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,Chapter 6 Stylistic Features of Different Kinds of English Expressions,,I. Humor and Irony,,A. 幽默是一種常見的語言表現(xiàn)風格。它使語言詼諧, 耐人尋味, 能產生一種出乎意料的喜劇效果。,,Homonyms/homophones We have courses to make grown men young and young men groan. On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.,,Call me a doctor if you like. Call me what you will. But don’t call me at half past three on a December morning for an ear-ache that you have had for two weeks. People who do things that count never stop to count them,,Let us imagine that a woman goes to the chemist’s for a developed film. She says smugly(沾沾自喜地) to the chemist: “I do look nice in the picture, don’t I?” Handling her the film the chemist replies: “Well, madam, the answer lies in the negative.”,,語言的幽默也可以通過文體風格予以實現(xiàn)。我們知道法官在法庭上常用的一句話: Do you swear that you will tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth? 如果一個人在牙科醫(yī)生面前套用這句具有法律語言風格的句子而說道:,,Do you swear that you will pull the tooth, the whole tooth, and nothing but the tooth? 那必然會產生強烈的幽默感。,,I can resist everything except temptation. (Oscar Wilde) It was wonderful to discover America, but it would have been more wonderful to miss it. (Mark Twain),,He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches. (George Bernard Shaw) Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes. (Oscar Wilde) I have nothing to declare except my genius. (Oscar Wilde),,B. 反語就是說反話, 或正話反說, 或反話正說。反語真正的意思不是來自于字面, 而是由特定的上下文所賦予的。,,It is a very justifiable cause of war to invade a country after the people have been wasted(消瘦) by famine(饑荒), destroyed by pestilence(瘟疫), or embroiled(糾纏/混亂) by factions(派別) among themselves. It is justifiable to enter into war against our nearest ally(同盟國), when one of his towns lies convenient for us, or a territory of land, that would render our dominions(疆土/領土) round and complete. If a prince sends forces into a nation where the people are poor and ignorant, he may lawfully put half of them to death, and make slaves of the rest, in order to civilize(使文明) and reduce them from their barbarous(野蠻的) way of living.,,It is a very justifiable cause of war to invade a country after the people have been wasted (消瘦) by famine, destroyed by pestilence(瘟疫), or embroiled(糾纏/混亂) by factions(派別/派系) among themselves. It is justifiable to enter into war against our nearest ally(同盟國), when one of his towns lies convenient for us, or a territory of land, that would render our dominions(疆土/領土) round and complete. If a prince sends forces into a nation where the people are poor and ignorant, he may lawfully put half of them to death, and make slaves of the rest, in order to civilize(使文明) and reduce them from their barbarous(野蠻的) way of living.,,作者在這里控訴和諷刺侵略戰(zhàn)爭。斜體部分具有強烈的諷喻色彩。,,It was an immaculately(無過失地) planned crime by three Norwegian safe-breakers who knew their business. They found the company safe(保險柜) and placed a small explosive charge(一定量的炸藥). Calmly, they lit the fuse and sheltered in the next room. There came the bang---and a whole wall washed down round the trio(三人小組) in a roar of flying bricks and mortar(灰泥). The safe did not contain money. It contained explosives(炸藥).,,上文反語的表現(xiàn)風格是靠講述出乎意料的事件而烘托出來的。這種寄寓于 “事與愿違”的反語稱之為“情況反?！?situational irony)。,,II.簡潔(terse)與繁豐(the involved style),,. A. 簡潔(lucidity/清晰,simplicity&euphony/和聲)就是言簡意賅, 文章沒有多余的詞和句, 但內容也可能很豐富, 含義又很深刻。,,Studies serves for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament(裝飾/修飾), is in discourse(話語), and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition(安排/處理) of business… ( Francis Bacon, Of Studies) 上句語言簡潔, 鞭辟入理, 是簡潔風格的精品。,,Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man…,,Histories make men wise; poems, witty; the mathematics, subtile(subtle); natural philosophy deep; moral(道德上的教訓/寓意), grave(嚴肅/莊重); logic and rhetoric able to contend(爭論):Abeunt studia in mores(Studies have an influence upon the manners of those that are conversant嫻熟的/精通的 in them)…,,Ernest Hemingway 的作品語言簡潔, 而所表達的思想深刻、引人深思。 Kilimanjaro is a snow covered mountain 19,710 feet high, an is said to be the highest mountain in Africa. Its western summit is called the Masai “Ngaje Ngai”, the House of God. Close to the western summit there is the dried and frozen carcass(動物的尸體) of a leopard. No one has explained what the leopard was seeking at that altitude(高地). (The snows of Kilimanjaro),,B. 繁豐并不是指敘述羅嗦累贅, 而是指不吝惜筆墨, 力求詳盡無遺, 作到細膩入微。.,,The pair of mourners, sufficiently stricken(受災的), were in the garden of the vicarage(教區(qū)牧師的住宅) together, before luncheon, waiting to be summoned to that meal, and Arthur Prime had still in his face the intention, she was moved to call it rather than the expression, of feeling something or other. Some such appearance was in itself of course natural within a week of his stepmother’s death, within three of his father’s; but what was most present to the girl, herself sensitive and shrewd, was that he seemed somehow to brood(沉思/細想) without sorrow, to suffer without what she in her own case would have called pain. He turned away from her after this last speech---it was a good deal his habit to drop an observation and leave her to pick it up without assistance. If the vicar’s widow, now in her turn finally translated(使肉體不死而升天), had not really belonged to him it was not for want of her giving herself, so far as he ever would take her; and she had lain for three days all alone at the end of the