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2019-2020年高考英語大二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三部分 語法及語法填空 語法講解 專題一 有提示詞填空 第1講 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換素能特訓(xùn) Ⅰ.語法填空 A．單句語法填空 用括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式填空。 1．[xx廣東梅州一模]He decided he had no ________ (choose) but to drop out, telling his ________ (puzzle) parents he wasnt cut out for college. 答案：choice；puzzled　第一空，及物動詞had及形容詞no后需填名詞，故答案是choice。第二空，形容詞作定語修飾后面的名詞parents，故填puzzled。 2．[xx河南洛陽統(tǒng)考]________ (obvious), a good habit can help us to speed up to reach our destination. 答案：Obviously　此處考查副詞作狀語，故填obviously。 3．[xx江西新余期末]Cursing (咒罵) my ________ (fortune), I was wondering where I was going to spend the night. 答案：misfortune　my后應(yīng)填名詞，但根據(jù)語境“cursing (咒罵)”可知此處為不幸，故填misfortune。 4．[xx遼寧丹東五校期末]The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal stories ________ (cheer)． 答案：cheerfully　此處修飾動詞told，故用副詞cheerfully。注意轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則。 5．[xx廣東廣州調(diào)研]The ________ (success) fisherman invited the officer to acpany him and observe. 答案：successful　空前為冠詞，空后為名詞。因此空格處為形容詞作定語修飾fisherman，故答案是successful。 6．[xx山西太原一模]Everyone has several free hours every day and is ______ (plete) free on weekends, too. 答案：pletely　此處考查副詞修飾形容詞，故填pletely。 7．[xx江西贛州模擬]puter game ____________ (design) often create interesting video games to tempt players to keep playing. 答案：designers　根據(jù)空格在句子主語的位置可知，填名詞。另外，根據(jù)語義此處為“設(shè)計者”的意思，為designer，謂語動詞為復(fù)數(shù)，故填designers。 8．[xx黑龍江大慶質(zhì)檢]I know our parties would trouble you, but I meant to send you an ________ (invite)． 答案：invitation　根據(jù)不定冠詞可知此處填名詞，故填invitation。 9．[xx東北師大摸底三]It was a little far from her car and it was a ________ (fog) day yesterday in Missouri. 答案：foggy　根據(jù)空格位置可知此處為形容詞作定語修飾day，故填foggy。 10．[xx河北保定期末]They are always gathering in their winter food in the middle of summer and they are making ________ (prepare) for the long cold winter. 答案：preparations　考查固定短語及prepare變名詞?！癿ake preparations for”為……作準(zhǔn)備。 B．語篇語法填空 閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 [xx河北衡水三調(diào)]A boy trembled in the cold winter, ___1___ (wrap) his arms around himself on a bus stop bench. He ___2___ (wear) warm clothes and the temperature was －10 ℃. A heartbreaking scene! But the good deeds of the ordinary people who witnessed ___3___ 11yearold Johannes were both joyous ___4___ inspiring. A woman, sitting next to the boy, discovered he was ___5___ a school trip and was told to meet his teacher at the bus stop. She ___6___ (self) covered her own coat around his shoulders. Later, ___7___ woman at first gave him her scarf, and then wrapped him in her large jacket. Throughout the day, more and more people offered Johannes their gloves and even the coats off their backs. ___8___ (actual), it was a hidden camera experiment by Norwegian charity SOS Childrens Village as part of their winter campaign to collect ___9___ (donate) to help Syrian children get through the winter. Synne Ronning, the information head of the organization, also noted that the child was a volunteer who was never in any ___10___ (dangerous) during the filming. 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________ 5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________ 9．________　10.________ 本文描述的是一個令人心碎，但又充滿愛的場景，目的是為喚醒人們?nèi)椭鷶⒗麃喌暮⒆觽兌冗^寒冬。 1．wrapping　考查非謂語動詞的用法。根據(jù)空格在句中的位置，可知應(yīng)填非謂語，其邏輯主語是“A boy”，兩者為主動關(guān)系，故填wrapping。 2．wasnt wearing　考查動詞時態(tài)用法。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知此處填謂語，結(jié)合語境可知應(yīng)表示否定意義且表狀態(tài)。 3．the　考查冠詞用法。根據(jù)語境此處指上文提到的男孩，故填the。 4．a(chǎn)nd　考查連詞用法。joyous與inspiring為并列關(guān)系，故填and。 5．on　考查介詞用法?！皁n a．..trip”表示“去……的路上”。 6．selflessly　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，該空修飾動詞，故應(yīng)用副詞，結(jié)合語義可知答案是selflessly。 7．a(chǎn)nother　考查代詞用法。上文中提到過“a woman”，該空又提到“另一位女士”，可知填“another”。 8．Actually　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。該空位于句首且對整句進行修飾，故用副詞。 9．donations　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。募捐應(yīng)為“collect donations”?？崭裨趧釉~后，故用名詞。 10．