically realized the potato harvest mechanization. （A） Application Status domestic potato harvester research Country in the 1960s [18 to 20] started to develop potato harvester, which was mainly technical research study on the basis of the former Soviet Union have done a lot of work, but the machine is very large, the process is too long, potato harvest rate of direct damage, no energy formation of products can be applied in production. So far, the process of harvesting the potato harvest is basically the way the traditional manual-based artificial planing potato is not only inefficient, but also damage, serious loss, high labor intensity, poor work quality, high production costs, can not meet the needs of potato production . Harbin Dashun agricultural companies to develop a small four-wheel tractor with a series of hanging 4SG potato harvester, Xinzhou, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University to develop a regional agricultural extension station 4SM-40, 80-type single row potato digger, as shown in Figure 1 Figure -10. Potatoes can be completed excavation, separation, and job placement. But several models due to design issues, while the upper part of the job from potato shovel prone to clogging, potato collision serious injury. Beijing Poly LL mimic the original Dragon Company produced two lines of output after tractor-harvester, due to material and production process issues, often malfunction when operating the machine. "Tenth Five-Year" period, the modern agricultural equipment north (Beijing) Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd. hosted a national research programs "full mechanization of potato production in key technology and equipment research and development" issues, research and development of the MAE-1520-and MAE-1650 potato digging machine, shown in Figure 1-11. Currently in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang and other provinces to promote trial. The company also developed the 1710 potato harvester, shown in Figure 1-12. Machines structure is dominated by traction suspension components, chassis, mining parts, transmission parts separate, two-level addition to the seven rows of miscellaneous body parts of stems, loading conveyor parts, transmission parts and other components, can be completed Gully, mining, transport separation, stems Man cleared concentrated loading and other operations. Currently the model is still in the research and trial stages. During the "Eleventh Five-Year", Modern Agricultural Equipment North (Beijing) Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd. to participate in national research programs "mechanized mining harvest technology development and demonstration" project, engaged in potato harvester developed "potato harvester and segmented harvest mode and demonstration "sub-topics, focusing on joint mechanized potato harvesting techniques automatic accompanying guide, limit deep mining technology to effectively reduce the digging resistance, lower power consumption; separation process Potato transport collision damage problem, proven damage mechanism tubers effectively solve large harvest in damage, not the net sorting problems; against mining, transportation and other sorting device structure, motion parameters to optimize the design, developed with independent intellectual property rights of potato harvesting mechanization joint technical equipment. (B) Domestic Situation Analysis versatile tuber excavator In recent years, the domestic market has also appeared in some of these machines, as there are on-line ripper garlic excavator shovel and spade flat conveyor line does not have a variety of ways. But most of the models in terms of reliability and quality of adaptability to varying degrees, there are still some problems, mainly reflected in two aspects, one is the issue of crop damage, because like garlic, ginger such crops, fresh and easy to harvest cortex loss, but the damage will seriously affect its price; Second, poor adaptability, due to different country agronomy, there are differences in spacing and spacing, equipment is difficult to meet this requirement. Due to the high price of imported farm machinery, farmers can not accept, roots or go domestic mining machinery road, but also in accordance with China's national conditions, should not blindly copy. Host advantage of existing models, such as pastoral management, tractor and four-wheel tractor, the principle of foreign models to be digested and absorbed, developed equipment suitable for China. Mechanized harvesting root crops of the country there is a long way to go, not only the strong scientific research departments and enterprises and investment, also involves farmers' awareness and acceptance problems. Developed countries (such as Japan, USA, France, Italy and other countries) have been harvested crop mechanized underground for long root crops (carrots, yams, etc.) and root pruning crops (onions, garlic, etc.) has a different mining machinery, process very advanced, but higher priced machinery, all of the introduction of domestic unacceptable, for example, the DSC-120 in Italy and Japan, Po Tin companies producing DCL-130-type potato digger, mostly for sandy loam operation, these devices do not meet China agronomic requirements and soil conditions underground crop cultivation. Based on the above analysis, the basis of the existing home and abroad, combined with the actual situation of China's rural market, analyze the physical characteristics of the domestic tuber crops and soil and agronomic requirements developed a versatile tubers excavator. Looking at the development of domestic and versatile tuber excavator characteristics and the external environment, experts predict the next major trends versatile tuber harvester is: 1) the development of energy efficient, reliable and environmentally friendly products versatile tuber harvester. 2) safety and versatility is an important goal of product development. 3) large-scale and small polar direction of the product is still serialized. 4) technological advances, easy to operate and service will be the three key factors of business survival. (C)The main method of tuber crops harvested In the original agricultural production, because different crops, their harvesting methods and tools used are not the same [11]. Root and tuber crops at harvest, except extractor bare hands, mainly using a pointed stick (wooden plow) or bone shovels, hoes and other tools to dig antlers. Different tools can be used in accordance with the scale of production, the potato harvest, including spade harrow, plow or commercial potato diggers (potatoes can be dug in the soil from blowing through the soil potato swing or separation). The important point is that during the harvest to avoid bruising or other damage, because it will provide access to the storage phase of the disease. It is now basically a single type joint excavators, and tractor use [12]. (D) Trends versatile tuber excavator 1) to adaptability, versatility development Such as taking different types of dress on a tuber excavator cleaning, separation devices, picking device [13].Using interchangeable drum separation mechanism and disc cutter type separation mechanism can be used for a variety of root vegetables combine harvester peanuts, garlic, onions and other crops, to achieve a machine. Adopt a common and good fruit vine separation mechanism, applicable to different types of seedling root crops and fruit vine structure, shape, size separation of the two, in order to adapt to a variety of crops and tuber crops harvested required forms. 2) the intelligent direction Agricultural products in order to achieve our intensive agricultural production, and to catch up with the international level, we must work hard [14] on intelligent, accurate to agricultural products with multifunctional agricultural system has become the trend of agricultural development, economic crops should focus on the development of agricultural machinery harvesting root crops planting area to address