passage, in the great cold chamber of hospitality, the dampish(有些潮濕的) greenish room where visitors slept and where several of the ladies of the parish(教區(qū)) had, without effect, offered, in pairs and successions, piously(虔誠地/敬神地) to watch with her…,,The pair of mourners, sufficiently stricken(遭受災難的), were in the garden of the vicarage(教區(qū)牧師的住宅) together, before luncheon, waiting to be summoned to that meal, and Arthur Prime had still in his face the intention, she(Charlott Prime) was moved to call it rather than the expression, of feeling something or other. Some such appearance was in itself of course natural within a week of his stepmother’s death, within three of his father’s; but what was most present to the girl(Charlott Prime), herself sensitive and shrewd(機靈/敏銳的), was that he seemed somehow to brood(伏窩似地靜坐/細想/沉思) without sorrow, to suffer without what she in her own case would have called pain. (to be continued),,(continued) He turned away from her after this last speech---it was a good deal his habit to drop an observation(觀察后發(fā)表的言論) and leave her to pick it up without assistance. If the vicar’s widow, now in her turn finally translated(使肉體不死而升天), had not really belonged to him it was not for want of her giving herself, so far as he ever would take her; and she had lain for three days all alone at the end of the passage, in the great cold chamber of hospitality, the dampish(有些潮濕的) greenish room where visitors slept and where several of the ladies of the parish(教區(qū)) had, without effect, offered, in pairs and successions, piously(虔誠地/敬神地) to watch with her…,,III. 平實與藻麗( the plain style and the ornate style),,A. 平實的語言風格指的是扎扎實實, 平鋪直敘地進行描寫或敘述; 少用修飾成分;少用比喻、夸張等修辭手法; 講求語言的樸素美。,,She was an old woman and lived on a farm near the town in which I lived. All country and small-town people have seen such old women, but no one knows much about them. Such an old woman comes into town driving an old worn-out horse cart or she comes afoot(on foot) carrying a basket. She may own a few hens and have eggs to sell. She brings them in a basket and takes them to a grocer. There she trades them in. She gets some salt pork and some beans. Then she gets a pound or two of sugar and some flour. (to be continued),,(continued) Afterwards she goes to the butcher’s and asks for some dog-meat. She may spend ten or fifteen cents, but when she does she asks for something. Formerly the butchers gave liver to anyone who wanted to carry it away. In our family we were always having it. Once one of my brothers got a whole cow’s liver at the slaughter-house(屠宰場) near the fairgrounds(集市場所) in our town. We had it until we were sick of it. It never cost a cent. I have hated the thought of it ever since.,,B. 藻麗是指語言華麗絢爛, 充滿形容詞、副詞等修飾語; 較多地運用比喻、夸張等修辭方法, 使語言富有形象色彩和感情色彩。另外藻麗的語言還體現(xiàn)在句子結構上。一般說來, 句子較長, 結構也比較復雜, 并使用排比結構。,,Now if nature should intermit(中斷) her course, and leave altogether though it were but for a while the observation of her own laws; if those principal and mother elements of the world, whereof all things in this lower world are made, should lose the qualities which now they have; if the frame of that heavenly arch erected over our heads should loosen and dissolve(分解/融化/解散) itself; if celestial spheres should forget their wonted(慣常的) motions, and by irregular volubility(流利的) turn themselves any way as it might happen; if the prince of the lights of heaven, which now as a giant doth(does) run his unwearied(不疲勞的) course, should as it were through a languishing(枯萎) faintness begin to stand and rest himself; if the moon should wander from her beaten way, the times and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and confused mixture, the winds breathe out their last gasp, the clouds yield no rain, the earth be defeated of heavenly influence, the fruits of the earth pine(消瘦/衰弱) away as children at the withered breasts of their mother no longer able to yield them relief: what would become of man himself whom these things now do all serve? See we not plainly that obedience of creatures unto the law of nature is the stay of the whole world?,,Now if nature should intermit(中斷) her course, and leave altogether though it were but for a while the observation of her own laws; if those principal and mother elements of the world, whereof all things in this lower world are made, should lose the qualities which now they have; if the frame of that heavenly arch erected over our heads should loosen and dissolve(分解/融化/解散) itself; if celestial(天體的/天上的) spheres should forget their wonted(慣常的) motions, and by irregular volubility(流暢地/易旋轉地) turn themselves any way as it might happen;,,if the prince of the lights of heaven, which now as a giant doth(does) run his unwearied(不疲勞的) course, should as it were through a languishing(枯萎) faintness begin to stand and rest himself; if the moon should wander from her beaten way, the times and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and confused mixture, the winds breathe out their last gasp, the clouds yield no rain, the earth be defeated of heavenly influence, the fruits of the earth pine (消瘦/衰弱) away as children at the withered（枯萎） breasts of their mother no longer able to yield them relief:,,what would become of man himself whom these things now do all serve? See we not plainly that obedience of creatures unto the law of nature is the stay of the whole world?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,