danger　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。any為形容詞，修飾名詞，故應(yīng)填名詞danger。 Ⅱ.完形填空 [xx江西南昌一模]Reading and learning new words is about finding their meaning and use within a passage. The meaning of unknown words which you ___1___ in your reading sometimes can be known by their ___2___， that is, their contexts. The context of the sentence can tell us the part of speech (詞性) of the ___3___ word. Using the context of the paragraph to define unknown words can also be ___4___. Readers often have trouble because they understand the sentence word by word instead the ___5___ meaning of a word, when they should identify the way it has been used in the passage. One consideration in using the context is to determine the unknown words part of speech. The words around the unknown word can give you ___6___. Once you know if the word is a noun or an adjective, it is often enough for you to ___7___ reading without having to stop to look up the meaning of the word. After ing across the word a few more times, you will know its meaning more ___8___ than if you had just looked it up. parison clues indicate that two or more things are ___9___. A parison is possible because the known and unknown words have ___10___. The likeness shows you that parisons can be made. ___11___clues tell you an example of an unknown word. Example clues are usually ___12___ by the following words and phrases: such as, for example, and like. To find meaning from textbased clues, you should look for clues in the sentence. A second kind of clue does not ___13___ on specific words to indicate meaning. This kind of context clue is called a frameworkbased clue. Your knowledge of the meaning of surrounding words ___14___ you discover the meaning of a word or sentence. mon ___15___ and your knowledge of the parts of speech also help in defining unknown words. For example, the angry driver shouted vehemently during his fight with the other driver. What does “vehemently” ___16___？ You know what ___17___ means, and you know how people ___18___ when they argue. From this, you can ___19___ out that “vehemently” has something to do with strong ___20___ or intense feeling. 本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了幾種在閱讀過程中學(xué)習(xí)生詞的方法和技巧。 1．A.take down　 B．look up C．e across D．pick out 答案：C　有時候你在閱讀中所遇到的生詞的意思可以通過語境知道其含義。take down “記下”；look up “查閱”；e across “遇見”； pick out “找出”。下文中的“After ing across the word a few more times”也是提示，故C項正確。 2．A.sentences B．words C．topics D．surroundings 答案：D　根據(jù)“that is”可知，此空與contexts是同義詞，與下文中的“The words around the unknown word”和“Your knowledge ofthe meaning of surrounding words”呼應(yīng)，故D項正確。 3．A.unknown B．a(chǎn)bnormal C．familiar D．negative 答案：A　句子的語境可以告訴我們生詞的詞性。與上文中的“unknown words”呼應(yīng)可知，此處是指生詞，即A項正確。abnormal“不正常的”；familiar“熟悉的”；negative“負(fù)面的”。 4．A.unique B．natural C．helpful D．mon 答案：C　利用段落的語境來確定生詞也是有幫助的。與下文中的“mon __15__ and your knowledge of the parts of speechalso help defining unknown words.”呼應(yīng)，即C項正確。 5．A.correct B．inconvenient C．different D．satisfactory 答案：A　讀者經(jīng)常遇到麻煩，因為他們逐字理解句子而不是(理解)一個詞的正確意思。根據(jù)空格前的“Readers often havetrouble”可推知，讀者沒有理解一個詞的正確意思，即A項正確。 6．A.cases B．reasons C．effects D．clues 答案：D　生詞周圍的詞可以給你(提供)線索。與下文中的“parison clues”呼應(yīng)，即D項正確。 7．A.translate B．interview C．continue D．examine 答案：C　一旦你知道了這個詞是名詞還是形容詞，那么你就可以不必停下來去查這個詞的意思而繼續(xù)讀下去。根據(jù)空格后的“without having to stop”可知，此處應(yīng)用continue“繼續(xù)”，故C項正確。 8．A.strangely B．uncertainly C．potentially D．firmly 答案：D　strangely“奇怪地”；uncertainly“猶豫地”；potentially“潛在地”；firmly“堅定地”。根據(jù)空格前的“After ing across the word a few more times”可知，在生詞出現(xiàn)的頻率較高的情況下，根據(jù)語境，讀者就可以更加確定其具體的含義，即D項正確。 9．A.alike B．meaningful C．proper D．great 答案：A　比較性線索表明兩個或多個事物是相似的。根據(jù)下文中的“The likeness”可知，此處表示事物的相似性，即A項正確。 10．A.properties B．similarities C．possibilities D．personalities 答案：B　之所以可能作比較是因為認(rèn)識的詞和不認(rèn)識的詞之間有相似性。根據(jù)下文中的“The likeness”可知，similarity“相似性”，符合語境。 11．A.Popularity B．Consideration C．Example D．parison 答案：C　例子線索會通過舉例來提示讀者。與空格后的“anexample”和“Example clues”呼應(yīng)，故C項正確。 12．A.affected B．a(chǎn)djusted C．changed D．introduced 答案：D　例子線索通常通過以下詞或短語來提出。affect “影響”；adjust“調(diào)整”；change“改變”；introduce“提出”。故D項正確。 13．A.focus B．spend C．carry D．rely 答案：D　另一種線索并不是靠具體的詞來表明(生詞的)意思的。與上文“textbased clues”形成對比，這種線索不是依賴上下文而得出詞義的，故D項正確。rely on“依賴”，符合語境。 14．A.prevents B．helps C．tells D．displays 答案：B　你對附近的詞的意思的理解有助于你了解一個詞或一個句子的意思。故B項正確。 15．A.point B．taste C．a(chǎn)wareness D．sense 答案：D　常識和對詞性的了解也有助于(讀者)給生詞下定義。固定搭配：mon sense “常識”，符合語境，故D項正確。 16．A.mean B．use C．contain D．plete 答案：A　“vehemently”是什么意思呢？與下文中的“You know what ___17___ means”形成呼應(yīng)，A項正確。 17．A.angry B．grateful C．happy D．a(chǎn)nxious 答案：A　你知道angry是什么意思，而且你(也)知道人們在爭辯時的感受。與上文中的“the angry driver”呼應(yīng)，故A項正確。 18．A.act B．say C．feel D．think 答案：C　根據(jù)上文中的“the angry driver”和空格所在句中的“how people ___18___ when they argue”可推知，C項正確。 19．Ae B．figure C．take D．set 答案：B　由此你可以弄清楚“vehemently”與強烈的情感或緊張的情緒有關(guān)。e out“出現(xiàn)，出版”；figure out“弄明白”；take out“切除”；set out“出發(fā)”。 20．A.demand B．a(chǎn)mbition C．a(chǎn)ttitude D．emotion 答案：D　demand“要求”；ambition“野心”；attitude“態(tài)度”；emotion“情感”。與語境“or intense feeling”呼應(yīng)可知，此處表示情感，故D項正確。 Ⅲ.閱讀理解 [xx山東濰坊市一模]For decades， the San Francisco Bay area has been the heart of the puter technology industry. Many of the biggest technology panies have their headquarters in the area called Silicon Valley. But the area has not always been associated with charity (慈善)． Now, a new generation of entrepreneurs (企業(yè)家) appears to be changing Silicon Valley. One example is Marc Benioff, a donor (捐贈者), who has called on wealthy donors to give more to their munities. He also is the founder of Salesforce, a puter service pany in San Francisco which has helped build a childrens hospital and given millions of dollars to nonprofit organizations in the city. Money from the technology industry has also started to change the face of charity. Benjamin Soskis writes about the history and ideas behind charity in America. His articles have appeared in The Atlantic magazine and a number of major publications. He says, traditionally， donors gave after they spent much of their lives building up wealth. Usually donors are in their 70s. But an increasing number of people appearing on the list of top donors are younger than 40 years of age. Benjamin Soskis says that is something new. “Theres a whole new model thats appearing in which people give and accumulate at the same time.” Some of the young donors on this years top 50 list have started to change in the way people see charity. That is especially the case in the San Francisco area, where giving money and making money appear to be ing together. “I think its fair to say that charity is now a part of the Silicon Valley identity.” 本文主要介紹了美國硅谷的慈善新形象。 1．What is true of Marc Benioff? A．He joined a nonprofit organization. B．He advised donors to build hospitals. C．He made San Francisco a city of charity. D．He set up the pany of Salesforce. 答案：D　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段的第三句“He also is the founder of Salesforce, a puter service pany in San Francisco which has helped build a childrens hospital and given millions of dollars to nonprofit organizations in the city”可知，Marc Benioff成立了Salesforce公司，即D項正確。 2．What is special about the donors of Silicon Valley? A．They prefer to give rather than make money. B．They give after accumulating a lot of wealth. C．They are much younger than the usual donors. D．They donate more money to their munities. 答案：C　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Usually donors are in their 70s. But an increasing number of people appearing on the list of top donors are younger than 40 years of age. Benjamin Soskis says that is something new.”可知，硅谷捐獻者比普通的捐獻者要年輕許多，即C項正確。 3．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．The Age of Charity B．The Changing Face of Charity C．In Search of New Faces D．From puter Base to Charity Centre 答案：B　考查標(biāo)題概括。第三段的第一句“Money from the technology industry has also started to change the face of charity”點題，結(jié)合全文的整體內(nèi)容可推知，本文主要講述的是硅谷慈善事業(yè)的新形象，即B項正確。 1．decade n. 十年；十年期 2．generation n. 一代，產(chǎn)生 3．wealthy adj. 富有的；豐裕的 4．traditionally adv. 傳統(tǒng)地 5．a(chǎn)ccumulate vt. 累積；積累 1．be associated with 與……有關(guān)；與……有聯(lián)系 2．call on 號召；訪問；請求 3．a(chǎn)t the same time 與此同時 原文：Some of the young donors on this years top 50 list have started to change in the way people see charity. (定語從句) 譯文：在年度前50名名單中的一些年輕捐助者，在看待慈善事業(yè)的方式方面已經(jīng)開始有了改變。 仿寫：It is not what he said but the way he_answered _the_question that disappointed his parents. 不是他說的話而是他回答問題的方式讓他父母很失望。 B [xx河南洛陽統(tǒng)考二]It is 7 a．m. and the alarm is going off. You know you have to be out of bed to catch the bus. But the urge to bury yourself in the bed is ever so strong. Sounds familiar? Why is it that teens find it difficult to get themselves out of bed in time every morning or stay sharp and focused during the first couple of hours of school？ During adolescence， the body goes through many changes and these include a shift in sleep patterns. Researchers from MIT have been tracking the bodys need for sleep in teenagers. They found that though adolescents need as much as 9.5 hours of sleep a day, they get to bed later and later with each passing year. In fact, the sleep cycle shifts later by as much as 12 to 18 minutes each year between the ages of 10 and 20! So by the time a 10yearold who sleeps at 8 p．m. grows to be 17 or 18, his body naturally wants to stay up till 10：30 p．m. or 11 p．m. According to researchers, this is because of a hormone called melatonin (褪黑激素) that is secreted (分泌) by the pineal gland—a tiny structure deep inside the brain. Melatonin regulates the bodys natural daynight rhythms. It causes a person to bee sleepy by lowering his bodys core temperature. In teens, melatonin is secreted much later in the evening and continues to increase throughout the night. This makes it difficult for teens to fall asleep earlier as they did in their younger years. Likewise, the effect of melatonin continues until much later in the morning, making it hard for them to wake up early. A study found that at least one in four teens is tired and falls asleep in school at least once a week. During sleep, important body functions and brain activities happen. So how can teenagers get their sleep enough? The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) remends that middle and high schools should start later—not before 8：30 a．m.. This should give teens some more time to sleep at night. 本文是一篇說明文。早睡才能早起，晚睡會導(dǎo)致早上賴床，睡覺周期的改變實際上受制于大腦中一種被稱為褪黑激素的荷爾蒙。 4．From Paragraph 2, we can learn that if you sleep late, the next day you should ________. A．stay sharp B．skip breakfast C．get up late D．stay up late 答案：C　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。文章第一段提到為什么孩子們早上不愿起床，第二段緊接著分析原因，說明孩子們睡覺晚是他們早上賴床的原因，即C項正確。 5．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The students want to stay up. B．The shifts of the sleep cycle. C．The pineal gland secretes melatonin. D．The adolescents sleep late. 答案：B　考查代詞指代。第二段提到了睡覺周期的改變，第三段緊接著解釋造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因，因此this指睡覺周期的改變，即B項正確。 6．The teens go to sleep later than before because ________. A．melatonin is secreted much later B．melatonin regulates the sleep time C．they sleep a lot in the daytime D．they need to finish their homework 答案：A　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第三段中的“In teens, melatonin is secreted much later in the evening and continues to increase throughout the night”可知，孩子們睡覺晚是由褪黑激素分泌晚造成的，即A項正確。 7．According to AAPs remendation, middle and high schools should ________. A．let teens sleep in the day B．let the students be active C．delay the start time D．start later at 8 a．m. 答案：C　考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句話可知，AAP建議初中和高中上午上課的時間應(yīng)該推遲，即C項正確。 1．urge v. 力勸；催促 2．a(chǎn)dolescence n. 青春期 3．throughout prep. 整個的，在……期間 4．function n．/vi. 功能；起……作用 5．remend vt. 推薦，介紹 1．go through 經(jīng)歷；仔細(xì)檢查 2．stay up 熬夜；挺住 3．fall asleep 入睡；睡著 原文：Why is it that teens find it difficult to get themselves out of bed in time every morning or stay sharp and focused during the first couple of hours of school? (強調(diào)句型) 譯文：為什么青少年發(fā)現(xiàn)每天早上起床或在學(xué)校的前幾個小時里保持思維敏捷注意力集中很難？ 仿寫：Wasnt_it the icy road rather than the drivers that was to blame for the series of traffic accidents? 難道不是冰滑的路面而是司機們?yōu)檫@一系列的交通事故負(fù)責(zé)嗎？